Risk Factors In Female Patients Research Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Single Center Study of Female Patients with Osteoporotic Fracture

Background: The prevalence of osteoporotic fracture, its sociodemographic associations, and its associated complications among Bangladeshi women are little known. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines osteoporosis as a skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and a deterioration of the micro-architectural bones that causes reduced bone strength and an increased risk of fragility fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist. Objective: We determined the prevalence and risk factors according to fracture site and evaluated the associated risk factors in female patients with osteoporotic fractures. Methods: A cross‑sectional and community‑based study was conducted among the Bangladeshi females aged from 20‑65 years in Dhaka and Munshiganj. Between July 2020 and June 2021, we evaluated 50 patients who were diagnosed with hip (femoral neck or intertrochanteric), spine (vertebrae) or wrist (distal radius fractures) and who underwent surgery or conservative treatment. The assessment was conducted using questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS for Windows statistical package, version 24.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of each hospital, which waived informed consent. Results: In this study 41.5% (17/41) had hip fractures, 35% (14/40) had spine fractures, and 29.6% (8/27) had distal radius fractures. Body mass index (BMI; P=0.036) and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD; P=0.046) and rheumatoid arthritis (P=0.051) were significantly different between the groups. In multivariable analysis, BMI (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-1.05, P=0.098) and CKD (OR 2.51; 95% CI, 0.38-16.2; P=0.233) were associated with an increased risk of factors; however, this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In patients with osteoporotic fractures, this study evaluated the prevalence according to the fracture area and found associated risk factors.

Mental Stress and Multiple Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases with Regional Variations in Women of Urban and Rural Areas of Sindh, Pakistan

Introduction: The high prevalence of risk factors in women in developing countries of South Asia appears to have been translated into early and severe CHD in contrast to their counterpart in the first world nations, which has been related to obesity and insulin resistance and genetically determined increased lipoprotein Lp(a) levels. Mental stress due to urbanization, sedentary life style and physical inactivity may be the most important factor initiating obesity and the clustering of all other risk factors hypertension, dyslipidaemia and (WHR). These risk factors vary in different regions of South Asia. Aims and Objectives: Our aim of the study was to describe and analyse differences between the frequency of risk factors such as psychological stress due to, socio-economical aspects, life style especially physical activity, and health behaviours which may contribute in the course of CAD in women of both rural and urban areas of Pakistan because no such significant data is available in women with CAD. Study Design: This descriptive cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Cardiology Department of Dow University of Health and Sciences Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2014 to March 2016 by filling a questionnaire and laboratory data. The study group comprised female subjects around 577 (Urban 347 {60.1%} and Rural 230 {39.9%}) women ranged from 25-65 years of age who underwent coronary angiography and had definite coronary atherosclerotic diseases. Our study was conducted by examining the psychological stress in women of both areas and its strength of association with frequency of other risk factors in female patients of urban and rural areas with definite CHD taking account the difference in age and education level into account. Result: Analysis of this study conducted at department of Cardiology in Dow University Karachi from March 2014 to March 2017 revealed that the women of rural area were comparatively more physically active then women of urban area. Prevalence of mental stress, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, higher BMI, hyperlipidaemia (especially TC) waist and hip circumference of both areas were found to be different after adjustment made for age. A considerable association was found between psychological stress and other factors in ischemic heart disease patients showing the p-value (p=0.043). Psychological stress was found 82% in both groups and (13%) women had no stress rated as normal more in rural (26%) vs (04%) in urban population. Physical inactivity in women with CHD was found in 92% urban in contrast to 45% in rural population, (p=0.009). Hypertension prevalence was more in urban 253 in comparison to 151 women in rural area. Diabetes Mellitus was also found more in urban than rural population, especially in age below 50, 79 (23%) urban vs 60 (26%) in rural population. Women beyond 50 years of age, 85 (24%) urban vs 64 (27%) rural area had prevalence of obesity comparatively higher in urban residents 71 (20%) than 44(%) in rural dwellers and 32 (9%) urban vs 16 (7%) in rural women in age range below 50 years. Higher waist circumstance was observed more in urban residents (4.8 cm) whereas BMI was more (1.8 unit) in women of rural area than urban women. Prevalence of smoking and nicotine chewing was relatively higher in urban population in below 50 years of age with 30 (09%) urban vs 13 (05%) in rural women and in age beyond 50, 11 (03%) urban vs 10 (04%) in rural women was witnessed. Average total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and LDL were found to be higher in urban compared to rural area residents and HDL was comparatively lower in urban area group. Mean cholesterol level was seen at average of 353 mg% in urban vs 223 mg% in rural population. Serum cortisol level showed significant variation in urban group 19.1 vs 14.2 in rural group (sample, as well as serum fibrinogen was raised more raised in urban population). Conclusion: Our study shows increased prevalence of mental stress and physical inactivity in female residents of urban area leading to Higher blood pressure, DM, dyslipidaemia and central obesity specially in Waist circumference than rural area. The mental stress induced by excessive demands of work at home and at working place with too little control is not unique to women of urban areas.

Urinary incontinence frequency, type, severity, and risk factors in female patients undergoing physical rehabilitation: A single center experience

Aim: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a health problem with important psychological, hygienic, and socio-economic consequences. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency, severity, and risk factors of urinary incontinence in women.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the frequency and risk factors of UI in 62 women over the age of 18 who were referred to the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic between August 2019 and February 2020. The data, socio-demographic characteristics of the patients and the results of the Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) were analyzed.Results: The mean age of 62 patients included in the study was 57.2 (15.4) years, with the mean duration of symptoms of 7.6 (4.82) years. Stress UI, urge UI and mixed UI were present in 28 (45.2%), 13 (20.9%), and 21 (33.9%) patients, respectively. UI was detected more frequently in patients over 40 years of age (30.6%) than in patients between the ages of 18 and 40 (69.4%) years, in those who gave birth at least once (80.7%) compared to those who had never given birth (19.3%), and in patients with Body Mass Index (BMI) values over 25 kg/m2 than in patients with BMIs between 18.5-25.0 kg/m2 (72.5% vs. 22.5%, respectively).Conclusion: UI is an important health problem which negatively affects the quality of life of many women. Various socio-demographic and medical factors affect the frequency of urinary incontinence. Therefore, especially the elderly patient group should be informed of the treatability of this condition and be directed to a physician.

Acute Bioprosthetic Mitral Valve Thrombosis: An Unfortunate Collision of Prothrombotic Risk Factors

Subclinical and clinical thrombosis of bioprosthetic cardiac valves is more common than has been previously recognized. We present a unique case of acute thrombosis of a bioprosthetic mitral valve in a 40-year-old female patient undergoing hormonal stimulation as part of in vitro fertilization therapy, who also had concomitant protein C deficiency that was undiagnosed at the time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of acute bioprosthetic valve thrombosis in this complex thrombophilic milieu, and suggests the need for increased screening for prothrombotic risk factors in female patients with bioprosthetic valves before they commence gonadotropin stimulation therapy.

Incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a 3-year follow-up cohort.

Objectives To evaluate the incidence and variability of traditional coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors in a cohort of lupus patients and to investigate if prednisone use predicts an increase in the number of risk factors. Methods A total of 151 women, 37.8 ± 11.1 (mean ± SD) years old at baseline, were reevaluated after a median period of 39 (interquartile range 36.5-42.0) months. The cumulative incidence of traditional risk factors, the incidence rate (with 95% confidence interval) of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and the frequency of the risk factors' disappearance were calculated. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Framingham risk score (FRS) were computed. Logistic regression was used to investigate if maximum or cumulative prednisone dose used during follow-up predicted an increase in the cardiometabolic risk factors' number. Results The cumulative incidence of risk factors varied from 39.1% (abdominal obesity) to zero (smoking), and the incidence rate varied from 133.2 (87.8-178.6) per 1000 person-years (dyslipidemia) to 10.4 (1.3-19.5) per 1000 person-years (diabetes). The cumulative incidence for MetS was 18.8%, and 11.7% of 143 patients with low FRS at baseline (T1) were classified in the high-risk category at the end of the study (T2). Dyslipidemia was the most variable risk factor, with 43.5% disappearance at T2. The maximum prednisone dose used during follow-up was borderline ( p = 0.050) for prediction of an increase in the number of cardiometabolic risk factors in an adjusted model for antimalarial use, modified Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) and age. Conclusion The authors described high incidence and variability of CAD risk factors in female lupus patients, with higher prednisone dose being borderline for an increase in the number of cardiometabolic risk factors.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Sarcopenia in Female Patients with Osteoporotic Fracture.

BackgroundWe determined the prevalence of sarcopenia according to fracture site and evaluated the associated risk factors in female patients with osteoporotic fractures.MethodsA total of 108 patients aged 50 years or older with an osteoporotic fracture (hip, spine, or wrist) were enrolled in this retrospective observational study. A diagnosis of sarcopenia was confirmed using whole-body densitometry for skeletal muscle mass measurement. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for sarcopenia.ResultsOf 108 female patients treated for osteoporotic fractures between January 2016 and June 2017, sarcopenia was diagnosed in 39 (36.1%). Of these, 41.5% (17/41) had hip fractures, 35% (14/40) had spine fractures, and 29.6% (8/27) had distal radius fractures. Body mass index (BMI; P=0.036) and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD; P=0.046) and rheumatoid arthritis (P=0.051) were significantly different between the groups. In multivariable analysis, BMI (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–1.05, P=0.098) and CKD (OR 2.51; 95% CI, 0.38–16.2; P=0.233) were associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia; however, this was not statistically significant.ConclusionsThis study evaluated the prevalence of sarcopenia according to the fracture site and identified associated risk factors in patients with osteoporotic fractures. A longterm, observational study with a larger population is needed to validate our results.

Gallstones in Young Population and Its Complications

Background: Gallstone disease (GSD) is quite a prevalent condition. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and risk factors associated with gallstone disease in a younger age group and possible complications. Method: This is a prospective study which was conducted at Surgical Unit-I of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi from January 2015 and December 2016. 244 patients with cholelithiasis, confirmed by ultrasound examination, were interviewed and underwent physical examination and laboratory investigations. The risk factors considered were gender, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, family history of gallstone disease and diabetes mellitus, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI) and dyslipidemia. Results: 244 (48.13%) patients were under the age of 30 years, out of 507. There were 208 females (85.2%) and 36 males (14.8%) with a mean age of 26.2±2.98 years. All patients presented with symptomatic disease. BMI, dyslipidemia and socioeconomic status were associated with gallstone disease. No link was noted with familial diabetes and GSD status, pregnancies, or contraceptive use. Only family history of GSD and socioeconomic status were significant risk factors in female patients (p

Relationship between clinical types and related risk factors in female patients with post-adolescent acne

Objective To investigate the relationship between clinical types and related risk factors in female patients with post-adolescent acne. Methods Female outpatients with post-adolescent acne aged more than 25 years were enrolled from Department of Dermatology of Renji Hospital between January and October 2016. A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate related risk factors for post-adolescent acne in the females. Skin lesions and clinical types were evaluated by dermatologists. Statistical analysis was carried out by t test for comparison of means between two groups and by chi-square test for comparison of ratios. Results A total of 312 female patients with post-adolescent acne completed the survey, including 268 (85.9%) with mild to moderate acne and 44 (14.1%) with severe acne, 241 (77.2%) with persistent acne and 71 (22.8%) with late-onset acne, or 102 (32.7%) with comedonal post-adolescent acne (CPAA) and 210 (67.3%) with papular post-adolescent acne (PPAA) . Survey on related risk factors showed that 121 patients reported seasonal factors and 59 (18.9%) patients became worse in summer, and spicy, sweet and fried foods can aggravate the condition in 131 (42%) , 93 (29.8%) and 85 (27.2%) patients respectively. Other risk factors such as premenstrual period (62.8%, 196/312) , psychological factors (51.6%, 161/312) and exogenous chemical exposures (43.6%, 136/312) were complained of by the patients. Furthermore, premenstrual period, diet and constipation were found to be more associated with PPAA compared with CPAA (χ2= 4.523, 4.068, 3.910, respectively, all P < 0.05) . Exogenous chemical exposures, such as the use of cosmetics, exposure to polluted air environment and occupational hazards, were more associated with CPAA compared with PPAA, as well as with late-onset acne compared with persistent acne (χ2= 6.579, 9.057, both P < 0.05) . In addition, premenstrual exacerbation occurred more frequently in patients with persistent acne compared with those with late-onset acne (χ2= 4.512, P < 0.05) . Conclusions The risk factors for the occurrence of female post-adolescent acne are very complex. Premenstrual exacerbation plays a major role in the aggravation of papular and persistent post-adolescent acne, diet and constipation are more associated with PPAA, and exogenous chemical exposures are still be considered in the aggravation of comedonal and late-onset post-adolescent acne. Thus, clinical types should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of post-adolescent acne in females. Key words: Acne vulgaris; Female; Post-adolescent acne; Clinical classification; Risk factors

The Relationship between Subclinical Thyroid Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score in Koreans.

Subclinical hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism are characterized by abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine. Subclinical thyroid diseases, to date, have received less attention compared with other thyroid diseases since they are asymptomatic. This study aimed to verify the association between subclinical thyroid diseases and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk score in the Korean population. This was a population-based cohort study using data collected from 3,722 subjects (aged ≥ 30 years) during the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI; 2013–2015). Gender-specific Framingham risk scores were calculated to identify the association between subclinical thyroid diseases and 10-year CVD risk score. Complex survey, with consideration of sampling weight, was analyzed using generalized linear models after stratification by gender. The TSH reference range was between 0.61 and 6.91 mIU/L in this study. TSH showed a positive association with the 10-year CVD risk score only in the female population (P = 0.001). There were significant differences in the least squares means of 10-year CVD risk score by the effect of subclinical hypothyroidism compared with euthyroidism (normal group) in females, after adjusting for body mass index, white blood cell, and urine iodine (P = 0.006 and Bonferroni corrected P = 0.012). In conclusion, subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with increased 10-year CVD risk score in the female Korean population aged 30 years or more. Therefore, we recommend to clinically checkup major CVD risk factors in female patients with subclinical hypothyroidism aged 30 years or more.

Myocardial Infarction under age 40: Risk factors and Coronary Arteriographic findings

Objective: To evaluate risk factors and arteriography findings in young patients under 40 year of age admitted with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Design: A prospective descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Cardiology Department, Allama Iqbal Medical College/ Jinnah Hospital, Lahore from July 2002 to June 2003. Patients and Methods: During the study period, 274 patients with first AMI were admitted in our coronary care unit and 52 (19%) were under 40 year of age. These 52 patients underwent pre-discharge coronary arteriography. Results: Forty-five (87%) were male and seven (13%) were female. Risk factors in all study patients were smoking in 79%, systemic hypertension in 35%, diabetes mellitus in 31%, hyperlipidemia in 19% and family history of premature coronary artery disease in 17%. Risk factors were distinctly less frequent in patients without coronary atherosclerosis. Cigarette smoking was the main risk factor in male patients while diabetes and hypertension were main risk factors in female patients. Forty-six patients (88%) had significant CAD (greater than 50% diameter narrowing of at least one major coronary artery), 5(10%) had normal coronary arteries and one patient (2%) had marked coronary ectasia. In patients with significant coronary artery disease, the prevalence rate of one, two and three vessel disease was 52, 28 and 20 percent, respectively. No patient had congenital coronary anomaly or significant left main CAD. Conclusion: AMI in persons under the age of 40 years accounts for approximately 19% of AML In this age group, AMI is a disease of men who smoke &amp; single vessel CAD predominates. Approximately half of the young patients have single vessel coronary disease, and in up to 10%, the cause is not related to atherosclerosis. Coronary angiography may be warranted in young patients with AMI to define the anatomy of the disease and to permit optimal management

Risk Factors in Patients with Venous Stasis-Related Skin Lesions without Major Abnormalities on Duplex Ultrasonography.

Purpose: To clarify the risk factors for venous stasis-related skin lesions in the legs in patients without major abnormalities on duplex ultrasonography (DUS). Methods: Fifty patients (nine males and 41 females, age 27-93 years) with symptoms of C4 or greater according to the Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, Pathological (CEAP) classification, but having no abnormalities on DUS were reviewed for known risk factors for chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) such as older age (>70 years), obesity (body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m2), short walking distance (<200 m/day), reduced ankle range of motion (<20°), and occupation requiring prolonged standing (>8h per day). Results: The risk factor was different between male and female patients; although all patients had at least one of the above risk factors, the most commonly found risk factor in male patients was occupation requiring prolonged standing (63%), while advanced age (78%) and limited walking distance (83%) were risk factors in female patients. Conclusions: Although male and female patients had different risk factors, insufficient walking seemed to be closely related to the development of venous stasis-related skin lesions.

DIABETES MELLITUS, THE IMPORTANT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR OF PREMATURE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN WOMEN

ObjectivesAcute Myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity both in men and women. The frequency and profile of conventional risk factors differs in women compared to...

The correlation of osteoporosis to clinical features: a study of 4382 female cases of a hospital cohort with musculoskeletal symptoms in southwest China.

BackgroundBy analyzing the clinical features and risk factors in female patients with musculoskeletal symptoms of Southwest China, this report presents the initial analysis of characteristics in this region and compared with international evaluative criteria.MethodsDiagnosis of osteoporosis (OP) was made in female hospital patients age ≥ 18 years admitted from January 1998 to December 2008 according to WHO definition. Case data were analyzed by symptoms, age, disease course and risk factors to reveal correlation with diagnosis of OP. Logistic regression was used to identify the risks of osteoporosis.ResultsA total of 4382 patients were included in the analysis of the baseline characteristics, among which 1455 in the OP group and 2927 in the non-OP group. The morbidity of OP is significantly increased in females' ≥ 50 years. Both groups had symptoms related to pain and numbness; no significant difference was found in reported upper and lower back pain, or leg pain between two groups (p > 0.05). Neck, shoulder and arm pain, leg and arm numbness were more common in the non-osteoporosis group (p < 0.05, OR < 1, and upper limit of 95% CI of OR < 1). Hypertension, diabetes, hyperostosis were major risk factors for the patients with OP. The most common lifestyle-related risk factors for osteoporosis were smoking, body mass index, lack of physical activity and menopause.ConclusionsThe present study offers the first reference data of the relationship between epidemiologic distribution of osteoporosis and associated factors in adults Chinese women. These findings provide a theoretical basis for its prevention and treatment in developing country.

Lessons learned from the analysis of gender effect on risk factors and procedural outcomes of lower extremity arterial disease

Despite overall improvement, there is still a gender-related disparity in the outcomes of lower extremities peripheral arterial disease (PAD). We analyzed sex-related variability among factors that are known to influence outcomes. Data on PAD inpatient hospitalizations from New York, New Jersey, and Florida state hospital discharge databases (1998-2007) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Of the 372,692 surgical hospitalizations identified, 162,730 (43.66%) involved women. Men and women undergoing vascular procedures differed in that more men smoked (18% vs 14%; P<.0001), and more men had coronary artery disease (40% vs 33%; P<.0001). Women were more likely to be obese (11.86% vs 4.89%; P<.0001), black (18.81% vs 12.66%; P<.0001), older, and have critical limb ischemia (CLI) (39.41% vs 37.67%; P<.0001). They had higher mortality (5.26% vs 4.21%; P<.0001) and complication rates, especially bleeding (10.62 % vs 8.19%; P<.0001) and infection (3.23% vs 2.88%; P<.0001). Mortality rates after endovascular procedures were lower and showed marginal difference between genders (2.87% vs 2.11%; P<.0001). The difference was more pronounced after open revascularizations (5.05% for women vs 4.00% for men; P<.0001) and amputations (9.82% for women vs 8.82% for men; P<.0001). Bleeding differences between men and women were greatest when both open and endovascular procedures were done during the same hospitalizations and lowest after major amputations. Similar to bleeding, transgender differences in postoperative infections were more pronounced after combination of open and endovascular procedures. Using a multivariable model, female gender remained a predictor of perioperative mortality, infection, and bleeding after vascular intervention (odds ratios 1.15, 1.21, and 1.32, respectively). Female gender negatively influenced the mortality of patients with cerebrovascular and coronary disease and those of black race even after adjusting for relevant clinical and demographic risk factors. Gender effect on mortality dissipated in octogenarians and patients with claudication. Female gender continues to be an important risk factor that negatively influences the outcomes of vascular interventions; however, these effects vary between different high-risk groups and procedures. Gender effect on mortality dissipates in elderly patients. Prompt recognition of the associations between gender and various risk factors of cardiovascular disease and aggressive modification of these risk factors in female patients may improve gender-related disparity in the outcomes of vascular disease.

Evaluation of clinical activity and safety of Daflon 500 mg in type 2 diabetic female patients

Background The incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is approximately twice as high as in the non-diabetic population. Aim To investigate the hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of Daflon ® 500 mg (DF) administration together with its tolerability and efficacy in reducing the cardiovascular metabolic risk factors in female patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods In a well-adequate controlled single-blinded randomized parallel design the tolerability and the efficacy of Daflon ® (500 mg) either alone or with oral hypoglycemic, twice daily for 45 days, was studied in 36 female patients with type 2 diabetes. Results None of the patients in the studied groups were reported to have any adverse events throughout the treatment period (45 days), liver and kidney function tests were within normal limits and there was no significant difference between the pre-treatment (day 0) and post-treatment (day 45) values. Female patients receiving Daflon ® either alone or with oral hypoglycemic showed significant decrease in serum glucose; fructosamine; total cholesterol; LDL–cholesterol; triglycerides; malondialdehydes (as index of lipid peroxidation) and C-reactive protein (CRB) levels along with increase in the levels of nitric oxide and blood glutathione. Conclusion This study has shown that Daflon ® (500 mg, twice daily for 45 days) is helpful in reducing glucose level and the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Recommendation Further clinical trials are essential for strengthening the evidence base on the role of this drug in the cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients.

Coronary Risk Factors in Female Patients With CAD

This study was conducted to study the association of risk factors for coronary heart diseases in female population. Subjects were included from patients attending three major hospitals within Kathmandu. Patient characteristics were noted and statistical association were sought.

The effects of dexfenfluramine on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors in female patients with upper and lower body obesity

The effects of dexfenfluramine on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors in female patients with upper and lower body obesity