Risk Of Premature Birth Research Articles

Role of probiotics in reducing risk of pre-eclampsia or premature birth risk

Role of probiotics in reducing risk of pre-eclampsia or premature birth risk

Особливості біоценозу піхви у вагітних з аденоміозом

The objective: to study the peculiarities of microbiocenosis in pregnant women with adenomyosis, to develop new and to systematize and improve existing methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of complications and reproductive losses. Materials and methods. 90 pregnant women (pregnancy term of 32.1±2 weeks) were divided into three groups: 30 healthy pregnant women as a control group (average age 29.3±2.1); the comparison group – 30 pregnant women (average age – 31.8±2.2) with adenomyosis, whose vaginal biota was examined and treatment prescribed in the case of any complaints, in the case of premature birth risk we prescribed progesteron therapy according to the protocol of the Ministry of Health; the main group – 30 pregnant women with adenomyosis, with routinely examined vaginal biota, sanitation of the genital tract and prescription of probiotic, women received progesterone and diet, the average age was 31.2±2.1. Treatment was prescribed after detection of the titre and sensitivity of the pathogen by bacterioscopy of excretions on the glass and bacterial culturing of vaginal excretions. In the case of pathological flora detection, a more extensive survey was prescribed. Results. The frequency of premature birth risk in group 1 was 6.7%, in comparison and main groups the indicator was 26.7% and 23.4%; bacterial vaginosis in combination with Candida colpitis was observed in groups as 6.7%, 23.4% and 26.7% (most often the association included staphylococcus epidermal and E. coli, Staphylococcus Epidermalis and Candida). The revealed violations of the vagnal biota only in half of the cases were accompanied by women’s subjective complaints, but the treatment was needed due to pathogens and their titers. After the treatment, an additional examination was held to check the treatment effectiveness. Violation of feto-placental complex in the control group was 3.3%, in the comparison group 33.3% and in the main group 10%, fetal growth retardation in 3.3%, 20.0%, 10.0% respectively, preterm labor occured in 6.7%, 33.3%, 6.7% cases, PRAM has happened in 6.7%, 33.3% and 13.3%, the VTI was not noticed in the first group, but in the other two groups it occured in 10% and 3.3% cases. Conclusions. Routine biota examination and treatment in combination with diet are necessary, as infrequently the disease runs asymptomatic, resulting in severe consequences. The application of the proposed complex in women with adenomyosis significantly reduces the risk of a feto-placental complex violation and, as a result, FGR, reduces the probability of preterm labor, PRAM, minimizes labor tract trauma and significantly reduces the risk of VTI in fetus, reduces time spent in hospital by woman. Key words: adenomyosis, pregnancy, vaginal biocenosis, diet, association of microorganisms, probiotics, Enterobacteria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, fungi of the genus Candida.

Risk Factors for Premature Birth among Premature Obstetric Labor Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.

To identify risk factors for premature birth among premature obstetric labor women. Participants were 129 hospitalized women who were diagnosed with potential premature obstetric labor with 20 weeks to 37 weeks of gestation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ2 test, t-test, and binary logistic regression. Of 129 women, 78(60.5%) gave premature birth and 51 (39.5%) gave full-term birth. Risk factors for premature birth were education level (≤bachelor's degree), abnormal bowel condition (constipation or diarrhea), time firstly diagnosed with a premature obstetric labor (below 28 weeks of pregnancy), and multiple pregnancy. There were also increased risks of premature birth for participants with high level of anxiety and high level of prenatal stress. In social support, there was an increased risk of premature birth for participants with low level of social support. Prenatal nursing programs should consider not only psychosocial factors such as anxiety, prenatal stress, and social support, but also some general and obstetric factors such as education level, abnormal bowel condition, time firstly diagnosed with a premature obstetric labor, and multiple pregnancy to increase maternal and child health.

Structure and factors of the risk of premature birth

Objective. To study the structure and risk factors of premature birth. Methods. Prospective open-label non-randomized clinical trial. The study included 11 861 births, including 1806 - premature (15.2%) in the CF “UMS of the National Research Center for Maternity and Childhood.” The odds ratio (OR), the confdence interval (CI) of risk factors for the development of preterm birth have been calculated. Results. When studying the social portrait of prematurely giving birth to women: the level of education (OR - 2.7, SE - 0.29, CI (95%) 1.5-4.8;) employment (OR-2.4, SE-0, 29; CI (95%) 1.3-4.1;) and the woman’s place of residence (OR 1.5, SE 0.29, CI 95% 0.9-2.7) are statistically signifcant risk factors for premature birth. The study of obstetrical anamnesis of pregnant women revealed the following: 14.2% - primitive, 85.8% - repeat pregnancy, 26.3% - with a syndrome of previous perinatal losses (2 or more spontaneous abortions), 32.2% - previous premature births, 2, 4% - with cervical insufciency. Conclusion. The main risk factors for premature birth are cervical insuffciency, repeated pregnancies with a parity of more than 4 (OS-1.19, SE-0.3, CI (95%) 0.7-2.2;), the presence of premature birth and fetal loss in the history (OR-2.66, SE-0.35, CI (95%), 1.3-5.3;), birth of small children (OR-2.38; SE-0.37; CI (95%) 1.2-5.1;). The social portrait of women with preterm birth appears as follows: age 20 to 34 years, predominantly in rural areas, housewives with low and medium education, with habitual loss of pregnancy or previous premature birth, cervical insufciency. Family planning, pre-birth training for a prospective mother and conducting preventive measures in pregnant high-risk groups for premature birth can be a condition for reducing the frequency of preterm labor

Assessment of correlation between vitamin D level and prevalence of preterm births in the population of pregnant women in Poland.

Aim of this project is determination of the correlation between the level of vitamin D in blood serum and duration of pregnancy in population in central Poland. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level was determined in blood serum, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Standardized history of each patient was recorded. The history included: general medical history, data regarding the course of pregnancy and information about health-related behavior that could influence vitamin D concentration. Two hundred-and-one Caucasian women at childbirth were qualified into the study. The study group was divided into 2 parts: 100 patients who had a spontaneous premature birth and 101 patients who had birth at full term. Vitamin D deficiency (< 30 ng/ml) was very common for both groups (69.6% of patients in the premature group and 72% - in the control group). Patients who had a premature birth had severe vitamin D deficiency (less than 10 ng/ml) more often than in the control group (34% vs. 14.2%, p = 0.001). Severe vitamin D deficiency increased the risk of premature birth but the association was not statistically significant in the multivariate regression model (odds ratio (OR) = 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86-7.15, p = 0.094). Severe vitamin D deficiency (< 10 ng/ml) may be the factor increasing the risk of preterm birth. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(6):933-941.

Association of Maternal Preeclampsia With Infant Risk of Premature Birth and Retinopathy of Prematurity

Studies report conflicting associations between preeclampsia and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). This study provides explanations for the discrepancies to clarify the relationship between preeclampsia and ROP. To evaluate the association of maternal preeclampsia and risk of ROP among infants in an unrestricted birth cohort and a restricted subcohort of preterm, very low birth weight (P-VLBW) infants. A retrospective review of 290 992 live births within the Intermountain Healthcare System in Utah from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2010, was performed. Generalized estimating equations for logistic regressions with covariate adjustment were applied to relate ROP to preeclampsia among the full cohort and in a subcohort of P-VLBW infants born at younger than 31 weeks' gestation and weighing less than 1500 g. The occurrence of ROP was related to maternal preeclampsia in the full cohort and in a subcohort of P-VLBW infants. In the full cohort, 51% of the infants were male and the mean (SD) gestational age was 38.38 (1.87) weeks. In the P-VLBW cohort, 55% were male and the mean (SD) gestational age was 26.87 (2.40) weeks. In the full cohort, preeclampsia was associated with an increased risk of all ROP (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.46; 95% CI, 2.17-2.79; P < .001), severe ROP (aOR, 5.21; 95% CI, 3.44-7.91; P < .001), infant death (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.16-2.38; P = .006), and giving birth to a P-VLBW infant (aOR, 7.74; 95% CI, 6.92-8.67; P < .001). In the P-VLBW subcohort, preeclampsia was inversely associated with the development of all ROP (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68-0.92; P = .003), severe ROP (aOR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.36-1.06; P = .08), and infant death (aOR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.11-0.32; P < .001). Preeclampsia was associated with an increased risk of developing ROP among an unrestricted cohort but with a reduced risk of ROP among a restricted subcohort of P-VLBW infants. Although the conflicting associations in the full and P-VLBW cohorts may reflect true differences, the association of a reduced risk of ROP among the P-VLBW subcohort also may reflect biases from restricting the cohort to prematurity, because prematurity is an outcome of preeclampsia.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) saat Antenatal sebagai Neuroprotektor Bayi Prematur terhadap Perkembangan Motorik Kasar Usia 2-3 Tahun

Abstract Indonesia is the country with the fifth highest figure in the world of prematurity. The incidence of severe preeclampsia in Indonesia as much as 31.04%.Indonesia still use magnesium sulfate as an anti-seizure medications and recurrent seizures. Some developed countries in the world have been using magnesium sulfate as a neuroprotective fetus during antenatal for baby with a risk of premature birth. Premature babies have an increased risk of morbidity short term and long term. Nearly 50% of premature babies have neurological problems such as motor disorders. This study aimed to determine the effect of a history of the use of magnesium sulfate in the mother during antenatal against gross motor development in children aged 2-3 years. Analytic observational research with cross-sectional approach. Samples were selected by using purposive sampling with 30 respondents. Collecting data on the data preterm infants with a history of giving antenatal magnesium sulfate obtained through medical record RSIA Puri Bunda Malang and gross motor development is obtained by means of door-to-door using a checklist denver II. Analysis of the results of studies using the Fisher Exact Test correlation test. The research data is obtained as much as 43.3% of respondents with a history of antenatal magnesium sulphate diagnosed normal gross motor development, 6.7% suspect and no diagnosed untestable. While the respondents without a history of antenatal magnesium sulphate showed 16.7% of children diagnosed normal gross motor development and 33.3% suspect and no respondents who were diagnosed untestable. The results showed that there was a significant effect (p value = 0.008), so that it can be concluded that a history of antenatal magnesium sulfate use in premature babies have a better effect than the group that did not have a history of use of antenatal magnesiumsulfate.

Growth of children born to renal transplanted women.

Despite high rates of premature births and neonates small for gestational age in the transplant group, there was a good recovery of growth during the first year.. What is Known: • Children born to renal transplanted mothers are exposed to immunosuppressive drugs during gestation [4]. • They have high risk of premature birth and fetal growth restriction, immune alterations at birth, and risk of hospitalization for infection in the first months of life [5]. What is New: • Despite high rates of premature birth and neonates small for gestational age, these infants had good growth recovery by 1year of age.

Actual problems of measles

Measles is still an major public health problem in many countries. According to the World Health Organization, up to 3 million measles cases were recorded annually. Measles was one of the main causes of death among young children in the pre-vaccine period. More than 10 million children died of measles every year throughout the world. In 2014, on a global scale, there were 114 900 deaths from measles almost 314 deaths per day or 13 deaths per hour. The main cause of death from measles are complications from the respiratory tract (pneumonia), the central nervous system (meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis), gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea). Between 2000 and 2014, mass measles vaccination reduced global measles mortality rate by 79%, and about 17.1 million children's lives were saved. However, measles still remains endemic and, one of the leading causes of childhood mortality in developing countries as a result of lack of immunization policies. Up to 98% of measles mortality are registered in developing countries, such India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, RDC, etc. If in the pre-vaccine period, measles affected predominantly children aged less than five years, the global immunization era led to a change in the measles-age-category pattern. The increase measles occurency in adults is due to the loss of protective antibodies, that last generally for 10 to 15 years after vaccination in only 36% of the vaccinees. Complications due to measles in adolescents and adults are most likely than in children. However, immunocompetent individuals may have repeated measles infections. The possibility of transplacental transmission of the disease: measles in pregnant women leads to a higher risk of premature birth, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, and with a woman at the end of pregnancy intrauterine infection and the birth of a child with signs of measles. In the absence of specific anti-measles antibodies in the mother, the child may become ill in theantenatal period. Differential diagnosis of measles is carried out with infections that occur with exanthema syndrome (parvovirus B19, sudden exanthema, etc.). Etiotropic therapy is carried out with preparations of recombinant interferon (viferon, etc.). Doses of drugs and the duration of treatment are determined by the severity of the disease. Pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy is strongly recommended.

Efficacy of Suture Material in Prophylactic and Rescue Transvaginal Cervical Cerclages: A Retrospective Analysis [35O

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cerclage has been used for cervical insufficiency to reduce the risks of premature birth. There is limited data on the efficacy of commonly used cerclage materials. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of monofilament, braided, and 5mm tape suture in prophylactic and rescue cerclages. METHODS: A chart review of women who received a prophylactic or rescue cerclage between January 2011- December 2015 at Touro Infirmary, New Orleans was performed. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare gestational age at delivery achieved with different sutures. Fisher's exact test was used to compare gestational age at delivery (≥32, 34, and 37 weeks) between different sutures. SAS version 9.4 was used for data analysis. A 5% significance level was used for hypothesis tests. RESULTS: Thirty four pregnant patients received a cerclage. Sixteen received braided sutures, 12 received monofilament sutures, and 6 received 5 mm tape. The gestational age at delivery was higher for those who received monofilament sutures compared to braided (p= 0.010). The gestational age at delivery for patients who received tape fell between monofilament and braided, but was not significantly different from either (p= 0.367 and 0.782 respectively). A higher proportion of patients who received monofilament sutures delivered at greater than 32 (p= 0.016), 34 (p= 0.024), and 37 (p= 0.017) weeks compared to patients who received braided sutures. CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed that monofilament sutures are superior to braided sutures in achieving greater gestational age at time of delivery, demonstrating that suture material does have an effect on cerclage efficacy.

The effect of ultraviolet radiation on birth weights and gestational length in a scottish birth cohort

ABSTRACT&#x0D; ObjectivesOutcomes at birth such as prematurity and birthweight are important determinants of later life health and social outcomes including education attainment, cognitive and behavioural development and a large number of health outcomes. Recently, it has become clear that characteristics of the physical environment, including air pollution, plays an important role in mediating outcomes of pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency from lack of sunlight has also shown associations with pregnancy outcomes but this has not been replicated in intervention studies of vitamin D supplementation. Recent clinical evidence has pointed to a sunlight pathway that is independent of vitamin D, which instead mediates blood pressure through the production of Nitric Oxides in the skin from exposure to the UVA component of sunlight. This pathway might explain the lack of association with vitamin D supplementation and provides a plausible pathway for direct effects of sunlight exposure for pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we examined the effect of exposure to sunlight during pregnancy hypothesising that higher levels of exposure might reduce risks of premature birth and low birthweight.&#x0D; ApproachWe used routinely collected maternity health data covering all births in Scotland in the period 2000-2010 (~ 550000 births). Using the mothers residential postcode at birth we attached estimates of UV exposure for each trimester of pregnancy based on a combination of MET office spatially detailed sun hours data and satellite derived solar insolation data. We modelled the effect of UV exposure for birthweight and risk of preterm birth with adjustment for confounding variables including smoking, parity and maternal stature. Sensitivity analysis using sibling pairs with discordant UV exposures was also explored to test the robustness of the findings to residual confounding.&#x0D; ResultsResults are not available at time of writing but will be available for the conference presentation and will discuss the effects of UV exposure for both the risk of premature birth and low birthweight.&#x0D; ConclusionsTogether with clinical evidence, findings from this study may serve to highlight a possible need to revisit public health advice regarding reducing UV exposure during pregnancy and may provide evidence for possible interventions including sun lamp therapy for pregnant mothers.

Are babies conceived during Ramadan born smaller and sooner than babies conceived at other times of the year? A Born in Bradford Cohort Study

BackgroundIt is not known whether infants exposed to intermittent maternal fasting at conception are born smaller or have a higher risk of premature birth than those who are not. Doctors...

Obstetrical and perinatal pathology in women with risk of preterm labor

Spontaneous preterm births occurring in 5–13 % of pregnancies are the major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, but their frequency has not changed significantly over the past 10 years. Aim. To make the analysis of the clinical features of pregnancy, childbirth, state of the newborn and fetus in pregnant women with premature birth risk in 22–34 weeks’ gestation and feto-placental complex functional state in pregnant women of this cohort. Materials and Methods. The analysis of the clinical, laboratory and functional examination results of 121 women has been done. Women were divided into 3 groups: the main group – 43 patients with singleton pregnancy and risk of premature delivery at term 22–34 weeks who received prevention of RDS (dexamethasone 6 mg i. m. № 4 or betaspan 12 mg i. m. № 2), progestogen therapy (utrozhestan 200 mg 1 time a day vaginally) and dalmaksin 200 mg 1 time a day rectally; comparison group – 42 patients also with singleton pregnancy and risk of premature delivery at term 22–34 weeks of gestation who were treated according to the algorithm of the Ukrainian National Guideline № 624 of 03.11.2008; the control group consisted of 36 women with singleton normal pregnancy and delivery which ended with the birth of live full-term newborn. Results. The average age of the examined patients was 27.08 ± 0.79 years. The average assessment of fetuses STV analysis at 22–34 weeks’ gestation with clinical signs of premature birth risk with the main group was – 11.5 ± 0.98 ms, with the comparison group – 9.8 ± 0.97 ms. No significant differences in uterine-placental-fetal circulation of analyzed groups pregnant women were noted. The average gestational age of the main group newborns was 37.9 ± 2.38 weeks and it was higher than in the comparison group (36.9 ± 4.2 weeks). 23.81 % of comparison group pregnancies ended with a preterm birth, which was significantly higher than in the main group (p < 0.05), where this indicator was 13.95 %. In the structure of perinatal morbidity the leading were: hypoxic-ischemic injury of the CNS with suppression syndrome, neonatal jaundice, respiratory distress syndrome type I, intraventricular hemorrhages, and retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusions. Using for premature birth risk treatment utrozhestan 200 mg 1 time a day vaginally, dalmaksin 200 mg 1 time a day rectally reduces the risk of preterm birth rate and improves physiological condition of pregnancy and fetus. The effectiveness of the premature birth risk treatment of the main group patients shows not only the improvement of this complication clinical symptoms and satisfactory functional state of feto-placental complex, but also reduction the percentage of early preterm birth, and as a consequence, decrease in severe perinatal morbidity.

Fetal growth restriction: current knowledge.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition that affects 5-10% of pregnancies and is the second most common cause of perinatal mortality. This review presents the most recent knowledge on FGR and focuses on the etiology, classification, prediction, diagnosis, and management of the condition, as well as on its neurological complications. The Pubmed, SCOPUS, and Embase databases were searched using the term "fetal growth restriction". Fetal growth restriction (FGR) may be classified as early or late depending on the time of diagnosis. Early FGR (<32 weeks) is associated with substantial alterations in placental implantation with elevated hypoxia, which requires cardiovascular adaptation. Perinatal morbidity and mortality rates are high. Late FGR (≥32 weeks) presents with slight deficiencies in placentation, which leads to mild hypoxia and requires little cardiovascular adaptation. Perinatal morbidity and mortality rates are lower. The diagnosis of FGR may be clinical; however, an arterial and venous Doppler ultrasound examination is essential for diagnosis and follow-up. There are currently no treatments to control FGR; the time at which pregnancy is interrupted is of vital importance for protecting both the mother and fetus. Early diagnosis of FGR is very important, because it enables the identification of the etiology of the condition and adequate monitoring of the fetal status, thereby minimizing risks of premature birth and intrauterine hypoxia.

Air pollution and adverse birth outcome in China: a comprehensive review

Objective: To summarize the progress in the research of the association between air pollution and adverse birth outcomes in China. Methods: A literature retrieval was conducted by using the databases of CNKI, Wanfang, Pubmed, Science Direct, and Web of Science to select relevant research papers published before 30(th), June 2016 in China according to inclusion criteria. Finally, 27 papers were included in analysis. Results: Exposure to particulate matter (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), total suspended particles (TSP) during pregnancy might increase risk for low birth weight; exposure to PM(10), SO(2), NO(2) during pregnancy might increase risk for premature birth; and exposure to SO(2), NO(2), ozone (O(3)), and PM(10) during pregnancy might increase risk for congenital heart diseases and other birth defects. Conclusion: Exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy might increase the risk for adverse birth outcomes, and further studies are needed to prove the association.

Primary Health Care Follow-Up Visits: Investigation Of Care Continuity Of Preterm Newborns From A Kangaroo-Mother Care Unit

INTRODUCTION: The kangaroo-mother care method is an approach adopted in Brazil as a public police, which has helped in the reduction of neonatal mortality rate. Premature birth and its vulnerabilities can trigger, especially in mothers, feelings of fear and insecurity related to taking care of newborns.&#x0D; OBJECTIVE: Investigate care continuity of preterm newborns from a kangaroo-mother care method unit in primary health care facilities.&#x0D; METHODS: It was a transversal study performed with 43 mothers of preterm newborns who were hospitalized in the rooming-in care unit of a kangaroo-mother care method unit of a Brazilian public maternity school. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire, which was used to interview mothers between September 2015 and February 2016.&#x0D; RESULTS: It was found a relationship between sociodemographic status and risk of premature birth, and the following variables: age, education, marital status, and family income. Regarding findings from the follow-up home visits in primary health care, most of the participants were still breastfeeding and using the kangaroo position. However, 60.5% of the interviewed mothers reported not receiving home visits from health professionals of primary health care facilities.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: It is essential the support of health professionals and the participation of mothers and families to improve, through health education, quality of life promotion for newborns from kangaroo care approach.

Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: Patients Preferences for Surgery or Immunotherapy with Imiquimod

Imiquimod has been studied as a noninvasive pharmacological treatment alternative to large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), to prevent long-term obstetric complications from surgical treatment. This study aims to investigate womens' preferences for treatment of high-grade CIN with imiquimod or LLETZ. A labeled discrete choice experiment was conducted among 100 women with abnormal cervical cytology in 5 hospitals in the Netherlands between March 2014 and December 2015. Participants were asked to choose between imiquimod treatment or standard surgical treatment in 9 separate scenarios, based on the following treatment characteristics: treatment success rate, rate of side effects, risk of premature birth in subsequent pregnancies, and risk of subfertility after treatment. The levels of these characteristics differed for the imiquimod alternatives. Women assigned a positive utility to LLETZ compared with imiquimod. When making a choice for imiquimod, women preferred a higher treatment success rate and a lower risk of premature birth, infertility and side effects. The choice for imiquimod treatment was also influenced by the intention of a future pregnancy. Subgroup analyses revealed that a lower efficacy regarding imiquimod might be more acceptable for women who desired a future pregnancy compared with women who did not desire a future pregnancy. Women with a future pregnancy wish may prefer treatment of high-grade CIN with imiquimod cream over LLETZ, if the risk of subfertility and premature birth is low.

Obstetric and Perinatal Outcomes of Teenage Pregnancies: A Cross-Sectional Study

The teenage pregnancy is still preferred in different part of the world against the advice of the medical practitioners. This study aimed to describe the obstetric and perinatal outcomes of the teenage mothers and to compare these with outcomes of the adult mothers. For this purpose, 762 teenage and 756 adult mothers were followed in the eastern region of Sri Lanka for 21 months. This study found that the premature birth was the only negative perinatal outcome directly related to teenage mothers. All other negative pregnancy outcomes associated with teenage pregnancy were caused by the factors which are prevailing in higher percentages among teenagers such as low BMI and less number of parity. No differences in occurrence of small to date (IUGR), perinatal complications and lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) were observed between teenage and adult mothers. Finally, this study concludes the teenage pregnancy can be accepted for the mothers with higher BMI if the risk for premature birth is controlled.

Tretman novorođenčeta s apstinencijalnim sindromom

Narcotic neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a collection of signs and symptoms exhibited by a newborn mothers of drug addicts. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) exhibits a newborn whose mother during pregnancy, alcohol consumed. The incidence of NAS and FAS is very difficult to determine because of unreliable data on the use of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy and limited diagnostic prenatal exposure to drugs and alcohol newborn. It is a multisystem disorder, most frequently involving central nervous and gastrointestinal system, which is expressed irritability, prolonged high-pitched cry, tremors, convulsions, feeding and sleeping disorders, tachypnea, apnea, tachycardia, termolability and sweating, frequent hiccups, yawning and sneezing, diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. The aim is that it is examining the available literature make a show review and draw attention to the need for care, the newborn with this problem in the first 48­72 hours of life when most often manifested clinical picture. Support measures include the child in the room darkened room to reduce sensory stimulation and irritability, frequent small meals hiperkalorijske formula to cover the additional caloric requirements, and constant observation of the rhythm of sleeping habits, gain or loss in body weight and change in clinical status, which might suggest another disease process. In these situations, it is necessary to encourage breast­feeding as the best nutrition with all its advantages, including encouraging emotional bond between mother and child or contraindicated if the mother continues to use drugs, alcohol or have infections such as HIV or hepatitis. The consumption of drugs, alcohol and other substance use during pregnancy, expectant mothers expose their children to the risk of premature birth, infection with hepatitis B or C, HIV infection, congenital anomalies, cognitive poremećajema etc. One of the key tasks of health workers to work on prevention: timely education and counseling of pregnant women with addiction problems.

The influence of gestational diabetes on fetal development. A review

Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that starts during pregnancy and although is an affection which may regress after birth, it leaves its mark on the health of the mother and fetus in the perinatal period, but also on long-term and appropriate treatment initiated at the onset of the disease can reduce its effects. It is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of varying degrees of severity, occurring during pregnancy and that can complicate it (i.e. by increasing the risk of preeclamplsia, polyhydramnios, macrosomia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia and hyperbilirubinemia and neonatal injury at birth). Although the diagnostic criteria varies from one guideline to another, the oral glucose tolerance test remains the gold standard method for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Underlying this article we have found significant studies and guidelines related to gestational diabetes published in PubMed and Cochrane databases. Gestational diabetes may be associated with repeated miscarriages, still births, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, premature detachment of the normally inserted placenta, trauma at birth, postpartum bleeding and infection immediately postpartum. Increased risk of maternal complications also increases the risk of premature births. The only modifiable factor in the emergence of all these complications is obesity. Gestational diabetes is a pathology that requires a multidisciplinary team and close monitoring of perinatal complications of pregnancy, in order to prevent and reduce these complications, both on short and long term.