Risk Of Metastatic Prostate Cancer Research Articles

Promotion of prostatic metastatic migration towards human bone marrow stoma by Omega 6 and its inhibition by Omega 3 PUFAs.

Epidemiological studies have shown not only a relationship between the intake of dietary lipids and an increased risk of developing metastatic prostate cancer, but also the type of lipid intake that influences the risk of metastatic prostate cancer. The Omega-6 poly-unsaturated fatty acid, Arachidonic acid, has been shown to enhance the proliferation of malignant prostate epithelial cells and increase the risk of advanced prostate cancer. However, its role in potentiating the migration of cancer cells is unknown. Here we show that arachidonic acid at concentrations ⩽5 μM is a potent stimulator of malignant epithelial cellular invasion, which is able to restore invasion toward hydrocortisone-deprived adipocyte-free human bone marrow stroma completely. This observed invasion is mediated by the arachidonic acid metabolite prostaglandin E2 and is inhibited by the Omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid at a ratio of 1 : 2 Omega-3 : Omega-6, and by the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398. These results identify a mechanism by which arachidonic acid may potentiate the risk of metastatic migration and secondary implantation in vivo, a risk which can be reduced with the uptake of Omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids.

Screening With Prostate Specific Antigen and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Risk: A Population Based Case-Control Study

Screening With Prostate Specific Antigen and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Risk: A Population Based Case-Control Study

SCREENING WITH PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AND METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER RISK: A POPULATION BASED CASE-CONTROL STUDY

Screening of asymptomatic men with prostate specific antigen (PSA) remains a controversial issue. There is limited evidence that screening is effective in reducing mortality from prostate cancer. In the current study we determined if screening with PSA reduces the risk of metastatic prostate cancer. We conducted a population based case-control study among the residents of Metropolitan Toronto and 5 surrounding counties in Ontario, Canada. Data were obtained from 236 cases of metastatic prostate cancer and 462 controls randomly sampled from the source population and frequency matched to cases for age and area of residence. History of PSA testing, digital rectal examination, symptoms and other data were obtained from medical records and a self-administered questionnaire. The association between PSA screening and metastatic prostate cancer was measured by the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio stratified by exposure observation time and other potential confounding factors. In asymptomatic men, the frequency of PSA screening as determined from medical records was significantly lower among the cases compared with the controls (odds ratio 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.93). The odds ratio was 0.52 (0.28 to 0.98) in men 45 to 59 years old and 0.67 (0.41 to 1.09) in those 60 to 84 years old. In this case-control study screening of asymptomatic men with PSA was associated with a significantly reduced risk of metastatic prostate cancer. The results need to be confirmed in randomized controlled trials.

The E211 G>A Androgen Receptor Polymorphism Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Metastatic Prostate Cancer and Androgenetic Alopecia

The androgen receptor (AR) gene encodes a transcription factor, which mediates androgen action in target tissues, including the prostate. Prostate cancer is androgen dependent, implicating AR in susceptibility to this male condition. Male pattern balding, androgenetic alopecia, has recently been associated with prostate cancer, suggesting shared androgen pathways. The CAG and GGC repeats in the AR have been studied extensively as markers of prostate cancer susceptibility, with inconclusive findings, whereas the AR-E211 G>A polymorphism has been associated with androgenetic alopecia. We assessed the repeat linked single nucleotide polymorphism as a marker of risk association in prostate cancer, including androgenetic alopecia, in an Australian population-based case-control study. In 815 prostate cancer cases and 719 controls, the proportion of A-allele carriers was the same in each group. Overall, there was no evidence for an association between the A allele and risk of prostate cancer, however, the proportion of A-allele carriers in metastatic prostate cancer (5%) was lower than in less advanced disease (16%, P = 0.03). The proportion of A-allele carriers was 24% in nonbald men but it was lower in men with vertex alopecia alone (13%, P = 0.001) or in combination with frontal alopecia (7%, P < 0.0001). This inverse association between the A allele and baldness was independent of prostate cancer status (P for interaction = 0.2). These results suggest that the AR-E211 A allele, in linkage with the functional repeat sequences, is associated with a lower risk of metastatic prostate cancer and a lower risk of alopecia.

541: Screening with Prostate Specific Antigen and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

541: Screening with Prostate Specific Antigen and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

Screening with prostate specific antigen and metastatic prostate cancer risk: A population-based case-control study

4651 Background: Screening of asymptomatic men with the prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a highly controversial issue. There is little evidence to date that such screening is effective in reducing mortality from prostate cancer. We conducted a population-based case-control study to determine if screening with PSA reduces the risk of metastatic prostate cancer. Methods: The study was carried out in Metropolitan Toronto and five surrounding counties in Ontario, Canada. Cases were men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer between August 1, 1999 and May 31, 2002. Controls were randomly sampled from the source population and matched to cases for age, area of residence, and observation time. Medical records and a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect the data. We obtained information on PSA testing, digital rectal exams, symptoms, comorbidity, use of health services, as well as known and suspected risk factors for prostate cancer. Analyses were performed on 236 cases and 462 controls. Results: After adjustment for observation time, the frequency of screening among asymptomatic men was 24.6% in the cases and 33.1% in the controls (odds ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.92). Self-reported screening was also significantly less frequent among the cases (odds ratio 0.48, 0.34 to 0.67). No significant confounding was found in multiple logistic regression analyses. Secondary analyses including symptomatic and asymptomatic men showed that the cases generally had fewer symptoms and fewer PSA tests than the controls, except for the last year before the diagnosis of prostate cancer. In symptomatic men, the association between PSA testing and metastatic prostate cancer was not significant. Conclusions: The results suggest that screening of asymptomatic men with PSA may substantially reduce the risk of metastatic prostate cancer. Further research is needed to confirm these results in a randomized trial and to assess the economic and quality of life aspects of PSA screening. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Screening with prostate specific antigen and metastatic prostate cancer risk: A population-based case-control study

4651 Background: Screening of asymptomatic men with the prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a highly controversial issue. There is little evidence to date that such screening is effective in reducing mortality from prostate cancer. We conducted a population-based case-control study to determine if screening with PSA reduces the risk of metastatic prostate cancer. Methods: The study was carried out in Metropolitan Toronto and five surrounding counties in Ontario, Canada. Cases were men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer between August 1, 1999 and May 31, 2002. Controls were randomly sampled from the source population and matched to cases for age, area of residence, and observation time. Medical records and a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect the data. We obtained information on PSA testing, digital rectal exams, symptoms, comorbidity, use of health services, as well as known and suspected risk factors for prostate cancer. Analyses were performed on 236 cases and 462 controls. Results: After adjustment for observation time, the frequency of screening among asymptomatic men was 24.6% in the cases and 33.1% in the controls (odds ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.92). Self-reported screening was also significantly less frequent among the cases (odds ratio 0.48, 0.34 to 0.67). No significant confounding was found in multiple logistic regression analyses. Secondary analyses including symptomatic and asymptomatic men showed that the cases generally had fewer symptoms and fewer PSA tests than the controls, except for the last year before the diagnosis of prostate cancer. In symptomatic men, the association between PSA testing and metastatic prostate cancer was not significant. Conclusions: The results suggest that screening of asymptomatic men with PSA may substantially reduce the risk of metastatic prostate cancer. Further research is needed to confirm these results in a randomized trial and to assess the economic and quality of life aspects of PSA screening. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

A prospective study on intake of animal products and risk of prostate cancer.

Association between animal products and prostate cancer have been observed in numerous observational studies, but it is not clear whether the high fat content of these foods or some other component accounts for these associations. We examine these associations among 51,529 men who contributed detailed dietary data. Participants of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study completed a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire in 1986, and subsequently in 1990 and 1994. Other data on potential risk factors were collected at baseline and in subsequent questionnaires during follow-up. Between 1986 and 1996, 1897 total cases of prostate cancer (excluding stage A1) and 249 metastatic cancers were identified. We used pooled logistic regression for analyses of diet and prostate cancer. Intakes of total meat, red meat, and dairy products were not associated with risk of total or advanced prostate cancer. An elevated risk for metastatic prostate cancer was observed with intake of red meat (relative risk (RR)= 1.6 for top vs. bottom quintile comparison, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-2.5); this association was slightly attenuated after controlling for saturated and alpha-linolenic fatty acids (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.88-2.5). Processed meats, bacon and beef, pork or lamb as a main dish each contributed to an elevated risk of metastatic prostate cancer. Dairy product intake increased risk of metastatic prostate cancer (RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.91-2.2 for top vs. bottom quintile comparison), but no association remained after controlling for calcium and other fatty acids. A high intake in both red meat and dairy product was associated with a statistically significant two-fold elevation in risk of metastatic prostate cancer, compared to low intake of both products; however, most of the excess risk could be explained by known nutritional components of these foods. Intakes of red meat and dairy products appear to be related to increased risk of metastatic prostate cancer. While known nutrients, such as calcium and fatty acids, may explain most of the dairy association observed, it appears that a portion of the risk of metastatic prostate cancer associated with red meat intake remains unexplained.