Risk Of Prostate Carcinoma Research Articles

Association between serum vitamin D levels and prostate tumor: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Prostate cancer is among the most frequent neoplasms of the male reproductive system, and its relationship with serum vitamin D level is a controversial subject. The present study intended to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the risk of prostate carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis based on the PRISMA tool. The search was conducted in databases Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, PubMed, and Google Scholar Search Engine until December 1, 2023. Data was analyzed using STATA 14 software. Results: There was no significant relationship between serum vitamin D levels lower than 50 nmol/L (vitamin D level <50 nmol/L) and prostate cancer. In Finland, the risk of prostate carcinoma in male individuals with serum vitamin D levels lower than 50 nmol/L was 34% higher (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.54). In South Korea, on the other hand, serum vitamin D levels lower than 50 nmol/L prevented prostate cancer (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.99). There was no significant relationship between the serum vitamin D levels lower than 50 nmol/L and prostate neoplasm in men aged 60 to 69 years old (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.07), in men 50 to 59 years old. On the other hand, serum vitamin D levels lower than 50 nmol/L increased the risk of prostate tumor by 32% (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.55). Furthermore, no significant relationship was observed between serum vitamin D levels higher than 50 nmol/L (vitamin D level ≥ 50 nmol/L) and the risk of prostate cancer (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.14). Conclusion: Generally, there was no significant relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the risk of prostate carcinoma; however, the relationship in some subgroups was statistically significant. We therefore recommend conducting additional studies on this subject. Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023491012) and Research Registry (UIN: reviewregistry1773) website.

Blood-Based DNA Methylation Analysis by Multiplexed OBBPA-ddPCR to Verify Indications for Prostate Biopsies in Suspected Prostate Cancer Patients.

Current prostate carcinoma (PCa) biomarkers, including total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), have unsatisfactory diagnostic sensitivity and specificity resulting in overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Previously, we described an optimised bias-based preamplification-digital droplet PCR (OBBPA-ddPCR) technique, which detects tumour DNA in blood-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of cancer patients. The current study investigated the performance of newly developed OBBPA-ddPCR-based biomarkers. Blood plasma samples from healthy individuals (n = 90, controls) and PCa (n = 39) and benign prostatic hyperplasia patients (BPH, n = 40) were analysed. PCa and BPH patients had tPSA values within a diagnostic grey area of 2-15 ng/mL, for whom further diagnostic validation is most crucial. Methylation levels of biomarkers RASSF1A, MIR129-2, NRIP3, and SOX8 were found significantly increased in PCa patients compared to controls. By combining classical PCa risk factors (percentage of free PSA compared to tPSA (QfPSA) and patient's age) with cfDNA-based biomarkers, we developed PCa risk scores with improved sensitivity and specificity compared to established tPSA and QfPSA single-marker analyses. The diagnostic specificity was increased to 70% with 100% sensitivity for clinically significant PCa patients. Thus, prostate biopsies could be avoided for 28 out of 40 BPH patients. In conclusion, the newly developed risk scores may help to confirm the clinical decision and prevent unnecessary prostate biopsy.

Feature and Presentations of Suspected Harboring Prostate Cancer Patients: A Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Background: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in males of increasing age. It is the second leading causes of cancer mortality among the men throughout the world. There are many etiological factors are associated with increased the risk of prostatic carcinoma including male hormone and its active metabolites, genetic predisposition, environmental factors, racial difference, food habits etc. A pathway with an imaging test may decide which men with an elevated PSA and/or suspected digital rectal examination will undergo biopsy. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the feature and presentations of suspected harboring prostate cancer patients. Methods: This was cross- sectional analytical study conducted in the Department of Urology, Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from July 2018 to June 2020. A total of 50 male patients had undergone mpMRI of prostate and TRUS biopsy and histopathology were enrolled in this study as study population. All data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by using MS Excel and SPSS version 22.0. Results: In this study, the mean age of the participants was found as 69.14±8.48 years. The most frequent complaint of them was frequency of urination in 84%. The mean S. PSA was found as 41.78 ± 28.097 ng/ml. More than one third (38%) of patients were found to have volume of prostate 41-60 cc and the mean volume was found as 57.26 ± 19.026 cc. The mean PI-RADS score of our respondent was 3.32±1.34 ranging from 1 to 5. As mpMRI of prostate, majority (36%) patients had PI-RADS: 4. As per the histopathological diagnosis, it was found that, 34% of study patients were diagnosed as benign nodular hyperplasia. On the other hand, remaining 66% were diagnosed as carcinoma of prostate. In this study, the range of Gleason scores of the participants was found as 6-10. Conclusion: PI-RADS score, mpMRI and S. PSA assessment may be considered as some prominent evaluation methods .....

A study on clinicopathological correlations after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy patients for high risk prostate carcinoma

A study on clinicopathological correlations after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy patients for high risk prostate carcinoma

PD-0568 Long-term results of Iodine-125 seed brachytherapy in low and intermediate risk prostate carcinoma

PD-0568 Long-term results of Iodine-125 seed brachytherapy in low and intermediate risk prostate carcinoma

A Systematic Review of the Strontium Content of the Normal Human Prostate Gland

A proposal has been made that prostatic strontium (Sr) content determinations may be useful in the prostate condition estimation and especially as an indicator of prostate carcinoma risk. Here we analyze data published concerning Sr prostatic levels in healthy subjects. All 2056 items in the literature of the years dating back to 1921 were identified in the following databases: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ELSEVIER-EMBASE. The objective analysis was carried out on the data from the 26 studies, including 1453 subjects. It was found that the range of means of prostatic Sr content reported in the literature for “normal” gland widely varies from 0.16 mg/kg to <1.10 mg/kg with a median of means 0.398 mg/kg on a wet mass basis. The data encompassed a wide range of values and the sample was small, hence further studies should be performed.

PO42: High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Monotherapy, for Low and Intermediate Low Risk Prostate Cancer Patients. Early Analysis

Purpose: To evaluate biochemical progression free survival (b-PFS) and toxicity in a consecutive cohort of 76 patients with low risk (LR) and favorable intermediate risk (FIR) prostate carcinoma (PCa) treated with High Dose Rate Monotherapy (HDRM).

Probability of Prostate Cancer Diagnosis following Negative Systematic and Targeted MRI: Transrectal Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy: A Real-Life Observational Study

Introduction: The risk of occult prostate carcinoma (PCa) after negative multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)-transrectal fusion biopsy (F-Bx) is unknown. To determine the false-negative predictive value, we examined PCa detection after prior negative F-Bx. Methods: Between December 2012 and November 2016, 491 patients with suspected PCa and suspicious mpMRI findings underwent transrectal F-Bx. Patients with benign pathology (n = 191) were eligible for our follow-up (FU) survey. Patient characteristics and clinical parameters were correlated to subsequent findings of newly detected PCa. Results: Complete FU with a median of 31 (interquartile range: 17–39) months was available for 176/191 (92.2%) patients. Of those, 54 men had either surgical interventions on the prostate or re-Bxs. Newly detected PCa was evident in 14/176 (7.95%) patients stratified to ISUP ≤2 in 10 and ≥3 in 4 cases. The comparison of patients with newly detected PCa to those without cancerous findings in FU showed significant differences in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density (0.16 vs. 0.13 ng/mL²) and prostate volume (45 vs. 67 mL, both p < 0.05). Both factors are significant predictors for newly detected cancer after initial negative F-Bx. Conclusion: Only PSA density (>0.13 ng/mL²) and small prostate volume are significant predictors for newly detected PCa after initial negative F-Bx. Despite negative mpMRI/TRUS F-Bx results, patients should be further monitored due to a risk of developing PCa over time. Notwithstanding the limitation of our study that not all patients underwent another Bx, we assume that the false-negative rate is low but existing. Our data represent a real-world scenario.

Prostate MRI characteristics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

PurposePrevious studies have indicated an increased risk of prostate carcinoma (PCa) associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Prostate MRI of IBD patients could be expected to show a mixture of inflammation as well as higher than normal rates of PCa, which could impact interpretation and MRI performance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of prostate MRI in patients with IBD. Methods3140 patients with prostate MRI were evaluated. Coexisting IBD, PI-RADS score, and pathological results of prostate lesions (clinically significant PCa [csPCa]: Gleason score [GS] 7+, Non-csPCa: benign or GS 6) were assessed. The distribution of PI-RADS scoring and pathological result was assessed by chi-square test. Results71 patients had IBD (IBD group), whereas the remaining 3069 patients did not (Non-IBD group). The proportion of abnormal MRI (PI-RADS 3, 4 or 5) was 51 % (36/71) in IBD group and 47 % (1436/3069) in Non-IBD groups (p = 0.513). Total of 1285 patients underwent biopsy or prostatectomy. The proportion of csPCa at pathology was 35 % (12/34) in IBD group and 56 % (699/1251) in non-IBD groups (p = 0.017). The positive predictive value of abnormal MRI for csPCa was significantly lower in IBD group (39 %, 19/31) compared to Non-IBD group (63 %, 657/1047) (p = 0.007). ConclusionThe proportion of csPCa at pathology and positive predictive value of abnormal MR for csPCa were lower in patients with IBD group compared to Non-IBD group.

Low serum testosterone and prostate cancer behaviour - any correlation

Background and Objective: Prostate cancer is one amongst the most common medical diseases affecting elderly men. Carcinoma of the prostate is being the most common non-cutaneous cancer diagnosed. The lifetime risk of prostatic carcinoma is 16.7 % and the risk of death during the entire lifetime is around 2.6% for men but the overall lifetime risk of death due to prostate malignancy is low in comparison to lifetime risk of diagnosis. Prostate cancer is a hormone dependant cancer and the clinical course of prostate cancer varies with individual and again it varies within the individual in relationship to serum testosterone levels. The present study is to find out the role of low serum testosterone level in predicting prostate cancer behaviour in comparison with normal serum testosterone level patients and to find out the relationship between low serum testosterone level and serum PSA levels in TRUS biopsy proven cancer prostate patients. The primary aim and objective of our study is to determine the association of low serum testosterone and prostate cancer behaviour and with a Secondary objective to determine the relationship of serum PSA level in cancer prostate patients with low serum testosterone. Methodology: Informed consent was obtained from all patients. All TRUS biopsy proven caner prostate patients were enrolled to a maximum number of 100. All details were recorded. Blood investigations like serum PSA, serum testosterone and other baseline investigations were obtained. The serum determinations of Testosterone obtained between 7 – 9.30 am. The serum Testosterone levels measured by appropriate standard protocols. Patients were divided into two groups based on the serum testosterone levels. Patients with low serum testosterone levels ( 250 ng/dl) were categorized as Group B and the findings between two groups will be compared. Results: Total of 106 patients with cancer prostate were taken into our study of which 5 patients on 5 alpha reductase inhibitors and 1 patient on testosterone replacement therapy were excluded from our study and finally 100 patients were enrolled in our study of which patients with low testosterone level ( 250 ng/dl) were categorized as group B. The majority (74%) of patients in low testosterone group has got a serum PSA of more than 20 values compared with only 34% of patients in the corresponding group. P value is found to be statistically significant. Most of the patients (82.6%) in low testosterone group had a higher Gleason grade (8-10) compared to the normal testosterone group. P value is found statistically significant. Conclusion: Low total serum testosterone is associated with higher proportion of predominant Gleason pattern 4, an indicator of aggressive prostate cancer. Patients with low serum testosterone levels were associated with an increased serum PSA levels compared with patients in normal serum testosterone levels. Patients with low testosterone who were managed by radical prostatectomy had a higher proportion of positive surgical margin, extra capsular extension and seminal Vesical invasion suggesting an aggressive prostate cancer behaviour. Preoperative total testosterone should be routinely added to serum prostate specific antigen estimation to improve prostate cancer management.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of the prostate before transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy can improve diagnostic sensitivity: A STARD-compliant article.

To conduct a STARD-compliant validity that the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) evaluation of prostate for the improvement of positive rate of biopsy and diagnostic efficiency of prostate carcinoma (PCa).Data of 137 patients with suspected PCa who underwent relevant examinations and treatment were reviewed, and 82 of 137 patients were finally included. The patients consisted of Group 1 (26 patients) and Group 2 (42 patients) according to which they underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy selected from CEUS evaluation of the prostate and who underwent TRUS-guided biopsy directly. A systematic 12-core biopsy was performed at first, and additional 1 to 2 cores biopsy was made in the suspected target area where CEUS had showed abnormal enhancement. The assumed diagnoses were compared with pathological findings.There were 37 patients with PCa and 31 patients with benign lesions; and 14 patients without biopsy after CEUS did not find PCa emerging in follow-up (18–47 months). The positive rates of biopsy-malignant lesions were 73.1% and 42.8% in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The positive rate of biopsy in Group 1 was significantly higher than that in Group 2 (P = .024). The sensitivity and accuracy of TRUS biopsy and a combination of TRUS biopsy after transrectal CEUS for the evaluation of prostate benign and malignant lesion were 60% and 66.7% (P=0.0139), and 94.4% and 88.5% (P=0.0453), respectively.CEUS evaluation of the prostate of PSA-elevated patient before biopsy can help select target patient with high risk of PCa, reduce unnecessary biopsy, increase detection rate of PCa, and improve diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy.

Role of Vitamin D in Prostate Cancer in Developing Country

Introduction: Vitamin D 3 deficiency continues to be an unrecognized epidemic in many populations around the world. Vitamin D is important for the absorption of calcium, and bone formation and maintenance Materials and Methods: 150 patients enrolled for the study along with control, serum analyzed by vitros – Eci- dry chemistry analyzer, (Johnson–Johnson). Study done in CRGH Hospital, in R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, during Dec. 2015- Sep. 2016. All data were analyzed by Graph pad. Prism 8. Results: We have found decrease level of Vitamin D in patients with higher serum PSA level, p value &lt; 0.0001. Conclusion: Supplementation of Vitamin D is required for developing countries especially for older having higher risk of prostate carcinoma.

A Multicenter Phase 2 study of Hypofractionated Stereostatic Boost in Intermediate Risk Prostate Carcinoma: A 5-Year Analysis of the CKNO-PRO Trial

The aim of this analysis was to assess the 5-year tolerance and survival in patients undergoing hypofractionated stereotactic boost after external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Between August 2010 and April 2013, 76 patients with intermediate-risk prostate carcinoma were included in the study. A first course delivered 46 Gy using conventional fractionation. The second course delivered a boost of 18 Gy (3 × 6 Gy) within 10 days using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were assessed according to the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0. Secondary outcome measures were overall, biochemical relapse-free, and relapse-free survival; prostate-specific antigen kinetics; and patient functional status (urinary and sexual) according to the International Index of Erectile Function and International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaires. Sixty patients (79%) were treated by CyberKnife and 16 (21%) by linear accelerator. Median follow-up was 62 months (range, 29-69). The cumulative incidence of genitourinary and gastrointestinal grade ≥2 toxicities at month 60 after the end of radiation therapy was 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1%-6.6%) and 9.3% (95% CI, 4.1%-17.1%), respectively. Biochemical relapse-free and relapse-free survival rates at 5 years were 87.4% (95% CI, 77.1%-93.2%) and 86.2% (95% CI, 75.8-92.3), respectively. The mean (standard deviation) prostate-specific antigen variation within 3 months and 5 years post-radiation therapy was -1.20 ng/mL/mo (0.79) and -1.30 ng/mL/y (1.05), respectively. There was no significant difference between the International Prostate Symptom quality of life score between inclusion and month 60. For the International Index of Erectile Function, there was a significant difference between inclusion and month 60 (P = .005), with a higher proportion of severe/noninterpretable disorders at 60 months. The results of the trial demonstrate that the EBRT and SBRT combination is well tolerated and yields good efficacy results. These data provide a good basis for comparing EBRT and brachytherapy boost to EBRT and SBRT boost in future prospective studies.

MP30-02 ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL AND ONCOLOGICAL FOLLOW-UP AFTER NEGATIVE MRI-TRUS FUSION BIOPSY OF THE PROSTATE

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:The risk of occult prostate carcinoma (PCa) after negative MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy (F-Bx) is unknown till today. To determine the false-negative predictive value, a cohor...

Risk stratification for prostate cancer via the integration of omics data of The Cancer Genome Atlas

Background: Prostate carcinoma (PCa) is the second most common malignant disease in men. Despite evidence that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening can reduce PCa specific metastasis and death, it has not accepted by various health authorities. In fact, a broad range of heterogeneity causes different clinical and molecular behavior of PCa; risk stratification thus is helpful in guiding the optimal treatment of PCa patients. Methods: Here, we proposed a novel frame to perform risk stratification and identify PCa risk-related genes via integration of PCa omics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Firstly, risk genes were extracted by applying Cox regression model. Secondly, consensus non-negative matrix factorization (CNMF) cluster algorithm was applied to RNA-seq expression data of these risk genes, and PCa patients were divided into two subtypes (named as low risk and high risk respectively). Thirdly, by combining with survival analysis and differential expression analysis based on two subtypes, a PCa subtype-related network module was identified. Results: The identified network module can serve as biomarkers such as SRC to predict PCa risk. In particular, we observed the obvious differences in the DNA methylation profile and copy number variation (CNV) of genes involved in the module between two PCa subtypes. Conclusions: The framework proposed in this paper provides an effective strategy for the comprehensive analysis of TCGA omics data and can help highlight the prevention and treatment stratification for PCa patients.

Rare ADAR and RNASEH2B variants and a type I interferon signature in glioma and prostate carcinoma risk and tumorigenesis.

In search of novel germline alterations predisposing to tumors, in particular to gliomas, we studied a family with two brothers affected by anaplastic gliomas, and their father and paternal great-uncle diagnosed with prostate carcinoma. In this family, whole-exome sequencing yielded rare, simultaneously heterozygous variants in the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) genes ADAR and RNASEH2B co-segregating with the tumor phenotype. AGS is a genetically induced inflammatory disease particularly of the brain, which has not been associated with a consistently increased cancer risk to date. By targeted sequencing, we identified novel ADAR and RNASEH2B variants, and a 3- to 17-fold frequency increase of the AGS mutations ADAR,c.577C>G;p.(P193A) and RNASEH2B,c.529G>A;p.(A177T) in the germline of familial glioma patients as well as in test and validation cohorts of glioblastomas and prostate carcinomas versus ethnicity-matched controls, whereby rare RNASEH2B variants were significantly more frequent in familial glioma patients. Tumors with ADAR or RNASEH2B variants recapitulated features of AGS, such as calcification and increased type I interferon expression. Patients carrying ADAR or RNASEH2B variants showed upregulation of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) transcripts in peripheral blood as seen in AGS. An increased ISG expression was also induced by ADAR and RNASEH2B variants in tumor cells and was blocked by the JAK inhibitor Ruxolitinib. Our data implicate rare variants in the AGS genes ADAR and RNASEH2B and a type I interferon signature in glioma and prostate carcinoma risk and tumorigenesis, consistent with a genetic basis underlying inflammation-driven malignant transformation in glioma and prostate carcinoma development.

A Phase 1/2 Trial of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer With a Simultaneous Integrated Boost to MRI-Identified Regions of High Tumor Volume (NCT02470897)

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a promising treatment option for low- and intermediate- risk prostate carcinoma. Dose escalation beyond currently standard SBRT regimens may further improve outcomes, particularly for bulkier tumors, but could be limited by adjacent organ dose constraints. However, selective dose escalation to identified regions of high tumor burden may offer a safer approach than uniform dose escalation. Therefore, this ongoing prospective study seeks to test the planning and delivery feasibilities and the tolerability of treating patients with a modest dose escalation to the entire prostate and a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to MRI-identified lesions. Low- or intermediate- risk prostate cancer patients (Gleason score ≤ 7, PSA ≤20, T stage ≤2b) are eligible and treated based on ability to undergo pre-treatment pelvic MRI. Patients enrolled to date undergoing MRI (n=10) received LINAC-based prostate SBRT (5 x 8.0 Gy delivered every other day) with urethral, anterior rectal wall and bladder base doses constrained to 7.25 Gy/fraction. MRI-identified PI-RADS 4 or 5 lesions received a SIB to 8.5 - 9.0 Gy/fraction. Patients not undergoing MRI imaging (n=6) received a uniform SBRT dose (5 x 7.5 Gy) with the same normal tissue constraints. Intra-fractional shifts were monitored with a repeat alignment scan after half of the fractional dose was delivered. Acute bowel and bladder toxicity was assessed using RTOG toxicity scales and the IPSS. Urinary, bowel and sexual quality of life will be assessed at regular intervals using the expanded prostate cancer index composite (EPIC-26) questionnaire. Median follow up was 8 months with a range of 2-16 months. Dosimetric evaluation of planned and delivered dose indicates that prostate SBRT including both a dose constraint applied to the urethra, anterior rectum and bladder base as well as a SIB to MRI-identified tumor subvolumes can be reproducibly planned and delivered. There were no grade 3 or 4 acute or late GI or GU toxicities and only two patients reported acute grade 2 urinary symptoms (2/16 or 12.5%). Average IPSS scores increased only modestly from pretreatment baseline scores of 8.2 to 6 week scores of 10.4 (p=0.02). This ongoing trial employs a simultaneous integrated boost to MRI-detected lesions during SBRT while constraining doses to immediately bordering normal organ subvolumes. Results to date indicate that this approach is dosimetrically feasible and deliverable, while preliminary outcomes find it to be well tolerated acutely. Additional accrual and follow up for this ongoing trial will be required to assess longer term conventional and patient reported toxicity outcomes as well as tumor control.

Abstract 2261: Synergistic effect and VEGF/HSP70-hom haplotype analysis: Relationship to prostate cancer risk and clinical outcome

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex disorder resulting from the combined effects of multiple environmental and genetic factors. Our previous single-locus analysis showed that VEGF and HSP70-hom polymorphisms were significantly associated with PCa susceptibility and prognosis. Both genes encoding these proteins were located on chromosome 6p21, and combining the neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) into haplotypes may increase the association with the disease. Three tagging polymorphisms, the HSP70-hom 2437 T/C, the VEGF-1154 G/A, and the VEGF-634 G/C SNPs were genotyped in 101 cases and 80 controls. For the combined analysis of VEGF and HSP70-hom, we found a positive gradient in the odds ratios (ORs) related to the number of high-risk genotypes with a 3.53-fold increase of prostate carcinoma risk (OR= 3.53; p= 0.015). Furthermore, the TAG and CAG haplotypes at positions HSP70-hom, VEGF-1154 and VEGF -634 exhibited a two-fold (OR= 0.46; p= 0.014) and a seven-fold (OR= 0.14; p= 0.00005) reduction in PCa risk, respectively. Regarding PCa prognosis, the TAG haplotype had a negative association with the aggressive phenotype as defined by the histopathological grade (OR= 0.28; p= 0.006). Our findings confirm the role of at-risk haplotype across the HSP70-hom/VEGF gene cluster in determining susceptibility to PCa. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Sana Sfar, Hamadi Saad, Faouzi Mosbah, Lotfi Chouchane. Synergistic effect and VEGF/HSP70-hom haplotype analysis: Relationship to prostate cancer risk and clinical outcome [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2261. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2261

Does smoking change expression patterns of the tumor suppressor and DNA repair genes in the prostate gland?

ObjectivesSomatic mutations can be present in clonally expanded cell populations in nonmalignant tissues, which are detectable at tissue-level resolution. Some of the mutational changes may arise due to smoking. We aimed to find out changes in carcinogenic gene expressions related to smoking in nonmalignant prostate gland epithelia. Materials and methodsThe patients who came to the Department of Urology at Abant Izzet Baysal University Medical Faculty from December 2006 to December 2009 for prostate biopsy were questioned for cigarette smoking. The patients were divided into 2 groups, namely, smokers and nonsmokers. Paraffin sections were stained immunohistochemically with p53, PTEN, p16INK4a, MSH2, CHK2, RB, and E-cadherin. ResultsSmoking was the main independent factor that had an effect on the immunohistochemical expressions for p53, p16, and PTEN (P = 0.007, P = 0.036, P = 0.015, respectively). Age and inflammation had no statistically significant effects on gene expressions. No difference was found between smokers and nonsmokers for immunohistochemical expressions of E-cadherin, MSH2, RB, and CHK2. ConclusionsSmoking-related carcinogens can alter the expressions of some suppressor genes in a prostate tissue, and these alterations can be determined immunohistochemically. Alterations in these genes in prostate gland epithelia could possibly increase the risk for prostate carcinoma.

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the number one cancer by incidence in males of increasing age &amp; second by mortality throughout the world. Many known etiological factors are associated with increased risk of prostatic carcinoma including male hormone &amp; its active metabolites, genetic predisposition (BRCA2, inherited polymorphism of some transcription factors), racial difference, environmental factors, food habits etc, Recently an association of importance has been given to molecular level changes; inflammatory cytokines, trace elements like zinc with prostate cancer. Diagnostic modalities &amp; treatment facilities are important for better management &amp; giving improved quality of life to the patients. The present review article highlights some of these findings on prostate cancer namely genetic factors, Highfatty diet, Hormone, medication, sexual activity, inflammatory cytokines, trace element zinc, PSA. These will lead to in hand better understanding of the pathophysiology of prostate cancer.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 7, No. 2: Jul 2016, P 36-44