Risk Of Heart Attack Research Articles

Reducing levels of C-Reactive Protein: An eight-week, open-label clinical trial of three oral supplements

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein in the blood that increases with inflammation, and high CRP levels measured with high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) tests can indicate higher risk of heart attack or stroke. Several over-the-counter oral supplements reduce CRP levels. This eight-week, open-label clinical trial investigated whether Vitamin C, ginger, or curcumin were most effective at reducing hs-CRP levels in healthy individuals with low baseline hs-CRP levels. Thirty healthy male and female participants were enrolled in one of three trial treatment arms: Vitamin C (1000 mg/day), ginger (2000 mg/day), and curcumin (1000 mg/day). hs-CRP levels were collected at baseline and after eight weeks of oral supplements. Paired t-tests were used to analyze data by age, body mass index (BMI), and baseline hs-CRP level. The primary outcome measure was mean difference between time points and 95% confidence intervals. Twenty-six people completed the study. Baseline hs-CRP levels were very low for all three intervention groups. Based on estimated mean difference, all three supplements reduced hs-CRP levels, but change at eight weeks was not statistically significant. Within the groups, ginger most consistently reduced hs-CRP levels even though the ginger group had the lowest mean baseline hs-CRP levels. Curcumin was least likely to reduce hs-CRP levels. Overall, all three interventions reduced hs-CRP levels in this group of healthy participants with low baseline levels, suggesting that these agents, which are available over-the-counter, may provide an alternative for reducing inflammation. Larger clinical trials to assess the utility of these agents are warranted.

Antibiotics cut the risk of stomach bleeding caused by using aspirin in the long term, study results show

A short course of antibiotics to eradicate bacteria that cause stomach ulcers can reduce the chances of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding by more than half among patients given long-term, low-dose aspirin for heart problems, results from a study have revealed. Low-dose aspirin is commonly prescribed for older people to reduce the risk of heart attacks and […]

Heart Attack Risk Prediction with Duke Treadmill Score with Symptoms using Data Mining

The healthcare industry has a huge volume of patients’ health records but the discovery of hidden information using data mining techniques is missing. Data mining and its algorithm can help in this situation. This study aims to discover the hidden pattern from symptoms to detect early Stress Echocardiography before using Exercise Tolerance Test (ETT). During this study, raw ETT data of 776 patients are obtained from private heart clinic “The Heart Center Bahawalpur”, Bahawalpur, South Punjab, Pakistan. Duke treadmill score (DTS) is an output of ETT which classifies a patient’s heart is working normally or abnormally. In this work multiple machine learning algorithms like Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), J.48, and Random Forest (RF) are used to classify patients’ hearts working normally or not using general information about a patient like a gender, age, body surface area (BSA), body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP) Systolic, BP Diastolic, etc. along with risk factors information like Diabetes Mellitus, Family History, Hypertension, Obesity, Old Age, Post-Menopausal, Smoker, Chest Pain and Shortness Of Breath (SOB). During this study, it is observed that the best accuracy of 85.16% is achieved using the Logistic Regression algorithm using the split percentage of 60-40.

Detection of sieric BAG3 in patients affected by cardiovascular diseases: State of art and perspectives.

BAG3 is highly expressed in the heart and its functions are essential in maintaining cardiac muscle cells homeostasis. In the past, BAG3 was detected in serum from advanced heart failure patients and its higher levels were correlated to an increased death risk. Moreover, it has also been reported that BAG3 levels in serum are increased in patients with hypertension, a known cardiovascular risk marker. Evidence from different laboratories suggested the possibility to use BAG3-based strategies to improve the clinical outcome of cardiovascular disease patients. This review aims to highlight the biological roles of intracellular or secreted BAG3 in myocardiocytes and propose additional new data on the levels of sieric BAG3 in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), never assessed before. We evaluated BAG3 serum levels in relation to cardiovascular risk parameters in 64 AMI patients aged ≥18 years of either sex. We observed significant (p < .01) correlations of BAG3 positivity with dyslipidemic status and diabetic disease. We did not observe any significant correlations of BAG3 levels with smoking habit, hypertension or familiarity for AMI, although BAG3-positive seemed to be more numerous than BAG3-negative patients among hypertensives and among patients with familiarity for AMI. Furthermore, a significant (p < .001) correlation of BAG3 positivity with diuretics assumption was also noted. In conclusion, 32.8% of the patients were BAG3-positive and were characterized by some particular features as comorbidity presence or concomitant therapies. The significance of these observations needs to be verified by more extensive studies and could help in the validation of the use of BAG3 as a biomarker in heart attack risk stratification.

THE USE OF STEVIA AND MONK FRUIT SWEETENERS FOR SUGAR REPLACEMENT IN GREEN TEA AGAR JELLIES

This study aimed to develop healthy agar jellies with low-sugar content, linking to a decreased risk for heart attack, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. Two natural non-nutritive sweeteners, stevia and monk fruit were studied at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% sugar replacement based on the equivalent sucrose sweetness. The physical properties assessed on the total soluble solids, firmness, color, and syneresis. Still, the sensory attributes on color, taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability was evaluated by a 9-point hedonic scale. The more sugar replacement lowered the total soluble solids but increased the gel firmness (p&lt;0.05) and the lightness ( L* ). The syneresis declined in reduced-sugar jellies with stevia and monk fruit against the whole sugar jellies. The stevia and monk fruit replacement affected agar jellies' taste and flavor attributes (p&lt;0.05). Jellies with 50% and 75% sugar replacement, either stevia or monk fruit, were preferred over 25% and 100% replacement. The jelly with 50% stevia was the optimal formulation.

A Comprehensive Survey of Image-Based Food Recognition and Volume Estimation Methods for Dietary Assessment.

Dietary studies showed that dietary problems such as obesity are associated with other chronic diseases, including hypertension, irregular blood sugar levels, and increased risk of heart attacks. The primary cause of these problems is poor lifestyle choices and unhealthy dietary habits, which are manageable using interactive mHealth apps. However, traditional dietary monitoring systems using manual food logging suffer from imprecision, underreporting, time consumption, and low adherence. Recent dietary monitoring systems tackle these challenges by automatic assessment of dietary intake through machine learning methods. This survey discusses the best-performing methodologies that have been developed so far for automatic food recognition and volume estimation. Firstly, the paper presented the rationale of visual-based methods for food recognition. Then, the core of the study is the presentation, discussion, and evaluation of these methods based on popular food image databases. In this context, this study discusses the mobile applications that are implementing these methods for automatic food logging. Our findings indicate that around 66.7% of surveyed studies use visual features from deep neural networks for food recognition. Similarly, all surveyed studies employed a variant of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for ingredient recognition due to recent research interest. Finally, this survey ends with a discussion of potential applications of food image analysis, existing research gaps, and open issues of this research area. Learning from unlabeled image datasets in an unsupervised manner, catastrophic forgetting during continual learning, and improving model transparency using explainable AI are potential areas of interest for future studies.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel and potent protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) antagonists based on a quinazolin-4(3H)-one scaffold.

Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is an important target in antiplatelet therapy to reduce the risk of heart attack and thrombotic complications in stroke. PAR4 antagonists can prevent harmful and stable thrombus growth, while retaining initial thrombus formation, by acting on the late diffusion stage of platelet aggregation, and may provide a safer alternative to other antiplatelet agents. To date, only two PAR4 antagonists, BMS-986120 and BMS-986141 have entered clinical trials for thrombosis. Thus, the development of a potent and selective PAR4 antagonist with a novel chemotype is highly desirable. In this study, we explored the activity of quinazolin-4(3H)-one-based PAR4 antagonists, beginning with their IDT analogues. By repeated structural optimisation, we developed a series of highly selective PAR4 antagonists with nanomolar potency on human platelets. Of these, 13 and 30g, with an 8-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one structure, showed optimal activity (h. PAR4-AP PRP IC50=19.6nM and 6.59nM, respectively) on human platelets. Furthermore, 13 and 30g showed excellent selectivity for PAR4 versus PAR1 and other receptors (IC50s>10μM) on human platelets. And 13 and 30g were lack of cross-reactivity for PAR1 or PAR2 (PAR1 AP FLIPR IC50>3162nM, PAR2 AP FLIPR IC50>1000nM) in the calcium mobilization assays. Metabolic stability assays and cytotoxicity tests of 13 and 30g indicated that these compounds could sever as promising drug candidates for the development of novel PAR4 antagonists. In summary, the quinazolin-4(3H)-one-based analogues are the first reported chemotypes with excellent activity and selectivity against PAR4, and, in the current study, we expanded the structural diversity of PAR4 antagonists. The two compounds, 13 and 30g, found in our study could be promising starting points with great potential for further research in antiplatelet therapy.

Marijuana Linked to Elevated Heart Attack Risk in Some Young Adults.

Association is stronger when marijuana use is frequent.

DNA Damage in AML-12 Hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Treated with Clopidogrel.

Clopidogrel has been commonly prescribed as a selective P2Y12 receptor antagonist to reduce heart attack and stroke risk. Nearly 10% of absorbed clopidogrel is metabolized to active forms by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver and 90% to inactive clopidogrel carboxylate by esterases. Since different forms of clopidogrel have cytotoxic potential, our aim was to determine the effect of 7.5, 40, and 75μM clopidogrel over DNA damage in adipocytes and hepatocytes. In the present study, DNA damage was investigated by Comet analysis using 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Alpha Mouse 12 (AML-12) hepatocytes. DNA fragmentation was found to be increased as a response to 7.5 μM, 40 μM, and 75 μM clopidogrel treatment compared to non-treated control groups in AML-12 hepatocytes (p<0.01, p<0.001, p<0.01 respectively) and 3T3-L1 adipocytes (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.001respectively). DNA damage levels as a response to clopidogrel treatment were found to be higher in 3T3-L1 adipocytes than AML-12 hepatocytes. Also, DNA damage levels in adipocytes and hepatocytes were found to increase dose-dependently for 7.5 and 40 μM clopidogrel, whereas decreased as a response to 75 μM. According to our results, clopidogrel results in more DNA damage in adipocytes than in hepatocytes. The molecular mechanism of clopidogrel genotoxicity needs to be further investigated especially in adipose tissue.

Overview of the Effectiveness of Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen On Teeth

The usage of medications like aspirin, ibuprofen and acetaminophen is well-accepted as pain relieving agents worldwide. Aspirin is a medication that is used not only for relieving pain but also for decreasing the risk of heart attack. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen have a significant role in decreasing chronic pain and inflammation. There is a deep connection between the dental procedures and the patients medicine intake. These effects can be known as side effects and damage the natural structure of the tooth or can be any disturbance in dental procedures especially in surgery and tooth extractions. Recognition of common medications and their effects is an important aspect not only for physicians but also for dentists and oral surgeons. The database of this article was derived from valid sources such as PubMed, Google scholar and Web of Science. The search method included the primary keywords like “aspirin”, “ibuprofen” and “acetaminophen” combined with “teeth”, “tooth extraction”, “oral cavity”, “dental procedures'', and/or “bleeding time”. Our results illustrated that a long-term application of aspirin favorably affects the patients who are suffering from angina, stroke or myocardial infarctions. Other findings confirmed that ibuprofen has antipyretic, analgesic and anti – inflammatory features. Effective characteristics of paracetamol as the medicine of choice for the treatment of post-exodontia pain was demonstrated according to several studies. In this review article we provide details about the effects of the three aforementioned medications, their usage in the dental field and any adverse effects on healthy tooth structures.

Perceived Heart Attack Likelihood in Adults with a High Diabetes Risk

BackgroundHeart disease is the leading cause of death for women and men in the United States. Yet, little is known about the motivation for care-seeking behavior for heart attack and the perception of self-risk of a heart attack in individuals, especially those at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes. ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe knowledge and awareness of heart attacks and perceived risk for future heart attacks and evaluate factors associated with a low perceived risk of a heart attack in adults with a high risk for type 2 diabetes. MethodsIn this secondary data, cross-sectional study, the screening/baseline data of 80 adults participating in the mobile phone-based diabetes prevention program trial were analyzed. Validated measures assessed knowledge, self-efficacy, and heart attack risk perception were used. Logistic regressions were performed. ResultsThe mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 55.4 (9.0) years. 32.5% of the sample failed to identify any heart attack symptoms. Half of the sample did not perceive their risk of having a heart attack in their lifetime. Older age, lower body mass index, not having a family history of heart attack, and current smokers were significantly associated with a lower perceived risk of heart attack (P < .05). ConclusionsHealthcare providers need to assess the discrepancies between the individual's risk perception and the presence of actual risk factors of a heart attack in adults with a high risk for type 2 diabetes.

A Comparative Study between the Effect of Pandan Wangi Leaves Boiled Water with Medication Therapy on the Blood Pressure Changes of Hypertension Patients

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is an asymptomatic condition. There is abnormally high pressure in the arteries which increases the risk of stroke, aneurysm, heart attack, myocardial infarction, and kidney damage. Management of hypertension can use pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques. One of the non-pharmacological therapies is using boiled water from Pandan Wangi leaves. AIM: The study aimed to compare between the effects of Pandan Wangi boiled water with medication therapy on the blood pressure changes in hypertension patients in the working area of Public Health Center, Karanganyar. METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental research design with a pre-test and post-test with a non-equivalent group control design. The sampling technique adopted a purposive sampling technique consisted of 120 respondents. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and the Mann–Whitney test. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon test results in the treatment and control groups showed the same results. Systolic blood pressure obtained p = 0.004 (p &lt; 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure obtained p = 0.002 (p &lt; 0.05). Both the treatment group and the control group affect the blood pressure changes in hypertension patients. The Mann–Whitney test results obtained systolic blood pressure with p = 0.148 (p &gt; 0.05) and diastolic with p = 1.000 (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results emphasized Pandan Wangi boiled water can reduce the blood pressure, and there is no difference in the effectiveness of Pandan Wangi boiled water and medication therapy on the blood pressure of hypertension patients in the working area of Public Health Center, Karanganyar.

Perceived Risk of Heart Attack and Type 2 Diabetes in Hispanic Adults With Overweight and Obesity.

Individuals with a greater perceived risk of heart attack or type 2 diabetes tend to adopt recommended lifestyle changes to minimize their risks. Despite the rapidly growing Hispanic population in the United States, data regarding their perceived risks are lacking. This study aimed to examine the perceived risk of suffering a heart attack and/or developing type 2 diabetes and to explore the factors associated with these risk perceptions in Hispanic adults with overweight/obesity. We analyzed 69 Hispanic adults with overweight/obesity who participated in the screening/baseline visit for the Adelgaza study, a weight loss and diabetes prevention trial, using descriptive statistics and logistic regressions. Heart attack or type 2 diabetes risk perception was assessed using a single-item questionnaire. The mean (SD) values for age and body mass index (BMI) were 43.8 (11.2) years and 31.7 (4.5) kg/m 2 , respectively. Of all participants, 46.4% perceived a low risk for heart attack and 29.0% perceived a low risk for developing type 2 diabetes in their lifetime, whereas only 11.6% reported both risk perceptions. Older age, lower BMI, and longer walking duration (minutes) per day were significantly associated with a lower perceived risk of heart attack ( P &lt; .05). Having no family history of heart attack, lower BMI, and lower fat intake were significant predictors of a lower diabetes-risk perception ( P &lt; .05). Hispanic adults with overweight/obesity seem to underestimate their risks of heart attack and type 2 diabetes.

Exploring education preferences of Australian women regarding long-term health after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a qualitative perspective

BackgroundHypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) affect 5–10% of pregnant women. Long-term health issues for these women include 2–3 times the risk of heart attacks, stroke and diabetes, starting within 10 years after pregnancy, making long-term health after HDP of major public health importance. Recent studies suggest this knowledge is not being transferred sufficiently to women and how best to transmit this information is not known. This study explored women’s preferred content, format and access to education regarding long-term health after HDP.MethodsThis was a qualitative study and framework analysis was undertaken. Women with a history of HDP who had participated in a survey on long-term health after HDP were invited to participate in this study. During telephone interviews women were asked about preferences and priorities concerning knowledge acquisition around long-term health after HDP.ResultsThirteen women were interviewed. They indicated that they wanted more detailed information about long-term and modifiable risk factors. Their preference was to receive risk counselling from their healthcare provider (HCP) early after giving birth along with evidence-based, print or web-based information to take home. All women suggested more structured postnatal follow-up, with automated reminders for key appointments. Automated reminders should detail rationale for follow-up, recommended tests and discussion topics to be addressed at the appointment.ConclusionOur findings show that most participants wanted information soon after birth with all women wanting information within 12 months post birth, complemented with detailed take-home evidence. Participants indicated preference for structured follow-up via their HCP with automated alerts about the appointment and recommended tests. This evidence can be used to guide the development of education programs for women on health after HDP which may enhance knowledge, preventive health management and more generally improve women’s health trajectories.

Using Maximum Simulated Likelihood Methods to Overcome Left Censoring: Dynamic Event History Models of Heart Attack Risk in New Zealand

Abstract This paper describes how the risk of experiencing heart attacks varies across gender and ethnicity in New Zealand. We estimate dynamic hazard models using administrative data. We deal with left-censored data using recently developed maximum simulated likelihood methods. The models allow risk to vary with age, previous heart attack history and unobserved individual heterogeneity. We find that the risk of subsequent events is far higher than the risk of the first event, particularly high within 1 year after an event, and that unobserved heterogeneity is important. Generally, male Maoris have the highest risk, followed by female Maoris, then ethnically European males, while ethnically European females have the lowest risk.

Reducing Cardiovascular Risk for Patients With Diabetes: An Evidence-Based, Population Health Management Program.

ABSTRACTThose with diabetes are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Safety net clinics serve populations that bear a significant burden of disease and disparities and are a key setting in which to focus on reducing CVD. An integrated health system provided funding and technical assistance (TA) to safety net organizations (community health centers and public hospitals) in Northern California to decrease the risk of cardiovascular events for patients with diabetes. This was a program called Preventing Heart Attacks and Strokes Everyday (PHASE), which combined an evidence-based medication protocol with population health management and team-based care strategies. The TA supported organizations by sharing best practices, providing quality improvement coaching, and facilitating peer learning. A mixed-methods evaluation found that organizations involved in PHASE improved rates of blood pressure control and cardioprotective medication prescriptions for patients with diabetes. They made progress on these measures through strategies such as leveraging team-based care, providing education on evidence-based protocols, and using data to drive improvements. The evaluation concluded that financially supporting and providing focused TA to safety net organizations can help them build capacity and leverage their strengths to improve outcomes and potentially decrease the risk of heart attacks and strokes in communities.

New prevention scenarios: polygenic risk.

Although coronary heart disease is a highly preventable disease, it is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. This is also due to the fact that the risk models used in clinical practice have proved ineffective in identifying people at risk: up to 30% of cases of myocardial infarction do not have traditional risk factors used in risk estimation models. Although the genetic component of myocardial infarction has been known for many years, with an inheritance rate of between 40% and 60%, it is not yet used as a risk factor in primary prevention models such as the Heart Card or the European SCORE. Recent advances in genomics and the use of clinical big data have allowed the development of genetic risk scores called Polygenic Risk Score (PRS), capable of identifying populations with average LDL-C levels, but with the same risk of heart attack of carriers of hypercholesterolaemia. The clinical usefulness of the PRS lies precisely in identifying high-risk individuals who are invisible to traditional models. The clinical applications of PRS for coronary artery disease are discussed in this report.

The cardiovascular safety of the drug alitretinoin

British Journal of DermatologyVolume 185, Issue 4 p. e164-e164 Plain Language Summary The cardiovascular safety of the drug alitretinoin First published: 04 October 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.20674AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Linked Article: Poizeau et al. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:764–771. Hand eczema is a skin disease causing intense itching and dry skin on the hands. It affects around 15% of people worldwide during their lifetime, and is more frequent among young adults. Most people can control hand eczema with treatments applied directly to the skin. Some people, however, have severe disease that can be better managed with an oral drug called alitretinoin. As this drug class can increase lipid levels, which are considered as a cardiovascular risk factor, lipid levels should be monitored in patients taking this medication. The cardiovascular risk of alitretinoin has not been investigated to date, although several patients have reported severe cardiac events. This study wanted to find out if alitretinoin is associated with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke and leg artery disease leading to revascularization (known as atherothrombotic events). In France, over 19,000 patients have received oral alitretinoin since 2009, and 64 (0·3%) had either a heart attack, a stroke or a revascularization for leg artery disease during their treatment. We compared the incidence (frequency) of these atherothrombotic events among patients who received alitretinoin with people in the French population of the same age, sex and baseline cardiovascular risk, who had not taken alitretinoin. In our study, we found that the risk of heart attack, stroke and revascularization for leg artery disease did not increase during alitretinoin treatment, nor in the 2 years following starting this drug. We conclude that, in current prescription settings that include monitoring lipid levels, patients receiving alitretinoin do not have an increased risk of atherothrombotic events. Volume185, Issue4October 2021Pages e164-e164 RelatedInformation

Antidepressants May Lower Heart Attack Risk in Diabetes

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AReview ofthe Clinical Pharmacologyof Pelacarsen: A Lipoprotein(a)-Lowering Agent.

Patients with genetically associated elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels are at greater risk for coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. To date, there are no US FDA-approved drug therapies that are designed to target Lp(a) with the goal of lowering the Lp(a) level in patients who have increased risk. The American College of Cardiology (ACC) has provided guidelines on how to use traditional lipid profiles to assess the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD); however, even with the emergence of statin add-on therapies such as ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, some populations with elevated Lp(a) biomarkers remain at an increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Residual CV risk has led researchers to inquire about how lowering Lp(a) can be used as a potential preventative therapy in reducing CV events. This review aims to present and discuss the current clinical and scientific evidence pertaining to pelacarsen.