Risk Factors In Postmenopausal Women Research Articles

Impact of meal fatty acid composition on postprandial lipaemia, vascular function and blood pressure in postmenopausal women.

CVD are the leading cause of death in women globally, with ageing associated with progressive endothelial dysfunction and increased CVD risk. Natural menopause is characterised by raised non-fasting TAG concentrations and impairment of vascular function compared with premenopausal women. However, the mechanisms underlying the increased CVD risk after women have transitioned through the menopause are unclear. Dietary fat is an important modifiable risk factor relating to both postprandial lipaemia and vascular reactivity. Meals rich in SFA and MUFA are often associated with greater postprandial TAG responses compared with those containing n-6 PUFA, but studies comparing their effects on vascular function during the postprandial phase are limited, particularly in postmenopausal women. The present review aimed to evaluate the acute effects of test meals rich in SFA, MUFA and n-6 PUFA on postprandial lipaemia, vascular reactivity and other CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women. The systematic search of the literature identified 778 publications. The impact of fat-rich meals on postprandial lipaemia was reported in seven relevant studies, of which meal fat composition was compared in one study described in three papers. An additional study determined the impact of a high-fat meal on vascular reactivity. Although moderately consistent evidence suggests detrimental effects of high-fat meals on postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal (than premenopausal) women, there is insufficient evidence to establish the impact of meals of differing fat composition. Furthermore, there is no robust evidence to conclude the effect of meal fatty acids on vascular function or blood pressure. In conclusion, there is an urgent requirement for suitably powered robust randomised controlled trials to investigate the impact of meal fat composition on postprandial novel and established CVD risk markers in postmenopausal women, an understudied population at increased cardiometabolic risk.

Effect of 6 months of aerobic training on adipokines as breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial.

Physical activity has been introduced as an inexpensive and effective behavior to reduce postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Decreased concentrations of adipokines such as leptin and resistin may be a possible mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 6 months of aerobic training on leptin and resistin levels in postmenopausal women. The study participants were 50-74 years old, sedentary and postmenopausal women. Forty-one women met the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the training (n = 22) or the control group (n = 19). Participants in intervention group engaged in a moderate supervised aerobic training, 3 days per week for 6 months, while controls were asked not to change their physical activity levels for the duration of the trial. Plasma concentrations of leptin and resistin, aerobic fitness, and anthropometric measures were assessed at baseline and after 6 months. Twenty-seven out of 41 participants completed the study. Plasma leptin decreased by 0.6% in exercisers and increased by 8.2% in controls; however, the exercise effect was not statistically significant. Plasma concentrations of resistin also decreased by 16.1% and 15.1% in exercise and control group, respectively. Aerobic fitness increased, and body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly in the intervention group. The exercise intervention did not have a statistically significant impact on the concentrations of the adipokines in question; however, this long-term aerobic training reduced BMI and body fat percentage and enhanced aerobic fitness. Thus, exercise programs can be considered as an effective behavioral modification in breast cancer prevention.

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-sectional Prospective Study

Background: Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is rare in premenopausal women; the incidence steeply increases after menopause. Unresolved issue remains if these changes are caused rather by chronological aging or by menopause accompanied by decrease in the estrogen concentration. Methods: This study was conducted during the period of 2 year in one of the rural health centre in Sothern India. This is observational, cross-sectional prospective study. a total of 400 consecutive postmenopausal women (cessation of menstruation for 1 year) were recruited. Results: Mean age at menopause was 48.25 years, mean number of menopausal symptoms was 8.97 ± 3.68, and mean duration since menopause was (MDSM = 3.10 years). Fatigue, lack of energy (80%), cold hand and feet, rheumatology-related symptoms (70%) cold sweats, weight gain, irritability and nervousness (60%), palpitation of heart, excitable/anxiety (40%) each were common complaints. Hypertension was diagnosed or a person was a known hypertensive (72%). Diabetes was diagnosed, or a person was known diabetic in 37%. BMI 25 kg/m2 in 65%. Truncal obesity with WHR > 0.8 in 59% females, whereas abdominal obesity with waist size >88 cm was in 54% women. Conclusions: In postmenopausal women from rural areas high prevalence of most of the conventional CVRFs, especially diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, and other risk factors.

Cross-sectional study of the ankle–brachial index and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women

The incidence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and cardiovascular (CV) events in the female population has been on the increase. To analyse the risk factors of a CV event and PAD in women and to assess the usefulness of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). Evaluation of selected parameters in a cohort of 365 women living in the same district. The following data were prospectively recorded: weight, height, waist size, hip circumference, smoking, the intima-media complex, ABI value, and laboratory results. PAD symptoms, CV events and neurological events were noted. ABI was analysed assuming pathology for values: ≤ 0.9 or ≤ 1.0. Age, plasma glucose level, atrial fibrillation, and nicotine addiction were correlated independently with CV disease and stroke (p < 0.001). The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, height, and systolic blood pressure were correlated independently with ABI values (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the occurrence of a CV event in the past and the ABI, irrespective of the cut-off point for the reference value (p = NS). There is no evidence that stricter criteria for the assessment of ABI better represent the vascular status in the female population.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PILATES AND CAMELLIA SINENSIS SUPPLEMENTATION ON CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK FACTORS AND REDOX MARKERS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN: A PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, RANDOMIZED TRIAL

Objective: To verify the effectiveness of Pilates and Camellia sinensis extract (CSE) supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors and redox markers in postmenopausal women. Design: A placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Setting: community-dwelling postmenopausal women without disability. Participants: fifty postmenopausal women volunteers with cardiometabolic risk factors (high waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL-c, glucose and blood pressure). The volunteers participants were randomized in four groups: Pilates+CSE (14); Pilates+Placebo (11); CSE (11); and Placebo (14). Intervention: the CSE and Pilates+CSE intervention groups consumed one 500mg CSE capsule with excipient per day for 24 weeks. The Placebo group consumed one capsule with a placebo excipient per day for 24 weeks. Pilates training was performed twice weekly for 60 minutes each time, over 24 weeks. Measurements: cardiometabolic risk factors (glucose, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins-HDL-c) and oxidative metabolism markers (advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), nitrosative stress marker (NOx), ischemia modified albumin (IMA). Results: When baseline variables were adjusted, the WC of the Pilates + CSE was significantly lower than that of the CSE and Placebo groups after the intervention (p&lt;0,001).The triglycerides levels of the Pilates + CSE and Pilates + Placebo groups were significantly lower than those of the Placebo group (p= 0,010) . The glucose levels of the Pilates + CSE group were significantly lower than those of the Placebo group (p= 0,041). Whitin-group pre and post intervention comparison showed that Pilates+CSE group presented the best effect in some cardiometabolic risk factors, with significant reductions in tree cardiometabolic risk factor: waist circumference, triglycerides, glucose and FRAP (P=0.003, P&lt;0.001, P=0.021 and P=0.041, respectively). The Pilates+Placebo group was found to be effective in reducing triglycerides (P=0.002), while the CSE group presented increased post-intervention NOx levels (p= 0.009). Conclusion: Our results suggest that Pilates and Camellia sinensis extract intervention may help to reduce some cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women.

Hypovitaminosis D and Its Associated Factors in North Algerian Postmenopausal Women: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose As the vitamin D status of Algerian postmenopausal women was poorly described, this cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of low vitamin D status in a sample population. Secondarily, predictive factors of this hypovitaminosis D were explored. Methods All the 336 selected women ≥ 45 years from Douera were interviewed to get anthropometric and lifestyle data, reproductive and medical history, medications, and calcium/vitamin D intakes. A blood sample was collected to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. Results Approximately 86% of subjects had low vitamin D status (<20 ng/mL). Mean 25(OH)D level was 14.4 ± 5.3 ng/mL with a clear seasonal dynamic and a significant negative correlation with PTH levels (r = −0.15, p=0.006). A multiple regression analysis using the 25(OH)D cutoff value of 17 ng/mL instead of the generally admitted level of 20 ng/mL was performed to increase statistical power. Other seasons than summer (OR 4.159 and 95% CI 2.456–7.043), obesity (≥30 kg/m2, OR 1.826, 95% CI 1.081–3.083), and veiling (OR 3.526, 95% CI 1.090–11.400) were significantly associated with 25(OH)D concentrations <17 ng/mL. Conclusions In North Algeria, the abundant sunlight appears insufficient to fully offset hypovitaminosis D risk factors in postmenopausal women, especially obesity and veiling. It suggests the major need to increase vitamin D supplementation in this subpopulation.

Osteoporosis-related knowledge among Serbian postmenopausal women

Background/Aim. Osteoporosis mainly affects women in the early years following menopause. The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge about osteoporosis and osteoporosis related risk factors in postmenopausal women in Serbia. Methods. The study included postmenopausal women regardless if suffering from osteoporosis or not. Assessment of knowledge was carried out by using the Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool - Shorter Version (OKAT-S) questionnaire that was validated for Serbian population. Answers to the 9 questions were coded as 1 -true, or 0 - false or ?do not know?. Also, the following risk factors data for osteoporosis were collected: age, the onset and duration of menopause, body mass index (BMI), data on fractures, the incidence of falls, smoking, lifestyle (active, sedentary), regular sunbathing, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, intake of milk and dairy products. Results. A total of 132 postmenopausal women responded to the questionnaire with the response rate of 90.41%. Their knowledge varied from 27.94% to 74.26% of the correct answers, with the average OKAT-S score of 4.5 (SD = 2.55), which was 50% of the maximum possible score. Only 2 participants (1.47%) filled the all OKAT-S items correctly, while 11 (8.09%) of them did not have the proper answer to any question. A reduced bone density (T-score below -1) was registered in 40.91% of the women, previous fractures in 49 (34.51%), and more or less 3 falls registered in 9.59% or 4.79%, respectively. Conclusion. The Serbian version of the questionnaire OKAT-S revealed generally poor knowledge on osteoporosis among postmenopausal women in Serbia. Developing effective interventions and public health programms could be helpful in general education towards understanding osteoporosis and risk factors. Promotion of preventive measures and healthy behaviour may prevent or at least slow down the accelerated bone loss in postmenopausal women.

Longtime napping is associated with cardiovascular risk estimation according to Framingham risk score in postmenopausal women.

Menopause can affect the physiological timing system, which could result in circadian rhythm changes and development of napping habits. Whether longtime napping in postmenopausal women is associated with cardiovascular disease is, however, still debated. The present study aims to investigate this association. We conducted a population-based study in 4,616 postmenopausal Chinese women. Information on sleep duration was self-reported. The Framingham General Cardiovascular Risk Score was calculated and used to identify participants at high risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Increased daytime napping hours were positively associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women, such as age, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose, postload glucose, and hemoglobin A1C (all P for trend <0.05). The prevalence of high risk of CHD increased with daytime napping hours, and was 3.7%, 4.3%, and 6.9% in the no daytime napping group, the 0.1 to 1 hour group, and the more than 1 hour group, respectively (P for trend = 0.005). Compared with the no daytime napping group, postmenopausal women with daytime napping more than 1 hour had higher risk of CHD in both univariate (odds ratio 1.94, 95% CI, 1.29-2.95) and multivariate (odds ratio 1.61, 95% CI, 1.03-2.52) logistic regression analyses. No statistically significant association was detected between night sleeping hours and high risk of CHD in postmenopausal participants. Daytime napping is positively associated with estimated 10-year CHD risk in postmenopausal Chinese women.

Adherence to a Mediterranean-Style Diet and Its Influence on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women

BackgroundA Mediterranean-style diet (MedSD) is associated with positive health outcomes, particularly reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. It is of interest to assess the feasibility of adherence to a MedSD in a subset of older adults in the United States. ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of implementing a MedSD intervention in a subset of postmenopausal women living in the United States, and to detect the influence of this dietary pattern on blood lipid levels. DesignA partial feeding, nutrition counseling, pilot study with a one-group longitudinal design. ParticipantsSixteen healthy, postmenopausal, American women living in suburban communities in Farmington, CT, with a mean±standard deviation age of 77±6.8 years and a body mass index of 26.1±3.1. InterventionParticipants were counseled by a registered dietitian nutritionist on how to follow a MedSD, which included increased sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fruits, and vegetables, and decreased saturated fat, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and simple sugars for 12 weeks. To maintain isocaloric conditions, participants were asked to substitute sources of saturated fat and refined carbohydrates for extra virgin olive oil (3 T/day), walnuts (1.5 oz/day), and fatty fish (3 to 5 servings/wk), which were provided at 3-week intervals. Main outcome measuresDietary adherence measures included the Mediterranean Diet Score, 3-day diet records, and serum fatty acid and lipid profiles. Statistical analysesMixed model longitudinal analyses were conducted to assess changes over time (Weeks 0, 12, and 24) in the outcome variables. ResultsMediterranean Diet Score increased by 8.9 points (P<0.001) after the MedSD phase. Dietary sugar decreased by 10.8 g (P<0.05), total dietary n-3 increased by 1.6 g (P<0.01), total dietary n-6 increased by 5.5 g (P<0.01), and dietary n-6:n3 ratio decreased by 3.6 units (P<0.01). In serum, 22:6 (n-3), 20:5 (n-3), and 18:3 (n-3) increased (P<0.001, P<0.01, and P<0.001, respectively), and 14:0, 16:0, 17:0, 20:4 (n-6), 22:4 (n-6) declined after the intervention (P<0.01, P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.01, and P<0.001, respectively), which support a change in dietary intake toward a MedSD. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased by 3.8 mg/dL (0.098 mmol/L) (P<0.05) and serum triglyceride levels decreased by 11.6 mg/dL (0.131 mmol/L) (P<0.10). ConclusionsA pilot study of a 12-week MedSD intervention with counseling from a registered dietitian nutritionist can favorably influence the dietary pattern and lipid profile of postmenopausal women living in the United States.

Effect of Six Months of Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha as Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Increased physical activity is associated with a reduction in the risk of breast cancer; however, the exact mechanism of the reduction is not yet completely known. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of six months of aerobic exercise on the plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels as breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women. Patients and Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial. We randomly assigned 41 postmenopausal, sedentary women aged 50 to 74 to either an exercise or a control group. The intervention involved facility-based aerobic exercise (three days/week, at 70 - 80% of the maximum heart rate, for six months). Results: Twenty-seven women completed the study. The plasma IL-6 level decreased by 21.3% in the exercisers and by 6.9% in the controls, and the intervention effect was significant (P = 0.001). The plasma TNF-α level decreased by 17.1% and 10.8% in the exercisers and controls, respectively, although the effect of exercise was not statistically significant (P = 0.28). Overall, long-term aerobic exercise may result in a decreased IL-6 concentration. Conclusions: We suggest that regular aerobic exercise can favorably alter the inflammatory profile, which is a known risk factor in breast cancer development, in postmenopausal women.

Heart Disease in Women: Unappreciated Challenges, GPER as a New Target.

Heart disease in women remains underappreciated, underdiagnosed and undertreated. Further, although we are starting to understand some of the social and behavioral determinants for this, the biological basis for the increased rate of rise in atherosclerosis risk in women after menopause remains very poorly understand. In this review we will outline the scope of the clinical issues related to heart disease in women, the emerging findings regarding the biological basis underlying the increased prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors in postmenopausal women (vs. men) and the role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and its genetic regulation as a determinant of these sex-specific risks. GPER is a recently appreciated GPCR that mediates the rapid effects of estrogen and aldosterone. Recent studies have identified that GPER activation regulates both blood pressure. We have shown that regulation of GPER function via expression of a hypofunctional GPER genetic variant is an important determinant of blood pressure and risk of hypertension in women. Further, our most recent studies have identified that GPER activation is an important regulator of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor metabolism and that expression of the hypofunctional GPER genetic variant is an important contributor to the development of hypercholesterolemia in women. GPER appears to be an important determinant of the two major risk factors for coronary artery disease-blood pressure and LDL cholesterol. Further, the importance of this mechanism appears to be greater in women. Thus, the appreciation of the role of GPER function as a determinant of the progression of atherosclerotic disease may be important both in our understanding of cardiometabolic function but also in opening the way to greater appreciation of the sex-specific regulation of atherosclerotic risk factors.

Dried Plum Consumption Improves Antioxidant Capacity and Reduces Inflammation in Postmenopausal Women

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and menopause significantly raises risk in women. Abnormal blood lipids, inflammation and oxidative stress play significant roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease development. Dried plums contain bioactive components that have demonstrated antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects and therefore may be beneficial in reducing CVD risk. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dried plum consumption on lipid profiles, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and inflammation in postmenopausal women. Another goal was to determine if a moderate dose of 50 g/day is equally effective to a high dose (100 g/day). A 6‐month controlled clinical trial was conducted in which 48 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to consume 0, 50 or 100 g of dried plum each day. Serum lipid profiles, antioxidant capacity, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory biomarkers and liver function enzyme activities were analyzed at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of intervention. No significant differences in outcome variables were detected between the 50 g and 100 g dried plum groups at any time point, so data from the two dried plum groups were combined. At 3 and 6 months, total cholesterol (p=0.037), lipid peroxidation (p=0.031) and interleukin‐6 (p=0.046) were significantly lower in the combined dried plum group compared to the control group. Total antioxidant capacity (p=0.036), superoxide dismutase (p=0.038) and catalase (p=0.05) activities were significantly greater after dried plum consumption at 3 and 6 months compared to the control group. Additionally, serum levels of the liver function enzymes alanine transaminase (p=0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p=0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (p=0.038) and creatine kinase (p=0.044) were significantly lower at 3 and 6 months in the dried plum groups than the control group. These findings indicate that consumption of 50–100 g of dried plum per day improves CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women as exhibited by lower total cholesterol, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers.Support or Funding InformationThe study was funded by San Diego State University, the Kasch‐Boyer Endowed Scholarship in Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, and the California Dried Plum Board.

Oxidative stress in post menopausal women with cardiovascular risk factors

Background: Menopause is a normal occurrence in the life of every woman. As the life expectancy of woman all over the world now increases, a woman has to spend almost 1/3rd of her life in menopause years. Along with the increase in life expectancy the cardiovascular disease is increasing. Objectives: To study the association between oxidative stress and various cardiovascular risk factors in post-menopausal women. Methods: 50 postmenopausal women with cardiovascular risk factors like hyperglycemia, hypertension, high Body Mass Index and Hyperlipidaemia were selected as cases and compared with 50 age matched apparently healthy controls. Malon-di-aldehyde (MDA) was taken as the marker for oxidative stress and vitamin E & vitamin C were taken to assess antioxidant status. Student’s t-test was applied to compare different parameters between the groups and Pearson’s correlation was applied to see the correlation with different parameters in the case group. Results: It was found that MDA values in postmenopausal women with cardiovascular risk factors were significantly higher as compared to the post menopausal women without cardiovascular risk factors (p < 0.001). There is significant decrease in vitamin E and C values in cases (p is < 0.001 and < 0.01 respectively). Comparing the various oxidative markers in cases and control it was found that MDA values have a significant negative correlation with vitamin E and C (r= -0.4 and r= -0.7 respectively). Whereas correlation between changes in Vitamin E and vitamin C was positive but not significant (r= +0.2, p ˃0.05). Conclusion: Antioxidant medication and other measures can be adopted to reduce oxidative stress in post menopausal women with cardiovascular risk factors and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. Key words: Menopause, Malon-di-aldehyde (MDA), Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Cardiovascular risk factors

Bone mineral density and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease.

It has been suggested that osteoporosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) have overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms and related risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between several traditional cardiovascular risk factors and measures of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with and without clinically significant CAD defined angiographically. A case-control study was undertaken of 180 postmenopausal women (aged between 48 and 88 years) who were recruited from King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Study subjects underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and coronary angiography. The presence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking and physical activity was identified from clinical examination and history. Demographic, anthropometric and biochemical characteristics were measured. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to explore the relationships between cardiovascular risk factors, including BMD, and the presence of CAD. CAD patients were more likely to have a lower BMD and T-score at the femoral neck than those without CAD (P<0.05). Significant differences were found between the groups for fasting lipid profile, fasting blood glucose and anthropometric measures (P<0.05). Conditional logistic regression showed that 3 risk factors were significantly related with the presence of CAD: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (odds ratio, OR: 0.226, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.062-0.826), fasting plasma glucose (OR: 1.154, 95% CI: 1.042-1.278) and femoral neck T-score (OR: 0.545, 95% CI: 0.374-0.794). This study suggests an association of low BMD and elevated CAD risk. Nevertheless, additional longitudinal studies are needed to determine the temporal sequence of this association.

Abstract 16746: Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes After Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: Results From the Women’s Health Initiative

Introduction: A growing population of older breast cancer (BC) survivors may be at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Pre-existing CVD risk factors may impact on subsequent development of CVD after BC among postmenopausal women. Objectives: (1) To describe baseline CVD risk factors among postmenopausal women with and without BC prior to diagnosis of BC; and (2) To examine independent associations of BC with individual and composite CVD events (i.e., the first occurrence of coronary heart disease [CHD], angina, coronary revascularization, congestive heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke) and mortality outcomes (i.e., all-cause, CVD, and CHD death) after BC adjusting for baseline characteristics and CVD risk factors. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 101,916 women in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) (including 4,340 women with invasive BC) aged 50-79 years without CVD at baseline (1993-1998) through December 2010. Over a period of 10 years after BC, CVD morbidity and mortality outcomes were identified and age-adjusted rates per 1,000 person-years and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from Cox models were determined for women who did and did not develop BC. Results: Regardless of BC status, baseline CVD risk factors prior to BC, such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, were strong predictors of CVD outcomes in postmenopausal women. Multivariable Cox models revealed that women who developed BC (n = 4,340) had a similar risk of composite CVD (HR = 0.91, 95% CI, 0.82-1.02), but a higher risk of CHD (HR=1.33, 95% CI, 1.12-1.58), compared with women without BC (n = 97,576). Women aged 70-79 and on hormonal therapy at the WHI entry with localized BC during follow-up period had the highest CHD death rate. The results were similar after excluding women with baseline cancer at the WHI study entry. Conclusions: These results emphasize the great need for identification and timely management of pre-existing CVD risk factors for postmenopausal women with BC. CVD accounts for almost as many deaths as BC among women with localized disease, indicating that improved effort to prevent and treat CVD risk factors could improve survival of postmenopausal BC survivors.

Hyperuricemia is independently associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in post-menopausal women but not in pre-menopausal women in rural Northeast China

The aim of this article is to estimate the relationship between hyperuricemia and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and to investigate whether menopause was associated with the relationship between hyperuricemia and LVH. This survey was conducted from July 2012 to August 2013. A total of 6029 women (3508, 58.2% were post-menopause) from the rural Northeast China were randomly selected and examined. LVH was defined using the 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Age, body mass index, glucose, estimated glomerular filtration rate and lipid level were significantly correlated with serum uric acid level. LVH showed a gradual increase in accordance with the serum uric acid level in entire study population (<4.0 mg/dL, 11.4%; 4 to <5 mg/dL, 14.9%; 5 to <6 mg/dL, 18.9%; ≥6 mg/dL, 27.4%; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that hyperuricemia was a significantly independent risk factor for LVH in post-menopausal women [OR (95% CI): 1.367 (1.026, 1.821)], but not in pre-menopausal women [OR (95% CI): 1.290 (0.669, 2.486)]. These findings suggested that hyperuricemia can be used as a risk marker of LVH in a female population and, in particular, as an independent risk factor in post-menopausal women but not in pre-menopausal women.

METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS COMPONENTS IN SPANISH POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN.

this study aimed to estimate prevalence of metabolic syndrome and all its components to know the cardiovascular risk and metabolic control of the main risk factors in postmenopausal women aged over 45 years in the province of Cuenca (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain). in this cross-sectional study, we randomly selected 716 postmenopausal women from 3,108 women aged over 45. Metabolic syndrome was identified according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Cardiovascular risk was calculated by the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation ( < 65 years). The American Diabetes Association´s standards of medical care in diabetes were used to estimate metabolic control. The statistical analysis was done with SPPS.19 RESULTS: prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 61.7% (95%CI: 56.9-66.4). Prevalence of each component was: high blood pressure: 95.8% (95%CI: 95.7-95.8), abdominal obesity: 91% (95%CI: 90.9-91.0), low high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDLc) levels: 70% (95%CI: 69.8-69.9), high triglyceride levels: 56.9% (95%CI: 56.4- 56.9), high glucose levels: 54.3% (95%CI: 54.2-54.3). Cardiovascular risk was moderate until 65 years, but was high after this age. Metabolic control in postmenopausal women was very good for glucose, bad for systolic blood pressure and worse for lipid levels. Bad blood pressure control was associated with being over 65 years, being hypertensive and taking treatment for diabetes, but it reduced when being physically limited to do moderate exercise and anxiety increased. prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women in the province of Cuenca is the highest in Spain. High blood pressure and abdominal obesity are the commonest components. Cardiovascular risk was moderate-high in postmenopausal women, but systolic blood pressure and lipid profile were unsatisfactorily controlled. Early intervention is necessary to achieve a better risk profile.

PP.16.36

Objective: To quantify how a structured exercise program modifies the quality of life, eating habits and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. Design and method: Intervention study, prospective, of three months. 66 postmenopausal women were included. On a first visit were asked general analysis that included: complete blood count, liver function, lipid profile, blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. They were also determined the body mass index, blood pressure, cardiovascular risk by Framingham method, food questionnaire and specific of quality of life for menopause. After this visit, the phase of intervention on dietary habits and physical exercise. At the end of the study a new visit, similar to the initial was performed to evaluate the improvement after the interventions. Results: The mean of age was 56 ± 2.6 years and body mass index (BMI) 36 ± 2.6 kg/m2. Following the implementation of the intervention program reduces the weight (4.4 kg) and BMI (1.83 kg / m2) (p < 0.05). A decrease in SBP (p < 0.05) was also observed. The HbA1c fell by 0.19%, both with p < 0.05. The lipid profile follows a similar behavior, with decrease of 8 mg / dl in LDL cholesterol (p < 0.05). The cardiovascular risk according to the Framingham method decreases by 3% after intervention (p < 0.05). Quality of life improvement in all analyzed, vasomotor, psychosocial, physical and sexual areas. Before starting the diet program, 22% of women consumed industrial bakery of 3–5 times per week, 37% consumed at least once a week, and only 10% do not consumed. Instead, at the end of the program 47% of women did not consume industrial bakery and 37% did so less than once per week (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The application of a structured exercise program improves the quality of life and cardiovascular parameters related to the risk of the women studied.

LB01.12

Objective: This study aimed to estimate prevalence of metabolic syndrome and all its components to know the cardiovascular risk and metabolic control of the main risk factors in postmenopausal women aged over 45 years in the province of Cuenca (Castilla la Mancha, Spain). Design and method: In this cross-sectional study, we randomly selected 716 postmenopausal women from 3,108 women aged over 45. Metabolic syndrome was identified according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Cardiovascular risk was calculated by the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (< 65 years). The American Diabetes Association[Combining Acute Accent]s standards of medical care in diabetes were used to estimate metabolic control. The statistical analysis was done with SPPS.19 Results: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 61.7% (95%CI: 56.9–66.4). Prevalence of each component was: high blood pressure: 95.8% (95%CI: 95.7–95.8), abdominal obesity: 91% (95%CI: 90.9–91.0), low high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDLc) levels: 70% (95%CI: 69.8–69.9), high triglyceride levels: 56.9% (95%CI: 56.4–56.9), high glucose levels: 54.3% (95%CI: 54.2–54.3). Cardiovascular risk was moderate until 65 years, but was high after this age. Metabolic control in postmenopausal women was very good for glucose, bad for systolic blood pressure and worse for lipid levels. Bad blood pressure control was associated with being over 65 years, being hypertensive and taking treatment for diabetes, but it reduced when being physically limited to do moderate exercise and anxiety increased. Conclusions: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women in the province of Cuenca is the highest in Spain. High blood pressure and abdominal obesity are the commonest components. Cardiovascular risk was moderate-high in postmenopausal women, but systolic blood pressure and lipid profile were unsatisfactorily controlled. Early intervention is necessary to achieve a better risk profile.

Study of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND: Various studies throughout the world have documented higher prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and CV risk factors in postmenopausal women. Abdominal obesity, a key component of metabolic syndrome is quite prevalent in South Asian women. However, studies that have investigated the effect of menopause on the health status of Nepalese women is lacking. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in TUTH, Kathmandu Nepal. Forty five each premenopausal and postmenopausal (defined by cessation of menstruation for ≥12 months) women visiting the General Health Checkup Unit were enrolled as participants. Metabolic syndrome was defined by IDF criteria. BP, height, weight and WC were measured and BMI was calculated while fasting blood samples were analyzed for serum biochemical markers: FBG, lipid profile. RESULTS: This study found higher prevalence of MS in postmenopausal women (57.8%) in comparison to premenopausal women (20%). 13.3% were diabetic, 23.3% were hypertensive, 82.2% had abdominal obesity (WC&gt;80 cm), 43.3% were overweight (BMI 25-29.99 Kg/m2) and 13.3 % were obese (BMI≥30 Kg/m2). WC, BMI and SBP were significantly higher in postmenopausal group. Among the biochemical markers, FBG, TC, LDL-C, TG were significantly higher whereas HDL-C was significantly lower in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. CONCLUSION: MS was highly prevalent in postmenopausal women. This is an indication of taking necessary preventive measures so that the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease can be minimized in the postmenopausal group. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/acclm.v1i1.12307 Ann. Clin. Chem. &amp; Lab. Med. 1(1) 2015: 6-11