Risk Factors Of Hospital Infection Research Articles

Coupled risk analysis of hospital infection: A multimethod-fusion model combining association rules with complex networks

During the initial phase of COVID-19 pandemic, hospital infection (HI) accidents occurred with alarming frequency. Proactively preventing and controlling HI risks is particularly challenging as hospital is a complex and dynamic scene that involves multiple uncertainties and coupled risks. Thus, this paper develops a multimethod fusion model that combines association rule mining with complex networks to systematically analyze coupled HI risks. Firstly, risk factors of HI are obtained and categorized based on real data in hospitals. An improved Apriori algorithm is used to mine coupled relations between risk factors and generate association rules. Then, complex networks of HI risk factors are constructed based on existing rules. Through an in-depth analysis of the networks’ topology and statistics properties, this study reveals that HI risk networks follow a power-law distribution, attesting to the non-random nature of risks. The proposed approach is applied to analyze HI risks during COVID-19 outbreak in a tertiary hospital in Wuhan. Results show that the method can successfully reveal the coupling of risks and identify key risks of HI. Effective responses can be undertaken in advance to prevent identified HI risks, thereby providing valuable guidance for future hospital management.

Risk Factors of Nosocomial Infection in 383 Children with Hypospadias after Operation and Nursing Countermeasures

Objective To explore the main risk factors of hospital infection in children with hypospadias after operation and to formulate targeted nursing measures so as to provide accurate nursing strategies for effective prevention and control of hospital infection after operation. Methods Totally 383 children who underwent hypospadias surgery in the hospital from January 2016 to December 2017 were selected as the research objects. The clinical data of all cases were reviewed and sorted out. The hospital infection rate, infection site and main risk factors of hospital infection after operation were analyzed to formulate prevention strategies. Results 71 of 383 children suffered from hospital infection, and the incidence rate of hospital infection was 18.5%.The distribution of infection sites was: respiratory tract infection in 30 cases, accounting for 42.25%;Urinary tract infection was found in 25 cases (35.21%). Incision infection was found in 14 cases (19.72%).Gastrointestinal infection occurred in 2 cases (2.82%). Logistic multivariate analysis showed that age, length of hospital stay after operation were closely related to hospital infection. Conclusions The major risk factors for postoperative nosocomial infection in children with hypospadias are age and postoperative hospital stay.Nursing measures: The hospital stay of children after operation can be shortened as much as possible by reminding and standardizing the routine maintenance of urinary catheter and strengthening the cooperation between doctors and nurses through charts. Strict implementation of visiting and accompanying system, good environmental control, strengthening hand hygiene, standardization of preoperative skin preparation and other nursing measures are adopted to protect children to the greatest extent. Key words: Children after operation; Hypospadias; Hospital infection; Risk factors; Nursing countermeasures

Analysis of pathogenic bacteria and risk factors in emergency patients with cerebral apoplexy

Objective: To investigate pathogen and risk factors of hospital infection in emergency patients with stroke. Methods: The clinical data of 412 patients with acute stroke in the emergency from August of 2015 to March of 2017 were analysed to analyse main risk factors. Results: Among 412 patients with acute stroke, 53 cases were hospital-acquired with an infection rate of 12.86%, of which gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria and fungi took a great proportion among infectious pathogens. Analysis of influence of risk factors for learned that emergency the influence factors of stroke patients hospital infection rates are high for: age 65 or higher, invasive operation, mechanical ventilation, diabetes, strength grade 3 or below level 3, the prophylactic use of antibiotics, etc. (P<0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of hospital infection in patients with acute stroke was high, especially in patients with hemorrhagic cerebral apoplexy. We should enhance the cerebrovascular disease of primary and secondary prevention measures, reduce the risks of stroke, and intensify efforts to control the risk factors. For risk factors, clinical workers should strictly control the use of antimicrobial agents, as far as possible to decrease the frequency of using various invasive operations and catheter indwelling time, in order to reduce the incidence of hospital infection.

Effects of cleaning and disinfection of thermoplastic masks on hospital infection in patients receiving precise radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Objective To investigate the effects of cleaning and disinfection of thermoplastic masks on the hospital infection in patients receiving precise radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods A prospective study was performed among 102 patients receiving precise radiotherapy for NPC from 2013 and 2016, consisting of 18 patients with early-stage (I, Ⅱ) disease and 84 patients with advanced (Ⅲ, IV) disease. All patients were randomly divided into group A and group B using a random number table. For group A, the marker lines of thermoplastic masks were sandwiched by double plastic tapes; cleaning and disinfection plus ultraviolet (UV) disinfection were applied to the masks 1 h prior to radiotherapy and immediately after radiotherapy. For group B, only conventional UV disinfection was applied to the masks. The surface of the masks was examined and hospital infection during radiotherapy was evaluated. Results At the 18th radiotherapy, group A had a significantly lower mask surface colony count than group B (7.90±6.50 vs. 139.05±129.29 CFU/cm2,P=0.000). Group A also had a significantly lower incidence of hospital infection than group B (72.5% vs. 88.2%, P=0.046). For the patients with early stage NPC, particularly, there was no significant difference in the incidence of infection between the two groups (55.6% vs. 66.7%, P=0.629). For patients with advanced NPC, group A had a significantly lower incidence of infection than group B (76.2% vs. 92.9%, P=0.035). There were no significant differences in incidence rates of oral mucosal, skin, and respiratory system infections between the two groups (47.1% vs. 51.0%, P=0.692; 17.6% vs. 23.5%, P=0.463; 7.8% vs. 13.7%, P=0.338). In both groups A and B, the incidence of oral mucosal infection was significantly higher than the incidence rates of skin infection (P=0.001, 0.000) and respiratory system infection (P=0.004, 0.000). Conclusions Thermoplastic mask is one of the risk factors for hospital infection in patients receiving precise radiotherapy for NPC. Timely cleaning and disinfection plus UV disinfection can significantly reduce the surface colony count and the incidence of hospital infection in patients with NPC, particularly in those with advanced NPC receiving precise radiotherapy. The incidence of hospital infection is the highest in the oral mucosa, followed by the skin and the respiratory system. Key words: Thermoplastic mask; Cleaning disinfection; Hospital infection; Nasopharyngeal neoplasms/radiotherapy

Vascular System Infections: Characteristics, Risk Factors, Prevention Methods and Economic Impact

One of the main problems of modern medicine are infections. They can be divided into local and general (depending on infected tissues and/or organs) or hospital and community-acquired infections (depending on the location and source of infection). The occurrence of infection reduces the ability for quick recovery, and in case of complications the ability to continue professional activity. Bacteria can be present in the vascular system causing vein, artery, capillary infection or blood infection (bacteremia). The vascular system infection can be connected with medical procedures, type and chemical composition of used medical devices or biomaterials. The usage of central or peripheral venous catheters can increase the risk factor of vascular system infection. The main risk factors of hospital infection are: patient's condition, surgical procedure and hospital aseptic procedures. Improving the current state of knowledge of medical personnel and implementation of well-designed prevention procedures can contribute to reducing hospital infection factors. The technical quality of used medical devices (e.g. anti-bacterial coat on vascular prostheses) can also reduce the risk of infection. Raising awareness and educating the patient (e.g. with infected trophic ulcers) can be an important element of control and prevention of nosocomial and communityacquired infections. Medical literature containing procedures and descriptions of specific medical cases related to development process of infections was analysed. The literature confirms the significant magnitude of the problems associated with the vascular system infections.

Investigation on the risk factors of cesarean section maternal with hospital infection and preventive measures

Objective To observe the occurrence of nosocomial infection in maternal hospital cesarean delivery situation, analyze risk factors of hospital infection, and to explore the corresponding prevention measures. Methods The clinical data of 943 lying-in women with cesarean section were retrospectively analyzed.The conditions of hospital infection occurred were observed, the risk factors for nosocomial infection were analyzed. Results 73 cases occurred maternal hospital infection, the infection rate was 7.74%.The infection occurred at surgical site in 41 cases, 11 cases occurred in urogenital system, 6 cases occurred in the respiratory system, 10 cases occurred respectively in the digestive system, skin and nervous system.More than 2 times of cesarean delivery operation, too large age, with basic diseases, low medical staff operation proficiency, not using antibiotics, too long time of hospital stay, too long time of placing a urinary catheter were independent risk factors of hospital infection after cesarean section(OR=0.223, 0.670, 1.850, 6.062, 0.302, 2.190, 3.583, all P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence rate of hospital cesarean section maternal hospital infection are rising year by year, so the medical personnel should aim at the risk of infection factors, take corresponding prevention measures, so as to effectively reduce the incidence of infection. Key words: Cesarean section; Cross infection; Risk factors

Investigation and analysis of hospital infections in patients with cleft lip and palate after repair operation

Objective To investigate the risk factors of hospital infection in patients with cleft lip and palate after repair operation and provide evidence for controlling it.Methods The data of 235 patients with deft lip and palate after repair operation from May 2007to May 2010 were collected to analyze retrospectively.Results The occurrence of hospital infection was 19.57%.The main infection sites were respiratory,incision and gastrointestinal tract.The major pathogens were staphylococcus aureus,pseudomonas aeruginosa and escherichia coli.The hospital infection rate had an increasing trend as hospitalization duration extending.Conclusions The hospital infection in patients with cleft lip and palate after repair operation is related to age,hospitalization duration and postoperative time.Some measures,for example,intra-operative aseptic operation,postoperative drainage tube unblocked and rational use of antibiotics are important to control hospital infection. Key words: Cleft lip and palate repair operation; Hospital infections; Investigation and analysis

Analsis on the risk factor of hospital infection for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective To explore the risk factors of hospital infection for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage ( HIGH). Methods 408 patients from Department of Neurology whose length of stay equaled or exceeded 72 hours and who fitted in with the criterion for the diagnosis of hospital infection were chosen as the HICH infection group while HICH patients without hospital served as the control group. The risk factors for HICH were studied by means of both single factor analysis and multifactor analysis. Results Of more than 30 possible risk factors that were studied by means of single factors analysis, more than 20 manifested marked difference (P < 0.05). Uncondition Logistic regression analysis of the more than 20 variables indicated that rise of inhalation of food resulting from indwelling, stomach tube,kinds of antibiotics used,spray inhalation and fasting blood-glucose,accidental were the risk factors of HICH infection. Conclusion HICH infection results from the synergetic action of various factors and hospital infection could be controlled and reduced by strengthening supervision. Key words: Intracranial hemorrhage,hypertensive; Hospital infection; Danger element

Nonincreased risk of nosocomial infection during a 22-day housekeeping personnel strike in a tertiary hospital.

From April 2-23, 1992, the housekeeping staff of the University of Granada Hospital was on strike. Measures were implemented to minimize the effects of the strike on patients' health and especially to diminish the risk of hospital infection. To assess the risk of nosocomial infection during the housekeeping personnel strike. An 800-bed, tertiary care hospital. A case-cohort approach was used. One hundred forty-eight infected patients (with 184 hospital infections) were detected prospectively from March 1, 1992, to May 31, 1992. A sample of 459 of the base population (patients admitted during the same period) was selected. Information on relevant risk factors for hospital infection was abstracted from patients' clinical charts after hospital discharge. Crude odds ratios and adjusted (by proportional hazards model) relative risks (RRs) for the strike period were estimated. Risk of nosocomial infection did not increase during the strike period (multiple-risk factor adjusted RR = 0.99, 0.96 to 1.01/day of strike). Similar results were observed for major sites of infection (especially surgical wound) and major areas of the hospital (including gynecology, surgery, and intensive care). We concluded that there was no increase in the risk of nosocomial infection during the housekeeping strike.

Hospital stay length as an effect modifier of other risk factors for nosocomial infection

This paper addresses the problem of hospital stay length as a risk factor for nosocomial infection and as a modifier of the effect of other risk factors for hospital infection. Patients were selected form two cross-sectional studies done in two different seasons of 1986. Risk of infection rose fairly steadily as hospital stay length increased (correlation coefficient: 0.83, p less than 0.01). Several risk factors (operation, underlying disease, and age) were analyzed on the basis of 1) raw data and 2) data stratified by length of stay. The results showed that hospital stay length is a strong modifier of the remaining risk factors, generally reducing, their effect on the development of hospital infection as length of stay increases.

Utilización de la densidad de incidencia, en la valoración de faciores de riesgo de la infección nosocomial

Several authors have suggested that incidence density should be used in studying nosocomial infection. We assess several risk factors for hospital infection by two ratios, the incidence density ratio (IDR) and the relative risk (RR), in an historical cohort of 843 patients. The variables analyzed were: operation, its length, type of surgical wound, severity of underlying disease, and age. The IDR figures were always lower than those yielded by the RR. For example, the IDR for operated patients was 2.78, whereas RR yielded a figure of 6.46, or the IDR for patients greater than 60 years old was 0.96, whereas the RR achieved a significant value of 1.67. This suggests that the use of IDR to analyze risk factors for nosocomial infection improves comparability of results obtained in different hospital settings. Also, it may allow a more exact quantification of an effect. These facts influence implementation of nosocomial infection control measures.