Risk Of Future Injury Research Articles

Glucose and Lipid Profiles of Overweight and Obese Children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Obesity is a prevalent issue worldwide, affecting both children and adults and posing significant health risks. Obesity and overweight are known to be associated with metabolic abnormalities among children and adolescents. This study aims to determine the metabolic profiles, identifying any abnormalities and related factors among overweight and obese children in Saudi Arabia (SA). This study conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical analysis on 382 overweight and obese children between the ages of seven and 14 years. The subjects were visitors to pediatric endocrinology clinics and primary healthcare clinics in King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data from the electronic medical records between 2018 and 2020 were examined, focusing on total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and fasting blood sugar (FBS). Among the study sample, 8% were found to have high TC, 19% had high LDL-C, 27% had low HDL-C, 12% had high TG, and 8% had high FBS.Overweight children had higher HDL levels, while obese children had higher TG levels. There was no significant difference between males and females or between different age groups in metabolic profiles. This study uncovered a low prevalence of abnormal lipid and FBS profiles among overweight and obese children and adolescents. Detecting and managing the early onset of dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia can prevent long-term consequences and safeguard children from the risk of future cardiovascular injuries and deaths.

Demographic Factors and Instantaneous Lower Extremity Injury Occurrence in a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Population.

Temporal prediction of the lower extremity (LE) injury risk will benefit clinicians by allowing them to better leverage limited resources and target those athletes most at risk. To characterize the instantaneous risk of LE injury by demographic factors of sex, sport, body mass index (BMI), and injury history. Descriptive epidemiologic study. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic program. A total of 278 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I varsity student-athletes (119 males, 159 females; age = 19.07 ± 1.21 years, height = 175.48 ± 11.06 cm, mass = 72.24 ± 12.87 kg). Injuries to the LE were tracked for 237 ± 235 consecutive days. Sex-stratified univariate Cox regression models were used to investigate the association between time to first LE injury and sport, BMI, and LE injury history. The instantaneous LE injury risk was defined as the injury risk at any given point in time after the baseline measurement. Relative risk ratios and Kaplan-Meier curves were generated. Variables identified in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate Cox regression model. Female athletes displayed similar instantaneous LE injury risk to male athletes (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.29; 95% CI= 0.91, 1.83; P = .16). Overweight athletes (BMI >25 kg/m2) had similar instantaneous LE injury risk compared with athletes with a BMI of <25 kg/m2 (HR = 1.23; 95% CI = 0.84, 1.82; P = .29). Athletes with previous LE injuries were not more likely to sustain subsequent LE injury than athletes with no previous injury (HR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.76, 1.54; P = .64). Basketball (HR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.51, 6.44; P = .002) and soccer (HR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.46, 5.31; P = .002) athletes had a higher risk of LE injury than cross-country athletes. In the multivariate model, instantaneous LE injury risk was greater in female than in male athletes (HR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.39; P = .05), and it was greater in male athletes with a BMI of >25 kg/m2 than that in all other athletes (HR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.19, 1.00; P = .05), but these findings were not significantly different. In a collegiate athlete population, previous LE injury was not a contributor to the risk of future LE injury, whereas being female or being male with a BMI of >25 kg/m2 resulted in an increased risk of LE injury. Clinicians can use these data to extrapolate the LE injury risk occurrence to specific populations.

Athlete Burnout Is Associated With Perceived Likelihood of Future Injury Among Healthy Adolescent Athletes.

We examined perceived risk of future sports injury and athlete burnout among uninjured adolescent athletes. Uninjured high school athlete participants completed the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and a questionnaire assessing attitudes toward likelihood of sustaining a future sport-related injury. We compared ABQ responses between injury risk perception groups: those who expected injury versus those who did not. Half of the participants reported a somewhat/very high likelihood of future sport-related injury (n = 98; 52% female; age = 15.3 ± 1.9 years), while the other half reported it was unlikely/not possible (n = 98; 45% female; age = 15.3 ± 1.3 years). A significantly greater proportion of those in the expected injury group reported a history of bone/muscle/ligament/tendon injury (56% vs 24%; P < .001). Those in the expected injury group reported higher athlete burnout scores (median = 28 [interquartile range = 25-34] vs 25 [23-30]; P = .002). Adolescent athletes who reported they were likely to experience a future injury in their sport also reported greater levels of burnout.

Safety Concerns in Mobility-Assistive Products for Older Adults: Content Analysis of Online Reviews.

Older adults who have difficulty moving around are commonly advised to adopt mobility-assistive devices to prevent injuries. However, limited evidence exists on the safety of these devices. Existing data sources such as the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System tend to focus on injury description rather than the underlying context, thus providing little to no actionable information regarding the safety of these devices. Although online reviews are often used by consumers to assess the safety of products, prior studies have not explored consumer-reported injuries and safety concerns within online reviews of mobility-assistive devices. This study aimed to investigate injury types and contexts stemming from the use of mobility-assistive devices, as reported by older adults or their caregivers in online reviews. It not only identified injury severities and mobility-assistive device failure pathways but also shed light on the development of safety information and protocols for these products. Reviews concerning assistive devices were extracted from the "assistive aid" categories, which are typically intended for older adult use, on Amazon's US website. The extracted reviews were filtered so that only those pertaining to mobility-assistive devices (canes, gait or transfer belts, ramps, walkers or rollators, and wheelchairs or transport chairs) were retained. We conducted large-scale content analysis of these 48,886 retained reviews by coding them according to injury type (no injury, potential future injury, minor injury, and major injury) and injury pathway (device critical component breakage or decoupling; unintended movement; instability; poor, uneven surface handling; and trip hazards). Coding efforts were carried out across 2 separate phases in which the team manually verified all instances coded as minor injury, major injury, or potential future injury and established interrater reliability to validate coding efforts. The content analysis provided a better understanding of the contexts and conditions leading to user injury, as well as the severity of injuries associated with these mobility-assistive devices. Injury pathways-device critical component failures; unintended device movement; poor, uneven surface handling; instability; and trip hazards-were identified for 5 product types (canes, gait and transfer belts, ramps, walkers and rollators, and wheelchairs and transport chairs). Outcomes were normalized per 10,000 posting counts (online reviews) mentioning minor injury, major injury, or potential future injury by product category. Overall, per 10,000 reviews, 240 (2.4%) described mobility-assistive equipment-related user injuries, whereas 2318 (23.18%) revealed potential future injuries. This study highlights mobility-assistive device injury contexts and severities, suggesting that consumers who posted online reviews attribute most serious injuries to a defective item, rather than user misuse. It implies that many mobility-assistive device injuries may be preventable through patient and caregiver education on how to evaluate new and existing equipment for risk of potential future injury.

Paper 22: Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear in Elite Baseball Pitchers: Do High School Showcase Exposures Predict Injury™

Paper 22: Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear in Elite Baseball Pitchers: Do High School Showcase Exposures Predict Injury™

OTIMIZAÇÃO DE TREINAMENTO EM JOGADORES DE FUTEBOL COM LESÕES ESPORTIVAS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Strengthening the optimization of soccer skills training and strengthening the prevention of sports injuries are important research topics for soccer development in the post-injury rehabilitation phase. Functional training control has been empirically shown to be effective in accelerating rehabilitation. Objective: Investigate the situation of sports injuries in soccer and the effect of optimizing skill training on people with sports injuries in functional training for rehabilitation. Methods: During a 6-week experiment, the experimental group was inserted into the functional training mode, while the control group performed traditional training. The functional training was performed thrice a week for one hour per session. After 6 weeks, physiological and functional data were compared, classified, and analyzed. Results: The total FMS score of the experimental group increased from 13.61 to 17.30, while that of the control group ranged from 14.04 to 15.54. Conclusion: Selecting multiple training methods focused on different sports skills, focusing on balance, strength, and coordination, can optimize the sports skills of soccer players who have sports injuries. The researched protocol was shown to improve the competitive level of athletes and reduce the risk of future sports injuries. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Return-to-Sport Criteria After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Fail to Identify the Risk of Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury.

The incidence of second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is high in young, active populations. Failure to successfully meet return-to-sport (RTS) criteria may identify adult athletes at risk of future injury; however, these studies have yet to assess skeletally mature adolescent athletes. To determine if failure to meet RTS criteria would identify adolescent and young adult athletes at risk for future ACL injury after ACLR and RTS. The tested hypothesis was that the risk of a second ACL injury after RTS would be lower in participants who met all RTS criteria compared with those who failed to meet all criteria before RTS. Prospective case-cohort (prognosis) study. Laboratory. A total of 159 individuals (age = 17.2 ± 2.6 years, males = 47, females = 112). Participants completed an RTS assessment (quadriceps strength, functional hop tests) and the International Knee Documentation Committee patient survey (0 to 100 scale) after ACLR and were then tracked for occurrence of a second ACL tear. Athletes were classified into groups that passed all 6 RTS tests at a criterion level of 90% (or 90 of 100) limb symmetry and were compared with those who failed to meet all criteria. Crude odds ratios and 95% CIs were calculated to determine if passing all 6 RTS measures resulted in a reduced risk of second ACL injury in the first 24 months after RTS. Thirty-five (22%) of the participants sustained a second ACL injury. At the time of RTS, 26% achieved ≥90 on all tests, and the remaining athletes scored less than 90 on at least 1 of the 6 assessments. The second ACL injury incidence did not differ between those who passed all RTS criteria (28.6%) and those who failed at least 1 criterion (19.7%, P = .23). Subgroup analysis by graft type also indicated no differences between groups (P > .05). Current RTS criteria at a 90% threshold did not identify active skeletally mature adolescent and young adult athletes at high risk for second ACL injury.

Meniscal Extrusion

Pathologic meniscal extrusion can compromise meniscal function, leading to increased contact forces in the tibiofemoral compartment and the acceleration of osteoarthritic changes. Extrusion is typically defined as radial displacement of ≥3 mm outside the tibial border and is best diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging, although ultrasonography has also demonstrated encouraging diagnostic utility. Surgical management of meniscal extrusion is based on the underlying etiology, the patient's symptom profile, the preexisting health of the articular surface, and the risk of future chondral injury and osteoarthritis.

Lower Leg Power and Grip Strength Are Associated With Increased Fall Injury Risk in Older Men: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study.

Past research has not investigated both lower-extremity power and upper-extremity strength in the same fall injury study, particularly nonfracture fall injuries. In the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (baseline: N = 5 994; age 73.7 ± 5.9 years; 10.2% non-White), fall injuries (yes/no) were assessed prospectively with questionnaires approximately every 3 years over 9 years. Maximum leg power (Watts) from Nottingham single leg press and maximum grip strength (kg) from handheld dynamometry were assessed at baseline and standardized to kg body weight. Physical performance included gait speed (6-m usual; narrow walk) and chair stands speed. Of men with ≥1/4 follow-ups (N = 5 178; age 73.4 ± 5.7 years), 40.4% (N = 2 090) had ≥1 fall injury. In fully adjusted repeated-measures logistic regressions, lower power/kg and grip strength/kg had higher fall injury risk (trend across quartiles: both p < .0001), with lower quartiles at significantly increased risk versus highest Q4 except for grip strength Q3 versus Q4. Fall injury risk was 19% higher per 1 standard deviation (SD) lower power/kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.26) and 16% higher per SD lower grip strength/kg (95% CI: 1.10-1.23). In models including both leg power/kg and grip strength/kg, odds ratios (ORs) were similar and independent of each other and physical performance (leg power/kg OR per SD = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06-1.20; grip strength/kg OR per SD = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.17). Lower leg power/kg and grip strength/kg predicted future fall injury risk in older men independent of physical performance. Leg power potentially identifies fall injury risk better than grip strength at higher muscle function, though grip strength may be more suitable in clinical/practice settings.

The Problem of Recurrent Injuries in Collegiate Track and Field.

BackgroundAs with most sports, participating in Track and Field (T&F) has inherent injury risks and a previous injury often predisposes athletes to a greater future injury risk. However, the frequency and burden of recurrent injuries in collegiate T&F have not been closely examined.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and burden of recurrent injuries in collegiate T&F and compare differences in the time loss associated with initial and recurrent injuries by sex and T&F discipline.Study DesignDescriptive Epidemiology StudyMethodsData from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program were analyzed to describe the frequency and burden of recurrent injuries in collegiate T&F between 2009 and 2014. Comparisons of recurrent injury proportions by T&F discipline were made using Injury Proportion Ratios (IPR) and injury-associated time loss comparisons by injury type and sex were made using Negative Binomial Regression.ResultsFour hundred and seventy-four injuries were reported, 13.1% of which were classified as recurrent injuries. T&F athletes who competed in jumps experienced a lower proportion of recurrent injuries (6.1%) than runners (14.6%) and throwers (19.2%) (Recurrent IPR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18-0.88, p<0.05). When controlling for sex and injury diagnosis, T&F athletes experienced 50% greater time loss from sport following a recurrent injury than an initial injury (95% CI 17%-107%, p<0.01).ConclusionsRecurrent injuries in T&F athletes account for greater time loss than initial injuries, despite sex or injury diagnosis. The current study indicates a need for further research to assess factors contributing to time loss.Level of EvidenceLevel 3

The effect of concussion on subsequent musculoskeletal injury risk in high school athletes.

Studies have demonstrated an increased risk of musculoskeletal (MSK) injury after concussion in collegiate and professional athletes, but there has been relatively little study of this relationship in younger athletes. To determine the odds of experiencing a subsequent MSK injury after concussion in high school athletes. It was hypothesized that concussion would increase the risk of MSK injury within 365 days of the concussion event. Retrospective observational study. Twelve high school sports programs. Athletes (n=14,461) from athletic training room records queried between 2010 and 2017. History of concussion and history of concussion and MSK injury in the year preceding MSK injury. General estimating equation analyses were conducted to examine the odds of MSK injury related to (1) concussion within the preceding 365 days of injury; and (2) concussion and MSK injury within the preceding 365 days of concussion. Respectively, 8% and 8.3% of athletes were identified with a concussion and MSK injury. After controlling for gender and sport, athletes with a concussion and prior MSK injury (odds ratio=2.19, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-4.67) and athletes with a concussion alone (odds ratio= 1.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.15-2.44) both had higher odds of experiencing a subsequent MSK injury compared to athletes without prior concussion. High school athletes who sustain a concussion have elevated odds of MSK injury at rates comparable to those for collegiate athletes. These findings support the use of neuromuscular-based rehabilitation and injury prevention protocols in the post-concussion period. These findings may also suggest exploring methods to modify concussion return-to-play criteria with the goal to reduce the risk of future MSK injury.

Evidence for isokinetic and functional testing in return to sport decisions following ACL surgery.

The rupture and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee are associated with an increased risk of functional instability, a reduction in sports performance, and a higher risk of future additional injuries. Competitive athletes who participate in sports that require pivoting, cutting, and jumping are at particularly high risk for ACL rupture. The return to sport progression continuum after surgery includes sports-specific rehabilitation, evaluation of strength and function, gradual participation in exercise training with progressively challenging activities in the field of play, participation in sports at a lower level, and finally a return to preinjury-level sports competition. This narrative review evaluates the evidence that supports the use of quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic strength testing and sports-specific functional skills assessments to evaluate progress with rehabilitation after ACL surgery. Strength evaluations, hop tests, agility tests, and the limb symmetry index are described, as well as the associations of quadriceps and hamstrings muscle strength and functional test results with successful return to sports and the risk of ACL graft rupture and contralateral knee injuries. Suggestions for future research directions are presented including the importance of presurgery testing, standardization of test batteries, and comparison of test results with normative data.

Influence of Ankle Injury on Subsequent Ankle, Knee, and Shoulder Injuries in Competitive Badminton Players Younger Than 13 Years.

Background:In recent years, there has been a trend in badminton toward more specialized training at an earlier age. Accompanying this trend is the increased frequency of injuries in young players. Ankle injury is the most common injury in pediatric sports; however, its influence on subsequent injuries is rarely considered.Purposes:To evaluate the incidence of ankle, knee, and shoulder injuries in youth badminton and to investigate the influence of ankle injuries on subsequent ankle, knee, and shoulder injuries.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A custom-designed questionnaire was used to survey Japanese players 7 to 12 years of age who attended national elementary school–level badminton tournaments between May and September 2019. Information including the players’ characteristics, training history, injuries in the previous 12 months, and ankle injury histories were collected. Logistic regression was used for analysis.Results:A total of 478 players were included in the study, with 71 ankle injuries, 74 knee injuries, and 48 shoulder injuries reported. The injury incidence rates (per 1000 hours of play) were 0.23 (95% CI, 0.18-0.29) for the ankle, 0.24 (95% CI, 0.19-0.30) for the knee, and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.11-0.20) for the shoulder; 90.1% of ankle injuries, 25.7% of knee injuries, and 33.3% of shoulder injuries were acute. Previous ankle injury was significantly associated with subsequent ankle injury (adjusted Odds Ratio (OR), 3.05; 95% CI, 1.54-6.07; P < .05), knee injury (adjusted OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.12-3.69; P < .05), and shoulder injury (adjusted OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.26-4.83; P < .05).Conclusion:The study results indicated that previous injury to the ankle significantly increased the occurrence of subsequent ankle, knee, and shoulder injuries. Emphasizing protection and prevention of ankle injuries may help lower future injury risk in young badminton players.

Epidemiology of Firearm Injury in Children at US Trauma Centers

Epidemiology of Firearm Injury in Children at US Trauma Centers

Increased Risk of Musculoskeletal Injuries After Concussion

The incidence of lower extremity injury among athletes returning to play following concussion has been increasingly reported over the past several years. The literature investigating this association is robust and has been reported across sports, levels of competition, and ages. However, the underlying mechanisms for this increased risk of injury are not fully understood. This review will provide a summary of the current literature surrounding the association of concussion and lower extremity injury risk and discuss theories for why this relationship may exist, including lingering deficits that are not detected with common concussion assessments. Further, we will discuss clinical implications for the increased injury risk after concussion, including limitations of traditional concussion evaluation strategies for detecting individuals at high risk for future injury. In addition to discussing current knowledge gaps, we will explore potentially useful assessment strategies that may inform return to play decision making in the context of increased subsequent injury risk.

Unique Considerations for the Pediatric Athlete During Rehabilitation and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and surgical intervention in the pediatric population have increased in the recent years. Although surgical techniques have advanced, evidence-based rehabilitation guidelines that consider all aspects of the youth athlete are currently lacking. The purpose of this commentary is to review the current evidence on unique considerations for the pediatric and adolescent population during rehabilitation and return to sport after ACL reconstruction (ACLR), with a focus on children under 18 years of age. This review revealed that returning a youth athlete to sport after ACLR requires knowledge and appreciation of various aspects of the growing athlete different from adults. In addition to postoperative precautions that contribute to a slow rehabilitation process, young athletes need additional time for strength gains. Address risk of reinjury and for contralateral injury by using neuromuscular training and rigorous return-to-sport training programs. Consider return to sport after 9 months because the reinjury rate is high in this population. A combination of time and objective measures, both quantitative and qualitative criteria, and psychological readiness should be used to assess readiness to return to sport and decrease risk of future injury. Healthcare providers should be aware of the psychosocial impact of injury on the youth athletes and refer to sport psychology when necessary. Level of EvidenceLevel V.

Evaluation of Ergonomic Considerations for Construction Industry

Construction industry holds the key for most number of identified potential ergonomic hazards. These prevalent ergonomically hazards include work related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s) which occurs due to frequent awkward postures, excessive bending, manual handling and repetitive work. In this present study an attempt is made to understand the hazards of MSD’s among construction workers in Indian projects. A pilot study was conducted by a sampling based approach on 150 construction workers on the site. Each worker was interviewed personally to survey the symptoms of poor ergonomics and other work related disorders arising from their regular work activities. An in depth analysis of these hazards was conducted on the basis of preparing an ergonomic questionnaire and workers volunteered to be a part of the study. The results aids in developing ergonomic solutions and strategies to tackle various lower back pains and other musculoskeletal disorders. This gave rise to a new approach for creating awareness among construction workers and suggests guidelines for the employers to comply with rules and regulations in order to eliminate the risk of future musculoskeletal injuries.

Analysis of ground reaction forces and muscle activity in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during different running strike patterns.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction provides successful clinical outcomes. However, reconstruction cannot restore normative lower limb mechanics during running. While numerous studies have investigated running characteristics in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, no study has been compared foot strike patterns among them. If ground reaction forces and lower extremity muscle activities in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and healthy control ones differ during three running strike patterns? In this cross-sectional study, fourteen healthy adult males and fourteen adult males with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were recruited to participate. Surface electromyography of selected lower limb muscles and ground reaction forces were measured during three-strike patterns: rearfoot strike pattern, midfoot strike pattern, and forefoot strike pattern during barefoot running (∼ 3.3 m/s). The results revealed that the strike patterns influenced the peak lateral ground reaction force (P < 0.001) and peak vertical impact ground reaction force (P = 0.002) during the stance phase of running for both groups. The strike pattern also influenced the tibialis anterior (P < 0.001) and vastus lateralis (P = 0.035) activities during the early stance phase for both groups. However, the vastus medialis (P = 0.030) presented reduced activity, and the biceps femoris (P = 0.039) presented increased activity in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group. Tibialis anterior (P = 0.021), gastrocnemius medialis (P < 0.001) and vastus medialis (P < 0.001) presented lesser activity irrespective of strike patterns in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group. Running with a forefoot strike pattern may be associated with lesser rearfoot eversion due to lower peak lateral ground reaction forces than running with a rearfoot strike pattern or midfoot strike pattern. Moreover, the altered muscle activities could contribute to the elevated risk of future joint injury in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction population.

Injury profiles of Australian football players across five, women's and girls' competition levels

ObjectivesTo describe injury profiles of Australian football players and explore trends across five, women's and girls' competition levels. DesignProspective cohort study. MethodsInjuries were prospectively recorded by team personnel across one or two seasons of Australian football (2017–18 and/or 2018–19) including five, women's and girls' competition levels (elite senior, non-elite senior, high-level junior, non-elite junior (14–17 years), and non-elite junior (10–13 years)). Injury incidence rates were calculated per 1000 h and injury prevalence calculated for pre-season, early-season, mid-season, and late-season. Descriptive statistics present injury profiles according to activity, body region, pathology, mechanism, and severity. ResultsFrom the 392 included players, 760 injuries were recorded. Overall injury incidence was 20.9 injuries per 1000 h. Injury prevalence was highest during pre-season (64.1%). Most injuries were to the lower extremity (n = 440; 58.0%). Ligament/joint sprain injuries were common (n = 147, 19.3%). Several injuries resulted from contact mechanisms (n = 314, 61.4%), with many due to contact with another player (n = 131, 52.8%). Injuries resulting in time lost from participation were common (n = 444, 58.9%). Competition level injury trends were observed, with elite senior (125.1 injuries per 1000 h) and high-level junior (116.9 injuries per 1000 h) players having greater match injury incidence compared to their non-elite counterparts (15.5–41.4 injuries per 1000 h). ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary insight into injury profiles of Australian football players in women's and girls' competitions. These findings can drive future injury risk reduction research specific to this population across the developmental pathway.

The Functional Movement Screen and Injury Risk in Sporting Populations: An Evidence-to-Practice Review

The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a functional test, which aims to identify dysfunctional, asymmetrical, and painful movements that could contribute to future injuries. Medical professionals can clinically use this information to implement appropriate, specialized prehabilitation training aimed at reducing the dysfunctional, asymmetrical, and painful movements, to help prevent injury risk. Research on this tool, however, has contradictory findings regarding FMS composite score and future risk of injury. It is unclear to what extent FMS can predict those with future injury risk, and whether there are factors, such as age, sex, or sport-type, which may be contributing to these varying findings. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to identify which factors, if any, may contribute to the contradictory findings regarding the relationship between FMS composite score and subsequent injury risk in physically active populations. The review aimed to include any study which performed an FMS test at baseline on physically active individuals competing at any level, and determined risk groups based on composite scores, using odds ratios, sensitivity, and specificity as outcome measures. Subgroups were assessed based on athlete age, sex, sport-type, injury definition and injury mechanism. Reviewed participants were split into two age groups, senior (18+ years old) and junior (9-18 years old) athletes. It was found that age, sex, and sport-type explained some of the variable findings in the literature, however, effect sizes were often small in magnitude. Functional Movement Screen composite scores and asymmetry seemed to be the most useful in estimating injury risk for senior athletes, as well as individuals participating in rugby, American football, and ice hockey. There were many gaps identified in the research that may help get a consensus on optimal populations and uses for FMS. Thus, we recommend utilizing appropriate clinical judgment when determining if FMS would be a beneficial tool for identifying those with higher injury risk at your clinical site and with your patient population.