Risk Of Incarceration Research Articles

Traumatic Abdominal Wall Hernia: Early or Delayed Repair?

Traumatic abdominal wall hernia after blunt trauma is a rare entity. They can easily be overlooked in patients who have multiple trauma, as its signs and symptoms may be variable due to the presence of multiple injuries. Imaging with computed tomography or ultrasound confirms the diagnosis as well as identifying any associated injuries. Although surgery is the standard treatment for traumatic abdominal wall hernias, there is no consensus on the early or late repair of the defect. Some authors recommend early surgical intervention in order to avoid the risk of intra-abdominal organ injury, incarceration, and strangulation. In this study, we report our experience in three cases, which did not involve emergency surgery. Long-term outcome is successful. Elective hernia repair may be safe and feasible in stable patients.

Correlates of self-reported incarceration among homeless gay and bisexual stimulant-using young adults.

Gay and bisexual (G/B) homeless adults face multiple challenges in life which may place them at high risk for incarceration. Yet, little is known about this understudied population in terms of risk for incarceration. Baseline data collected from a longitudinal study between October 2009 and March 2012 in Hollywood, California, explored correlates of self-reported incarceration among G/B homeless stimulant-using adults (N = 353). Findings revealed older age, less education, having children, as well as a history of injection drug use and being born in the United States were positively associated with incarceration. Moreover, having poor social support and having received hepatitis information were also correlated with a history of incarceration. Our findings help us gain a greater awareness of homeless G/B adults who may be at greater risk for incarceration, which may be used by health care providers to design targeted interventions for this underserved population.

Does tougher enforcement make drugs more expensive?

To review empirical research that seeks to relate marginal increases in enforcement against the supply of illicit drugs to changes in drug prices at the level of the drug supply system being targeted. Review of empirical studies. Although the fact of prohibition itself raises prices far above those likely to pertain in legal markets, there is little evidence that raising the risk of arrest, incarceration or seizure at different levels of the distribution system will raise prices at the targeted level, let alone retail prices. The number of studies available is small; they use a great variety of outcome and input measures and they all face substantial conceptual and empirical problems. Given the high human and economic costs of stringent enforcement measures, particularly incarceration, the lack of evidence that tougher enforcement raises prices call into question the value, at the margin, of stringent supply-side enforcement policies in high-enforcement nations.

La périphérie de l’œil vitrectomisé

The periphery of the vitrectomised eye is the site of retinal breaks in 1 to 15% of cases. These breaks must be looked for and treated to avoid retinal detachment. They are more frequent in the presence of fragile lesions in high myopia, or vitreoretinal traction. They can be related to vitreous incarceration in a sclerotomy site or with the movements of the vitrectomy probe. Traction is proportional to aspiration rate, and inversely proportional to the distance between the cutter and the vitreous base. Twenty-three- or 25-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy seems to decrease the risk of vitreous incarceration and peripheral retinal tear.

Systematic review of open techniques for parastomal hernia repair

Parastomal hernia formation is common following formation of an abdominal stoma, with the risk of subsequent incarceration, obstruction and strangulation. Current treatment options include non-operative management, stoma relocation and fascial repair with or without mesh. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of open mesh repair of a parastomal hernia and to compare open non-mesh fascial repair with mesh techniques of parastomal hernia repair. Electronic databases were searched for studies comparing the two surgical techniques in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The primary outcome of the study was the comparison of recurrence rates of parastomal hernia for each technique. Secondary outcomes included comparison of mortality, wound infection, mesh infection and any other complication. Twenty-seven studies of parastomal hernia repair were included and divided into two subgroups for open mesh repair and non-mesh fascial repair. Non-mesh fascial repair resulted in a high recurrence rate (around 50%). Reported recurrence rates for mesh repair were substantially lower, at 7.9-14.8%, depending on the position of the mesh in relation to the abdominal fascia and the length of follow-up. Morbidity and mortality did not differ significantly between the techniques used to repair a parastomal hernia. This study shows that mesh repair of a parastomal hernia is safe and significantly reduces the rate of recurrence compared with sutured repair, which should only be used in exceptional circumstances. There is insufficient evidence to determine which mesh technique (onlay, sublay or underlay) is most successful in terms of recurrence rates and morbidity.

The Queer Frontier: Male Same-sex Experience in Western Canada’s Settlement Era

The essay documents and interprets episodes of male same-sex sexuality at different localities and moments in time across Western Canada during its settlement era, circa 1870-1945. Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks of Henri Lefebvre and Michel de Certeau, it seeks to explain same-sex experience in relation to the production, strategic, and tactical use of space. Utilizing court, jail, and police records, among other sources, it documents the recurrence of homoerotic desire across the West in this period, the places where men connected with other men, and their resourcefulness in accessing and reclaiming space to express their sexual imperatives. The data and analysis suggest a comparative laxity in moral regulation of male homoerotic relationships in the early frontier era, followed by entrenched police surveillance and repression by 1930-45. A provisional conclusion is that the frontier era afforded men some latitude within which to produce same-sex space, notwithstanding developing homophobic regimes and the risk of discovery, ostracism, and incarceration.

Incarcerated umbilical hernia with small bowel obstruction in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patient

Patients treated with peritoneal dialysis have increased intra-abdominal pressure and a high prevalence of abdominal wall complications. Hernias can lead to significant morbidity in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Hernias are clinically important because of the risk of incarceration, strangulation and subsequent bowel obstruction, rupture, and peritonitis. In this paper, a case of incarcerated umbilical hernia with small bowel obstruction in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patient is reported. The small bowel obstruction improved after herniorrhaphy, and the peritoneal dialysis was resumed 2 weeks after the herniorrhaphy. The patient had been undergoing CAPD without technical failure until the 2 months follow-up after the herniorrhaphy. This case shows that early detection of incarcerated umbilical hernia and herniorrhaphy can prevent resection of a strangulated small bowel so that it can remain on CAPD without post-operative technical failure. Umbilical hernias should be carefully observed and intestinal obstruction should be considered when a CAPD patient with an umbilical hernia has abdominal pain.

Youthful Offending and Delinquency: The Comorbid Impact of Maltreatment, Mental Health Problems, and Learning Disabilities

A majority of adolescents formally involved in juvenile court have at least one, if not more than one, significant emotional or learning impairment, or maltreatment experience. This is particularly true in juvenile detention and incarceration facility populations. While this problem is increasingly recognized within the juvenile justice system and social work profession, often the impact and correlation to delinquency of these child and youth difficulties is underestimated. This paper reviews the links from mental health disorders, learning (and academic-related) disabilities, and maltreatment victimizations to delinquent and serious youthful offending behaviors, and provides successful collaboration outcome examples to address this problem. The most difficult challenge to juvenile courts and youth-caring systems is working with adolescents and families with comorbid difficulties, for this group is most at risk for incarceration and involvement with the adult criminal justice system.

Nachbehandlung nach nicht penetrierender Glaukomchirurgie: die Goniopunktion

Non-penetrating glaucoma surgery was primarily developed as an alternative to the widely applied trabeculectomy. Since the anterior chamber in non-penetrating surgery is not directly opened, common postoperative complications such as hypotony are rare. The most frequently applied technique in this group is the deep sclerectomy. After having prepared a superficial scleral flap a deeper scleral flap is performed and excised unroofing Schlemm's canal. The trabecular meshwork is then peeled leaving a residual trabeculodescemet membrane. As a consequence aqueous humour diffuses via the trabeculodescemet membrane under the scleral flap and subsequently under the conjunctiva. One of the reasons for a postoperatively high IOP is seen in the resistance of the residual trabculodescemet membrane. A solution to this problem lies in its puncture, the so-called goniopuncture. Goniopunctures are done in approximately 50 % of cases after deep sclerectomy and are also applied in cases of canaloplasty and viscocanaloplasty. Usually a 1064 nm Nd : YAG laser is used. A potential risk of iris incarceration is described. Two studies have shown that an equally IOP lowering effect can be achieved by treating the trabeculodescemet membrane with a frequency-doubled 532 nm Nd : YAG laser (SLT). No complications were detected in those cases. In conclusion, goniopuncture should be considered as the first line treatment for postoperative IOP increase in cases of non-penetrating glaucoma surgery. It should therefore be preferred to a (re)start of topical treatment.

Prison, a missing target to address issues related to drug detoxification and rehabilitation: Nepalese experiences.

Drug use has numerous consequences on health, the economy, culture and the peace and security of families and communities. Drug users often engage in various criminal activities, including drug dealing, to sustain their drug use. Under Nepalese law, consumption, possession and sale of drugs are illegal, which increases the risk of incarceration for drug users. Using a phenomenological/qualitative approach, the paper explores how various activities can lead to the arrest of drug users, how they cope without taking drugs in custody and prison and how they plan abstinence after release. Participants engaged in various categories of criminal activity, including stealing, looting, etc. Most of the drug users were in custody and prison at least once. Drug use relapses led the participants to re-engage in criminal activities including drug dealing. Parents were often overburdened by their sons and daughter's drug use and were worried about their repeated relapses. Finally, some parents negotiated with their sons and daughters to keep them in prison where they would be able to stay without taking drugs and their involvement in crimes and conflicts would decrease. Keeping substance abusers in prison does not appear to be an effective strategy, as many participants relapse after release from prison. However, a prison-based educational and health promotion strategy would be beneficial for drug users to develop knowledge and skills on staying drug-free. However, to date, no effort has been made to provide such services to drug users and develop their coping strategy after release.

Management of acute upside-down stomach

BackgroundUpside-down stomach (UDS) is characterized by herniation of the entire stomach or most gastric portions into the posterior mediastinum. Symptoms may vary heavily as they are related to reflux and mechanically impaired gastric emptying. UDS is associated with a risk of incarceration and volvulus development which both might be complicated by acute gastric outlet obstruction, advanced ischemia, gastric bleeding and perforation.Case presentationA 32-year-old male presented with acute intolerant epigastralgia and anterior chest pain associated with acute onset of nausea and vomiting. He reported on a previous surgical intervention due to a hiatal hernia. Chest radiography and computer tomography showed an incarcerated UDS. After immediate esophago-gastroscopy, urgent laparoscopic reduction, repair with a 360° floppy Nissen fundoplication and insertion of a gradually absorbable GORE® BIO-A®-mesh was performed.ConclusionGiven the high risk of life-threatening complications of an incarcerated UDS as ischemia, gastric perforation or severe bleeding, emergent surgery is indicated. In stable patients with acute presentation of large paraesophageal hernia or UDS exhibiting acute mechanical gastric outlet obstruction, after esophago-gastroscopy laparoscopic reduction and hernia repair followed by an anti-reflux procedure is suggested. However, in cases of unstable patients open repair is the surgical method of choice. Here, we present an exceptionally challenging case of a young patient with a giant recurrent hiatal hernia becoming clinically manifest in an incarcerated UDS.

Risk of Hernia Incarceration following Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement

PurposeHernia complications after creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) have been reported, although the incidence of this complication is unknown. This study was designed to determine the incidence, morbidity, and outcome of hernia complications in patients with preexisting abdominal or inguinal hernias after TIPS creation. Materials and MethodsThe medical records of 244 consecutive patients undergoing TIPS creation between 1999 and 2007 at a single institution were reviewed. The study population was 57 patients (23%) with a preprocedural abdominal or inguinal hernia. The investigated outcome was small bowel obstruction or postprocedural incarceration of a preexisting hernia. Demographic and procedural variables were evaluated for an associated increased risk of hernia complications. ResultsHernia complications developed in 25% of patients (14 of 57) after TIPS creation at a mean presentation of 62 days (range, 2–588 d). Thirteen complications (93%) required emergent surgery, of which four (29%) required bowel resection for necrosis. There were no resulting deaths. Ninety-eight percent of patients with a hernia complication had the procedure to treat refractory ascites. The indication of refractory ascites was significantly associated with the risk of a hernia complication (P = .002). ConclusionsA 25% incidence of hernia complications following TIPS creation in patients being treated for refractory ascites is higher than expected; emergent surgery is required in most cases. Further investigation to formulate a plan for elective management is warranted.

Diagnostic and Demographic Differences Between Incarcerated and Nonincarcerated Youth (Ages 6-15) With ADHD in South Carolina

Objective: Analyze diagnostic and demographic factors to identify predictors of delinquency resulting in incarceration within a group of children/adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. Method: The study followed a cohort of 15,472 Medicaid covered children/adolescents with ADHD, ages 6 to 15 inclusive, between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2006. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev. [DSM-IV-TR]), 2000 Codes were used for qualifying diagnosis codes. Available demographic characteristics included race, sex, and residence. The outcome was incarceration at the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice during 2005-2006. Results: Among youth with ADHD, incarceration was more likely among black, male, and urban youth. Children/adolescents with comorbid ODD and/or CD were at greater risk compared with those with ADHD alone. Conclusion: Within ADHD-diagnosed youth, comorbid conditions and demographic characteristics increase the risk of incarceration. Intervention and treatment strategies that address behavior among youth with these characteristics are needed to reduce incarceration.

Incarcerated Umbilical Hernia as an Immediate Complication of Large Volume Paracentesis

Purpose: Therapeutic paracentesis is a common procedure used in the management of refractory ascites in patients with cirrhosis. The procedure, while generally simple and safe, has known complications such as bleeding, viscus perforation and metabolic disturbances. We present a rare complication of therapeutic paracentesis: immediate post-procedure incarcerated umbilical hernia. A 57-year-old woman with alcoholic cirrhosis (Child's classification B) was admitted to ambulatory surgery unit for an elective paracentesis. She had massive ascites and a 6-cm umbilical hernia filled with fluid. Seven liters of clear, straw-colored fluid were removed with a 14-gauge needle, and this appeared to be a total paracentesis. She was given 50 grams of salt-poor albumin and prepped for discharge. After standing and dressing for discharge, the patient developed abdominal pain and distension. On examination, it was obvious that she had gas-filled bowel loops in a hernia that could not be reduced (figure). Abdomen was tympanic, consistent with bowel obstruction. Surgical consult was obtained and she underwent reduction and repair of the umbilical hernia, which she tolerated well. Elective repair of umbilical hernias in patients with cirrhosis is usually frowned upon, as hernia recurrence is common unless the ascites can be controlled with diuretics. In addition, this patient group is generally a poor surgical risk due to infection, bleeding and poor wound healing. However, there was not an option in this case, as the hernia presented acutely. Incarceration can occur due to a decrease in tension in the umbilical ring following large volume paracentesis. It may be reasonable to consider TIPS in patients with a significant umbilical hernia whose ascites cannot be controlled with diuretics and whose hernia size runs a risk of incarceration. At the very least, clinicians should be aware of this complication and evaluate patients complaining of pain and distention after paracentesis to rule out this life-threatening condition and be prepared to act quickly to avoid poor outcomes in this compromised group of patients.Figure

Psychosocial and Reincarceration Risks Among Older Adults in Mental Health Courts

Older adults are increasingly involved in the criminal justice system, yet there is limited research regarding their needs and experiences. This study examined differences in psychosocial experiences and reincarceration between older and younger adults with psychiatric disorders involved inthe criminal justice system. Participants(N= 80) were recruited from two mental health courts in the midwestern United States. Bivariate analyses examined age-related differences in psychosocial experiences and reincarceration between younger and older participants. Older adults, on average, experienced more treatment adherence and fewer probation violations than younger adults during the 6-month follow-up; however, they experienced comparable risk for reincarceration. Older adults' substance use, service use, housing instability, and program retention were similar to their younger counterparts. Despite older mental health court participants' treatment adherence and reduced probation violations, they are at risk for incarceration, substance use, and housing instability.

A Case-Control Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Incarceration Among Urban Youth

Each day in the United States, approximately 100,000 youth are under correctional supervision. The purpose of this study is to examine the early risk and protective factors for incarceration using a high-risk sample of urban youth. Data were obtained from 2,165 (54 who were incarcerated) youth who participated in Project Northland Chicago. Participants were matched exactly on gender, race/ethnicity, and aggressive behavior in sixth grade. Bivariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses were used to examine the risk and protective factors present at sixth grade that increased the odds of incarceration at 12th grade. The early risk factors for incarceration were age (odds ratio [OR]= 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71-3.69), having been sent to detention (1-3 times: OR= 2.24; 95% CI 1.15-4.37; 4+ times: OR= 3.49; 95% CI 1.40-8.72), and the number of hours spent participating in a sport (OR= 1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.20). Substance use was not significantly related to incarceration after adjusting for other behavioral and contextual risk factors. General problem behaviors (nonaggressive) strongly predict incarceration among at-risk youth. Implications for prevention programs are discussed.

An alternative anterior tension free preperitoneal patch technique by help of the endoscope for femoral hernia repair

BackgroundFemoral hernias are relatively uncommon and have a higher risk for strangulation and incarceration. We introduce an alternative anterior tension free inlay patch technique by help of the endoscope for femoral hernia repair. MethodCharacteristics of patients undergoing femoral hernia repair between March 2006–April 2011 and description of the surgical technique is presented. ResultsWe analyzed our experience with this technique in 26 consecutive patients with femoral hernias (1 bilateral, 15 right, 10 left femoral hernia) in 5 year period. Seven of these 26 femoral hernias were recurrent and 2 of them were concomitant with inguinal hernia. Mean operation time was 30.0 ± 12.1 min. Seroma was seen in 2 patients at postoperative 1st week. There were no; hematoma, wound infection and separation of wound edges and early recurrence at postoperative 1st week and 1st month. The mean follow up period was 41.8 ± 18.2 months. All of 22 patients who were contacted were satisfied with the operation. There was no recurrence, chronic pain and foreign body feeling in any patient at the end of the follow-up period. ConclusionThis feasible and safe alternative anterior inlay patch repair might be used in all femoral hernias with the exception of the ones requiring intestinal resection.

Screening for Substance Abuse in Women's Health: A Public Health Imperative

Alcohol and drug use is a significant public health problem with particular implications for the health and safety of women. Women who abuse these substances are more likely to have untreated depression and anxiety and are at higher risk for intimate partner violence, homelessness, incarceration, infectious disease, and unplanned pregnancy. Substance abuse during pregnancy places both mother and fetus at risk for adverse perinatal outcomes. Data regarding the prevalence of substance abuse in women are conflicting and difficult to interpret. On the clinical level, strong arguments exist against routine urine drug testing and in favor of the use of validated instruments to screen women for drug and alcohol use both in primary women's health care and during pregnancy. A number of sex-specific screening tools are available for clinicians, some of which have also been validated for use during pregnancy. Given the risks associated with untreated substance abuse and dependence in women, the integration of drug and alcohol screening into daily clinical practice is imperative. This article reviews screening tools available to providers in both the prenatal and primary women's health care settings and addresses some of the challenges raised when women screen positive for drug and alcohol abuse.

Risk of incarceration and clinical characteristics of incarcerated veterans by race/ethnicity

Unprecedented growth in the US prison population has highlighted the overrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities in prisons. This study examined the hypothesis that veteran status is protective against incarceration for veterans of different racial/ethnic minorities and compared the clinical characteristics of incarcerated veterans by race/ethnicity. Using national data from a prisoner re-entry program and data from the 2010 National Survey of Veterans, this study examined the risk of incarceration among veterans who were racial/ethnic minorities and compared sociodemographic and clinical characteristics to White incarcerated veterans. Of a sample of 30,834 incarcerated veterans, 52 % were White, 39 % African American, 7 % Hispanic, and 2 % were categorized as "Other." African American veterans were 5.6 times and Hispanic veterans 4.3 times more likely to be incarcerated than White veterans across age groups. However, the published odds of being incarcerated as an African American in the general population compared to Whites (6.7 times) is higher, suggesting that veteran status may be somewhat protective against incarceration for African Americans, particularly among certain age groups. Among incarcerated veterans, multivariate analyses found that African American veterans were significantly more likely to have a drug/abuse dependency diagnosis and be currently incarcerated for a drug offense than Whites. Hispanic veterans were significantly more likely to be chronically homeless and also more likely to be incarcerated for a drug offense. Racial/ethnic differences in incarceration persist among veterans, although are slightly attenuated. Efforts to connect incarcerated veterans with mental health services post-release should be supported, especially in connecting veterans to substance abuse treatment.

Complications associated with Boston keratoprosthesis type 1 and glaucoma drainage devices

Background/aimsTo compare the complications leading to best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) loss in patients with Boston keratoprosthesis type 1 (KPro) and glaucoma drainage device (GDD) and those with KPro alone.MethodsRetrospective case...