Risk For DM Research Articles

Prevalence and Awareness on Diabetes and Risk Factors for Developing Diabetic Retinopathy Among Patients Attending Eye OPD: A Cross Sectional Pilot Study

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem worldwide. Diabetic patients may suffer from many complications including diabetic retinopathy, which may lead to blindness. Early identification and increasing the level of awareness regarding diabetes and diabetic retinopathy among individuals helps in reducing burden on healthcare and economic worldwide. The management of diabetes poses a challenge to the medical and nursing staff as well as to the patients themselves9. Objective: To assess the Prevalence and Awareness on Diabetes and Risk Factors for Developing Diabetic Retinopathy among patients attending Eye OPD. Materials and methods: A quantitative research approach with Hospital based cross sectional descriptive research design was used in this study. 125 patients were selected using convenient sampling technique and who fulfill the inclusion criteria of the study. Data was collected using self-reporting questionnaires for demographic variables, IDRS to Assess Prevalence of Risk For Diabetes, Clinical And Behavioral Data To identify various Risk Factor For Developing Diabetic Retinopathy and Structured Awareness Questionnaire For DM and DR. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 125 patients have given their consent and they were approached. The majority of participant were age group of 51-60 i.e. 41(32.8%) and 67(53.6%) were female. 94(75.2%) were Hindu and 87(69.6%) were belongs to nuclear family. A majority of the participant 92(73.6%) were married and 41(32.8%) are illiterate. Majority’s 57(45.6%) family income is between Rs 11837 – 17755 and 82(65.6%) were Unemployed whereas 102(81.6%) were Non-Vegetarian in their dietary habits. Of the 125 patients, 69(55.2%) were moderate risk for DM among which 52(41.6%) of patients were known case of DM. Study finding shows that Risk factors for developing diabetes retinopathy were history of diabetes with duration of 5 years or less and with type II DM, Physical Inactivity, history of cataract surgery, On insulin/Oral diabetic treatment, tobacco consumption, RBS (101-200mg/dl), level of cholesterol(200- 239 mg/dl) and urea level (26-35mg/dl). 83(66.4%) of participant had moderate awareness regarding DM and DR. Study findings also shown that there is a significant association between awareness with age, marital status, education, family income, knowledge on diabetic eye and frequency of eye check up. Study findings showed that there is a significant association between awareness with gender, religion, type of family, marital status and education were found significant at p<0.05 Conclusion: A majority of the participant had moderate risk for DM as well as also had moderate awareness regarding DM. Health Education and promotion will also help to increase awareness regarding Diabetes in the country.

Polymorphisms of the ATP-binding cassette sterol efflux transporter genes g5 and g8 in cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Mutations with a decrease in the expression and function of the of the ATP-binding cassette genes proteins ABCG5 and ABCG8, as the main sterol efflux transporters, lead to the accumulation of xenosterols in plasma associated with changes in the lipid profile, hyperglycemia and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The review presents studies of the role of ABCG5/G8 polymorphisms in CVD and DM2. In several studies, including large–scale ones, the influence of ABCG5/G8 variants (rs4245791, rs41360247 rs4299376, rs11887534, rs7598542, rs78451356, etc.) on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) was proved, in others – when confirming the association of the risk of CHD with ABCG5 polymorphism, this status for ABCG8 was denied. Since sterol metabolism disorders observed in individuals with DM2 are probably associated with low insulin sensitivity, many authors confirmed the association of variants rs4299376, rs4148211, rs140231607 and rs6720173 of the ABCG5/G8 with the risk of DM2, but some authors did not find such a connection with DM2 for variants rs4299376, rs11887534 and rs4148217 of the ABCG8. A decrease in ABCG5/G8 mRNA expression was observed in DM2 in experimental animals and in humans; on the contrary, overexpression of ABCG5/G8 in db/db mice restored the sensitivity of the liver to insulin, which led to a decrease in fasting glucose, lipids and improved glucose tolerance. The inconsistency of data on the association of ABCG5/G8 gene polymorphism with the risk of CVD and DM2 may probably be due to inter-population differences, which necessitates further study of the contribution of ABCG5/G8 variants to the risk of these diseases.

Association of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and bone mineral density: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundObservational studies have suggested that type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) is a potentially modifiable risk factor for lower BMD, but the causal relationship is unclear. This study aimed to examine whether the association of DM2 with lower BMD levels was causal by using Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.MethodsWe collected genome-wide association study data for DM2 and BMD of total body and different skeletal sites from the IEU database. Subsequently, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using the Two Sample MR package.ResultsWe identified a positive association between DM2 risk (61,714 DM2 cases and 596,424 controls) and total BMD, and other skeletal sites BMD, such as femoral neck BMD, ultra-distal forearm BMD and heel BMD. However, non-significant trends were observed for the effects of DM2 on lumbar-spine BMD.ConclusionIn two-sample MR analyses, there was positive causal relationship between DM2 and BMD in both overall samples. In summary, while observational analyses consistently indicate a strong association between DM2 and low BMD, our MR analysis introduces a nuanced perspective. Contrary to the robust association observed in observational studies, our MR analysis suggests a significant link between DM2 and elevated BMD.

Risk factors for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with obesity in late post-COVID period

Objective. To study the risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with obesity after COVID-19. Materials and methods. 61 case histories and outpatient card abstracts of patients with obesity, who suffered from moderate and severe forms of COVID-19 from 02.2021–04.2022 were analyzed. Demographic, laboratory and clinical parameters were studied during hospitalization and 12 months after discharge from the hospital. All patients initially were divided into 2 groups according to the glycated hemoglobin level. Group 1 consisted of 46 patients with prediabetes and group 2 included 15 patients without carbohydrate disorders. Results. The median age of all patients was 64 (59–66) years. Median of HbAlc was 6,0 (5,6–6,2) %, BMI –34 (33–35) kg/m2. 24 patients from group 1, who took DPP-4-inhibitors in early post-COVID-19 period constituted subgroup 1A and 22 patients, who refused treatment with these drugs, constituted subgroup 1B. Currently, 2 patients from subgroup 1A and 10 patients from subgroup 1B (χ2=8,2 р=0,004) have been diagnosed with DM2. In patients who developed DM2 in late post-COVID period the levels of HbAlc, fasting plasms glucose and BMI at the time of admission to the hospital were significantly higher (n=12) than in patients with persistent prediabetes (n=34), (p0,05). Positive correlation between these parameters and the risk of developing DM2 (R=0,5, p0,05; R=0,74, p0,05; R=0,54, p0,05, respectively) was determined. In group 2, DM2 is currently diagnosed in 2 male patients with BMI over 40 kg/m2. When comparing subgroup 1B and group 2, it was found out that DM2 in the post-COVID period occurs in every second patient with the previous initial carbohydrate disorders: in 10 people of 22 – in subgroup 1B (every 2nd patient) versus 2 patients from group 2 (every 7th patient), (χ2=4,2, p=0,04). Online calculator from medstatistic. ru was used to determine relative risk (RR). Conclusions. Thus, presence of impaired glucose tolerance increases the risk of development of DM2 in late post-COVID period. In patients with hyperlycemia on hospitalization for COVID-19, who did not receive incretin therapy (subgroup 1B) risk of DM2 was 3,4 times higher (CI 95 %=0,87–13,40). Patients, who received incretin (subgroup 1A) had risk of DM2 = 0,6 (CI 95 %=0,09–3,97). It should be assumed that incretin therapy prevents development of DM2 in patients with hyperglycemia/impaired glucose tolerance after COVID-19.

A geospatial analysis of cardiometabolic diseases and their risk factors considering environmental features in a midsized city in Argentina.

New approaches to the study of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) distribution include analysis of built environment (BE), with spatial tools as suitable instruments. We aimed to characterize the spatial dissemination of CMD and the associated risk factors considering the BE for people attending the Non-Invasive Cardiology Service of Hospital Nacional de Clinicas in Córdoba City, Argentina during the period 2015-2020. We carried out an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study performing non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The final sample included 345 people of both sexes older than 35 years. The CMD data were collected from medical records and validated techniques and BE information was extracted from Landsat-8 satellite products. A geographic information system (GIS) was constructed to assess the distribution of CMD and its risk factors in the area. Out of the people sampled, 41% showed the full metabolic syndrome and 22.6% only type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), a cluster of which was evidenced in north-western Córdoba. The risk of DM2 showed an association with high values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (OR= 0.81; 95% CI: - 0.30 to 1.66; p=0.05) and low normalized difference built index (NDBI) values that reduced the probability of occurrence of DM2 (OR= -1.39; 95% CI: -2.62 to -0.17; p=0.03). Considering that the results were found to be linked to the environmental indexes, the study of BE should include investigation of physical space as a fundamental part of the context in which people develop medically within society. The novel collection of satellite-generated information on BE proved efficient.

Evolution of the search for a common mechanism of congenital risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the chromosomal locus 9p21.3.

9.21.3 chromosomal locus predisposes to coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), but their overall pathological mechanism and clinical applicability remain unclear. The review uses publications of the study results of 9.21.3 chromosomal locus in association with CHD and DM2, which are important for changing the focus of clinical practice. The eligibility criteria are full-text articles published in the PubMed database (MEDLINE) up to December 31, 2022. A total of 56 publications were found that met the inclusion criteria. Using the examples of the progressive stages in understanding the role of the chromosomal locus 9p.21.3, scientific ideas were grouped, from a fragmentary study of independent pathological processes to a systematic study of the overall development of CHD and DM2. The presented review can become a source of new scientific hypotheses for further studies, the results of which can determine the general mechanism of the congenital risk of CHD and DM2 and change the focus of clinical practice.

Estilos de vida y alimentación relacionados con el estado nutricional y el riesgo de DM2 en mujeres jóvenes de dos universidades colombianas

Objective: To analyze the lifestyles and diet related to nutritional status and the risk of DM2 and in female students of two Colombian universities. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multidimensional and exploratory study, carried out in a sample of 220 women, nutrition and dietetic (NaD) students selected by random medsampling of proportions.[1]. A questionnaire was applied to identify sociodemographic variables, lifestyles related to food and DM2 risk according to the FINDRISC test; BMI, waist circumference (WC), fat percentage, and active body substance index (IAKS) were determined. Bivariate analysis was performed using Statgraphics v.16, the chi2 test was applied with 95% confidence and statistical significance (p <0.05). Results: Overweight and obesity according to BMI (21.4%) showed statistical significance with the frequency of consumption of sugary drinks, packaged products, sugars and sweets, fast foods and alcoholic beverages; These two eating practices were related to very high cardiovascular risk by waist circumference and excessive fat percentage, which also presented significance with excessive screen time; the IAKS was related to the classification of physical activity. According to the FINDRISC test, 91% had DM2 risk factors; 20.5% presented medium risk and 2.3% high. Conclusions: Lifestyle and diet were related to anthropometric indicators: body weight, fat distribution, and body composition; are risk factors for the development of DM2 in young women. It is necessary to promote protective factors to maintain a healthy weight.

320-OR: ADA Presidents' Select Abstract: Risk Factors for Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy (DSPN) in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and the DPP Outcomes Study (DPPOS)

Objective: To evaluate how DSPN differs across the randomized DPP treatment groups and is associated with diabetes (DM) status, DM duration, and cumulative glycemic exposure. Methods: In the DPP, adults ≥25 years of age at high risk for DM (n=3234) were randomized to determine the effects of intensive lifestyle modification (ILS) or metformin (MET) compared to placebo (PLA) on incident diabetes. After DPP ended, participants were invited to join the DPPOS during which metformin was continued in those randomized to receive it. DSPN was rigorously assessed in 1,792 participants at DPPOS year 17 based on both symptoms and signs (pinprick, vibration, and monofilament). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine whether DSPN was associated with randomized treatment group, DM status and duration, and cumulative glycemic exposure. Results: At 21 years following DPP randomization, 66% had developed DM with median duration of 15 years. The prevalence of DSPN did not differ by DPP treatment group (21.5%, 21.5% and 21.9% in ILS, MET and PLA, respectively), but was slightly lower for those at risk for DM (19.6%) vs. those with DM (22.7%). There was a significant effect modification by age of the association between DPP treatment group and DSPN (p<0.05): the odds ratio (OR) for DSPN with ILS vs PLA decreased by 3.7% (95% CI 0.6-6.7) with each 1 year increase in age. MET vs. PLA was not associated with DSPN and age did not influence the null association. In models adjusted for treatment group, demographics, cardiometabolic risks, and low vitamin B12 or B12 supplement use, DSPN was associated with DM status (OR 1.40, p<0.001 vs. no DM), greater DM duration (OR 1.04 per 1 year, p<0.001), and higher time-weighted HbA1c (OR 1.85 per 1% increase, p<0.001). Conclusions: The likelihood of DSPN was higher for those with DM, longer DM duration, and higher cumulative glycemic exposure. Although ILS did not prevent DSPN overall, there were ILS benefits with increasing age. Disclosure C.Lee: Employee; Pfizer Inc. N.White: None. W.H.Herman: Advisory Panel; National Committee for Quality Assurance, Consultant; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Other Relationship; National Institutes of Health, American Diabetes Association. D.Research group: None. A.Ciarleglio: None. S.Edelstein: None. J.P.Crandall: Research Support; Abbott Diabetes. D.Dabelea: None. R.B.Goldberg: None. S.E.Kahn: Advisory Panel; Anji Pharmaceuticals, Bayer Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Other Relationship; Novo Nordisk. W.C.Knowler: None. M.Ma: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (UDK048489, UDK048339, UDK048377, UDK048349, UDK048381, UDK048468, UDK048434, UDK048485, UDK048375, UDK048514, UDK048437, UDK048413, UDK048411, UDK048406, UDK048380, UDK048397, UDK048412, UDK048404, UDK048387, UDK048407, UDK048443, UDK048400)

Apolypoprotein E gene polymorphism, gallstone disease, diabetes 2 type and lipid metabolism disorders

Aim of the study was to explore the impact of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms (GP) on gallstone disease (GSD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and its role in lipid metabolism. APOE4 allele carriers had the highest levels of plasma and bile cholesterol and the lowest levels of bile acids in bile than other alleles. In GSD a higher frequency of APOE4 carriers (2.6 times compared to control) was found. GSD risk was reduced by 12 % in APOE2 carriers compared to APOE3/3. Our 20-year research confirms the association of APOE GP and GSD. The frequency of ε4/ε4 genotype is higher in people aged 18–35 years with a family history of GSD (5.8 %) compared to population of Novosibirsk (1.8 %, p < 0.05). The bile was more lithogenic in APOE4 carriers with GSD: the bile cholesterol level is 8.0 ± 0.5 versus 6.9 ± 0.6 g/l in ε3/ε3 genotype. APOE4 carriers with a family history of GSD had cholate-cholesterol ratio of 6.4 ± 0.7 versus 12.9 ± 0.2 (p < 0.05) in the absence of APOE4. in women with hypertension, the presence of GSD was associated with a combination of low density cholesterol (LDL-C) > 3.5 mmol/l and the APOE4 carriage. DM2 is a recognized risk factor for GSD. The most common opinion is that the ε4 allele is an independent risk of DM2, some authors consider the allele APOE2. Moreover, DM2 patients with the ε3/ε4 genotype have an increase in total cholesterol, LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to ε3/ε3. Other studies have not found any associations between APOE GP and GSD or DM2. The inconsistency of the data can be explained by the heterogeneity of the included groups and methods of APOE genotyping, which requires further research.

Abstract P231: Physical Activity During Adolescence and Adulthood Associated to Risk of Diabetes in Mexican Women

Background: Mexico has declared an epidemiological emergency in the country due to diabetes. Although the benefits of physical activity in middle age are established, the health effects of long-term changes in PA from adolescence to middle age have not been documented. Our aim is to explore the pattern of vigorous physical activity (VPA) in adolescence and adulthood and the risk of DM2 in a cohort of middle-age women. Methods: The Mexican Teacher′s Cohort (MTC) is an ongoing study of 115,307 public school teachers. Every three years participants answered sociodemographic, lifestyle, and medical conditions, including self-reported IPA(hours/wk) for age 15 to18 years, and at the previous year of baseline. Cases of diabetes were identified and validated through electronic health records. We estimated Hazard ratios and IC95% intervals. Based on VPA in adolescence and adulthood respectively, women were classified as: consistently inactive (reference), consistently lower activity, low active in adolescence but increase in adulthood, active in adolescence but reduced in adulthood, and consistently higher. To explore recall bias we performed analyzes stratified by age. Results: in a sample of 69,970 women with 41.6 ± 7.3 years of age at enrolment, we identified 4,564 DM cases from 2006-2008 to 2019. Compared with participants who were consistently inactive in both stages, women who increase activity had a lower risk of DM; HR = 0.86 (95% CI 0.74, 1.01). Compared with the reference category, maintaining higher amounts of VPA was associated with lower diabetes risk HR = 0.85, (95% CI 0.75, 0.96). In stratified analyses by age, we observed the same association even in people who reported physical activity up to 35 years before the reference questionnaire. Conclusions: Maintaining higher VPA levels during adolescence and adulthood and increasing VPA in adulthood were associated with a similar low risk of diabetes.

Ethnic differences in risk factors and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the adult population of the Russian Federation

BACKGROUND: Russia is one of the most multinational states in the world. Identification of ethnic groups with a higher risk of developing DM2, analysis of risk factors for the development of DM2 will allow developing personalized approaches to the prevention and treatment of DM2.AIMS: To reveal ethnic features of the prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and risk factors for the development of DM2 in the adult population of the Russian Federation.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective analysis of the database of the national epidemiological cross-sectional study NATION was carried out. Depending on the self-specified nationality, on the basis of anthropological characteristics, the following ethnic groups were identified: “Mongoloid population”, “Peoples of the Volga region”, “Peoples of the North Caucasus”, “Peoples of Transcaucasia”, “Russians”. The analysis consisted of several stages and included: analysis of the anthropometric features of the selected groups, taking into account the presence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders (MO); study of the prevalence of violations of the MA in the selected ethnic groups; analysis of ethnic characteristics of risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes; analysis of the frequency of violations of the MA in various ethnic groups, taking into account the territory of residence. MR disorders were defined as the presence of DM and/or prediabetes. In accordance with the WHO criteria, HbA1c≥6.5% corresponded to the diagnosis of DM, HbA1c values in the range of 5.7%≤HbA1c<6.5% to the diagnosis of prediabetes.RESULTS: The highest frequency of violations of the MA was observed in the group «Peoples of the Volga region» (31.2%), the lowest in the «Peoples of the North Caucasus» (15.6%). BMI in the group “Peoples of the Volga region” was significantly lower than in the group “Peoples of the North Caucasus. Violations of MR were more often observed in the abdominal nature of obesity, obesity of the 1st stage, age over 45 years in the groups «Mongoloid population» and «Peoples of the Volga region» than in the peoples of the «Northern Caucasus» and «Transcaucasia». The frequency of occurrence of SR violations among representatives of the Volga Peoples group living in their historical territories was higher than among Russians living in the same regions: 32.5% and 24.3% (p<0.001 χ2 criterion), and also higher than in the Russian CFD: 32.5% and 27.4%, respectively, p=0.001 (χ2 test). The prevalence of violations of the MA among the peoples of the North Caucasus was less than among the Russians of the Central Federal District — 13.9% and 27.36%, respectively (p<0.001 χ2 criterion). The prevalence of MR violations among representatives of the “Peoples of the North Caucasus” group living in their historical territories (n=598) was less than among those living in other regions of the Russian Federation (n=164) (13.9% and 21.95%, p= 0.012 criterion χ2).CONCLUSION: In the present work, for the first time, we analyzed the prevalence of MR disorders in various ethnic groups of the population of the Russian Federation, identified certain ethnic characteristics of DM2 risk factors and their contribution to the development of the disease. The obtained results should be used for planning preventive programs in various regions of the Russian Federation.

MEASUREMENT OF THE ATD ANGLE IN THE PATIENT OF DIABETICS MELLITUS: A RELIABLE MARKER.

Background: DM has been shown to be associated with certain dermatoglyphic traits and Indians in particular have been shown to be predisposed to DM. It can be used for early and inexpensive screening of individuals at risk for DM. Aim of present study was to measure the atdangle in the patient of Diabetics Mellitus and compare it with control. The present comparative case control study was conducted in theMaterial & Methods: Department of Medicine, Saraswati Medical College&Hospital, Unnao.100clinically diagnosed diabetic patients in study group werecompared with same age group of 100 non- diabetic patients. Patients with deformity of hand, Chromosomal abnormalities like Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome etc. and diseases like congenital anomalies, neurological disorders, carcinomas and psychiatric diseases were excluded from the study. The mean atd angles were signicantly lower in DM group and mean dat angles were signicantly higher in DM groupObservation: than controls whereas adt angles were signicantly higher in left and signicantly lower in right of the DM group (p<0.05). It was noted thatmean atd angles in both male and femaleparticipant was signicantly lower in DM group in both hand and mean dat angles were signicantly higher in DM than controls group; whereas adt angles in both male and female participants were higher signicantly in left and insignicantly lower in right of the DM group (p<0.05). The mean Atd angles were signicantly decreased in DM group, angle 'Adt' showed signicant increase inConclusion: left hand and mean dat angles were signicantly increased in both hands of the cases as compared to controls.

An evalutional study to determine the Indian DM2 risk score (IDRS) in young healthy individuals of different Mizaj

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a worldwide disaster including in India. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of inadequate control of blood levels of glucose. This research was determined to access the risk factors of developing Diabetes mellitus in near future in young adults with reference to different mizaj. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among young adults aged 18-32 in Ayurved and unani Tibbia college Delhi, India from December 2021 to January 2022. Questionnaires were used to collect data for factors associated with type 2 diabetes. Data were statistically analyzed. Results. In this study has been observed that mizaj has relation with associated risk factors at p valuescore 50> score 40 and least chances of of developing in score 0,10,20,30 individuals on the observation of their history, it is also concluded that hot mizaj individuals are more at risk of developing DM2 in near future as compared to cold mizaj. Lastly, the presence of family history for diabetes, overweight, and being obese increases the chances of acquiring type 2 diabetes.

1181-P: Influence of Nutrients Consumed on Associations between the Gut Microbiota Composition and Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: Upon food digestion, the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in energy metabolism, affecting the development of type 2 diabetes (DM) . We aimed to examine the influence of nutrients consumed on the association between the gut microbiota and DM. Research Design and Methods: Among participants of the population-based Iwaki study of Japanese held in 2016, those with information of gut microbiota (n=1148) were included. The following individuals were also excluded: over 77 years of age (excluded to minimize age-related diversity in gut microbiota as previously reported) , and were the 55 individuals with an incomplete data set. After these exclusions, 10individuals (403 men, 616 women) aged 52.4 ± 14.1 years were included in the present study. Results: Compared with non diabetic subjects, diabetic subjects had larger proportions of the genera Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus but smaller proportions of the genera Roseburia and Blautia in their gut microbiotas. The genera Streptococcus and Roseburia were positively correlated with the amounts of energy (β= 0.064, p=0.0297) and of carbohydrate and fiber (β= 0.079, p=0.0069, and β=0.069, p=0.0129, respectively) consumed, respectively. In contrast, the genera Bifidobacterium and Blautia were not correlated with any nutrients consumed. Cluster analyses of these four genera revealed that the Blautia-dominant cluster was most protective against DM, whereas the Bifidobacterium-dominant cluster was a risk for DM, after adjustment for multiple factors including nutrients consumed (vs. the Blautia-dominant cluster; odd ratio 3.97, 95% confidence interval 1.68-9.36) . Conclusions: Positive correlations of the genera Streptococcus and Roseburia indicate the possible involvement of nutrient factors in the association between the gut microbiota and DM. Furthermore, having a Bifidobacterium-dominant gut microbiota may be a risk for DM whereas having a Blautia-dominant gut microbiota may be protective against DM. Disclosure A.Tamura: None. M.Daimon: None. A.Kamba: None. S.Mizushiri: None. M.Murabayashi: None. Y.Nishiya: None. R.Ito: None. S.Ono: None.

1113-P: Trends in Prevalence, Awareness, and Risk Perception among U.S. Adults with Prediabetes: NHANES 2005–2018

Introduction: Individuals with prediabetes (preDM) are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Awareness and perceived risk of disease are key factors impacting lifestyle interventions. This study examined the prevalence, awareness, and perceived risk of preDM. Methods: This nationally representative cross-sectional analysis of 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data was conducted on nonpregnant adults (aged≥20 years) . PreDM was based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) definitions recommended by the American Diabetes Association. We used fasting sample weight to generate nationally representative estimates. Measures also include sociodemographic, awareness, and perceived risk for DM or preDM. Analyses were accounted for the complex sample design and performed using Stata 17. Results: Overall, among 15,968 adults, the weighted prevalence of PreDM increased from 31.5% (95%CI 28.5-34.4) in 2005-20to 47.2% (95% CI 43.7-50.7) in 2017-2018 with a significant linear trend (p<;0.001) . The weighted prevalence of awareness of preDM increased yearly from 5.6% in 20- 20to 12.6% in 2017-2018 based on FPG/HbA1c definition (p<;0.001) . Similarly, among those with preDM, the perceived risk increased from 28.2% in 20- 20to 32.9% in 20- 20 and plateaued at 36.9% in 2017-2018 without a significant linear trend (p=0.142) . Black and Mexican Americans had a higher prevalence of preDM than White. Education was positively associated with awareness and perceived risk, but the income was not. Women were less likely to have preDM but more likely to be aware of preDM than men. Overweight/obesity, hypertension, and depression were positively associated with preDM, awareness, and perceived risk. Conclusions: Findings suggest that from 20to 2018, the prevalence of preDM continues to rise. More national efforts are needed to raise awareness of diabetes risk and target those at higher risk. Disclosure A.Yan: None. Z.Shi: None.

Breed distributions for diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism in Norwegian dogs

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) and hypothyroidism are common canine endocrinopathies. Both canine DM and primary hypothyroidism are assumed to originate from autoimmune destruction of the respective endocrine glands and have been associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene region. This study aims to investigate breed distributions for DM and hypothyroidism in the Norwegian canine population by calculating odds ratios (OR) from two different comparator groups.MethodsResults from canine serum samples submitted from 2001 to 2018 to the Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory (VCPL) at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences for analysis of fructosamine and thyroid hormones in serum were used as cases in a retrospective bivariate analysis of canine breeds. The ORs were calculated as a measure of risk for the included breeds, where all the submitted blood samples to the VCPL and dogs registered in the Norwegian Kennel Club (NKK), the national organization for dog owners, were used as two comparator groups.ResultsSignificant differences in disease prevalence between breeds were discovered using both comparator groups. Australian terrier, Swedish lapphund, Samoyed, and Schipperke were at highest risk for DM. German Shepherd, Golden retriever, German pointing dog, and Collie presented as the breeds with lowest risk for DM. For hypothyroidism, Schnauzer, Eurasier, Dunker, and English setter were at highest risk for developing the disease. The breeds at lowest risk of developing hypothyroidism were Rottweiler, Dachshund, German shepherd, and Border collie. The results from the different comparator groups gave different ORs and ranks, but the breeds with highest and lowest odds showed the same susceptibility using both comparators.ConclusionsThese findings support that there are breeds more and less prone to develop DM and hypothyroidism. A strong genetic predisposition involved in the aetiology of these two diseases is therefore likely. Interestingly, there also appeared to be an inverse relationship of odds for the two diseases for some of the breeds since some breeds that had a high OR for DM or hypothyroidism had a lower OR for the other disease. This indicates that there may be different risk alleles/haplotypes for the two diseases. The possible aetiological relationship between canine DM and hypothyroidism should be further investigated.

Timing of Complementary Feeding, Growth, and Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

No consensus currently exists on the appropriate age for the introduction of complementary feeding (CF). In this paper, a systematic review is conducted that investigates the effects of starting CF in breastfed and formula-fed infants at 4, 4–6, or 6 months of age (i) on growth at 12 months of age, (ii) on the development of overweight/obesity at 3–6 years of age, (iii) on iron status, and (iv) on the risk of developing (later in life) type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and hypertension. An extensive literature search identified seven studies that evaluated the effects of the introduction of CF at the ages in question. No statistically significant differences related to the age at which CF is started were observed in breastfed or formula-fed infants in terms of the following: iron status, weight, length, and body mass index Z-scores (zBMI) at 12 months, and development of overweight/obesity at 3 years. No studies were found specifically focused on the age range for CF introduction and risk of DM2 and hypertension. Introducing CF before 6 months in healthy term-born infants living in developed countries is essentially useless, as human milk (HM) and formulas are nutritionally adequate up to 6 months of age.

Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus a Scoping Review

Introduction: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased worldwide and, of course, adverse outcomes for the health of the mother, fetus and neonate, and the resulting healthcare costs have increased. The World Health Organization affirms that healthy lifestyle habits that go with physical, mental, and psychosocial health and range from preconception to postpartum are essential to achieve successful pregnancies. Objective: Conducting a scoping review of the psychosocial risk factors associated with GDM. Materials and Methods: The databases consulted were PubMed / Medline and Cochrane. Studies on psychosocial risk factors in pregnant women older than 18 years, with a diagnosis of GDM, from 2010 to 2020, in English and Spanish, published in peer-reviewed journals, were selected. A standardized data extraction form was developed. Results: 1188 articles on this topic were found, 93 of which were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The findings yielded several main issues such as conflicts with cultural practices, social stigma, influence of ethnicity / race, low educational level, sleep quality, physical limitations, problems with breastfeeding, concern for the health of the mother and baby, low perception of risk of GDM and DM2 in the future, stress, anxiety and depression, limited knowledge about GDM, lack of partner / family / social support, low levels of self-care and self-efficacy in glycemic control, lack of support from health professionals and difficulties with changes in lifestyle. Discussion and Conclusion: All the identified psychosocial risk factors must be taken into account either by adapting existing prevention and promotion programs or by developing new programs. Interventions should not end with pregnancy and the psychological impact and risk of developing T2D after delivery should be considered, as well as multiethnic populations and the most demographically and socioeconomically vulnerable groups. In addition, they should be included in the Clinical Practice Guidelines and in prevention, promotion and intervention programs for the health and quality of life of women with GDM.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL DIABETES EDUCATION PROGRAM TO IMPROVE DIABETES SELF-MANAGEMENT IN HISPANIC PATIENTS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global, costly, and increasing illness. Type 2 diabetes (DM2) can be managed with lifestyle changes, such as better diet choices. In the United States, Hispanic individuals are at high risk for DM2 and have the third highest prevalence of DM2 among all ethnicities. Polk County, Florida, has a statistically higher prevalence of DM2 residents than other Florida counties. Almost one-quarter of the population are Hispanic, and many live below the poverty line, are uninsured, and are illegal immigrants. At Parkview Medical Clinic, a free clinic in Polk County, 80% of the patients have DM2. The goal of this project was to help these patients improve their dietary habits and blood glucose levels with the NDEP Program, 4 Steps to Manage Your Diabetes for Life. The theoretical framework was Orem’s self-care theory, and the Plan-Do-Check-Act change model was used. After training by the project director, 10 volunteer nurse practitioners (NPs) individually instructed 37 patients weekly for 20 to 30 minutes over 9 weeks. In Weeks 1 and 9, the NPs administered the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) and measured patients’ blood glucose levels. The results were charted, and data were analyzed with paired samples t tests. Results indicated that patients improved significantly in their diet choices and blood glucose levels (p < .001) from pretest (37 participants) to posttest (19 participants). Follow-ups at 3- and 6 months were recommended, and implications for nursing included greater use of the NDEP Program and ongoing patient education on self-management of diabetes.

Family History, Consanguinity and Other Risk Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Prediabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight and Obese Yemeni Adults.

ObjectiveOverweight and obese adults are at high risk for developing prediabetes and diabetes. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of prediabetes (pre-DM) and diabetes (DM) among Yemeni adults who were overweight or obese and had first-degree relatives with DM, consanguinity and other risk factors.Patients and MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 612 adults, all with a BMI≥25 kg/m2. BMI, blood pressure (BP) and waist circumference (WC) were measured in the clinic. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was collected for all subjects. The patients either had first-degree relatives with diabetes or not, and the subjects answered a questionnaire regarding the consanguinity of their parents, exercise, khat chewing, smoking, and eating vegetables and fruits daily.ResultsOf the 612 study participants (32% males and 68% females) aged 20–70 years old, 429 (70.1%) had a family history (FM) of DM ± consanguinity of parents, and 183 (29.9%) had no FM of diabetes. Multivariate analysis showed significant risk in those with class III obesity for pre-DM (AOR 3.10 95% CI 1.56–6.18 p value 0.001) and DM (AOR 3.35 95% CI 1.47–7.65 p value 0.004) and those who had siblings with DM had a risk for pre-DM (AOR 1.72 95% CI 1.09–2.71 p value 0.02) and DM (AOR 2.24 95% CI 1.25–4.0 p value 0.007). Khat chewing increased the risk for pre-DM (AOR 1.61 95% CI 1.04–2.48 p value 0.032) and for DM (AOR 2.09 95% CI 1.14–3.82 p value 0.017). Having consanguineous parents plus siblings with DM were associated with a higher risk of DM (p value 0.031).ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of pre-DM and undiagnosed DM among overweight and obese Yemeni individuals. Class III obesity, having siblings with DM, chewing khat, and having consanguineous parents plus siblings with DM all increased the risk. This group should be screened at an early age for early detection of pre-DM and DM.