Epidemiological Study Of Risk Factors Research Articles

Epidemiological study of non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors in tribal district of Kinnaur, HP: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThere are no data available on the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors among the tribal population of hill state of Himachal Pradesh (HP). The epidemiological study of NCD risk factors was done in the tribal population of district Kinnaur of HP to estimate the burden of NCD risk factors and their risk determinants. MethodsWHO STEP wise approach was used for screening of the core NCD risk indicators in 3582 randomly selected natives of Kinnaur aged 20–70 years by trained Health workers of the district health services. ResultsThe hypertension was prevalent in 19.7% (18.4–21.1%) and diabetes in 6.9% (6.1–7.8%) of the population. Awareness of hypertension and diabetes was 39.8% and 40.8% respectively. The adherence to prescribed medications was reported in 52.1% and 56.4% of patients of aware hypertension and diabetes respectively. Overall, 23.3% and 8.5% of the patients with hypertension and diabetes had controlled BP and blood glucose respectively. Overweight and obesity were observed in 38.2% (36.6–39.9%) and 8.8% (7.9–9.8%) of the population respectively. The consumption of tobacco and alcohol was reported in 22.6% and 24.9% of the population, respectively, and 34.5% were physically inactive. Physical inactivity, BMI, high alcohol consumption, and age were independently associated with risk of hypertension, while age was the only determinant of risk of diabetes. Education and women gender had a significant influence on tobacco and alcohol consumption behavior adjusted for age. ConclusionNCD risk factors are prevalent in the tribal district of Kinnaur. The awareness, treatment, control of blood pressure and blood glucose were found to be suboptimum in the study subjects. InterpretationStrengthening of primary health care services and community based interventions are urgently required to improve awareness and control of NCD risk factors in this tribal district of HP.

The Linked CENTURY Study: linking three decades of clinical and public health data to examine disparities in childhood obesity.

BackgroundDespite the need to identify the causes of disparities in childhood obesity, the existing epidemiologic studies of early life risk factors have several limitations. We report on the construction of the Linked CENTURY database, incorporating CENTURY (Collecting Electronic Nutrition Trajectory Data Using Records of Youth) Study data with birth certificates; and discuss the potential implications of combining clinical and public health data sources in examining the etiology of disparities in childhood obesity.MethodsWe linked the existing CENTURY Study, a database of 269,959 singleton children from birth to age 18 years with measured heights and weights, with each child’s Massachusetts birth certificate, which captures information on their mothers’ pregnancy history and detailed socio-demographic information of both mothers and fathers.ResultsOverall, 74.2 % were matched, resulting in 200,343 children in the Linked CENTURY Study with 1,580,597 well child visits. Among this cohort, 94.0 % (188,334) of children have some father information available on the birth certificate and 60.9 % (121,917) of children have at least one other sibling in the dataset.Using maternal race/ethnicity from the birth certificate as an indicator of children’s race/ethnicity, 75.7 % of children were white, 11.6 % black, 4.6 % Hispanic, and 5.7 % Asian. Based on socio-demographic information from the birth certificate, 20.0 % of mothers were non-US born, 5.9 % smoked during pregnancy, 76.3 % initiated breastfeeding, and 11.0 % of mothers had their delivery paid for by public health insurance. Using clinical data from the CENTURY Study, 22.7 % of children had a weight-for-length ≥ 95th percentile between 1 and 24 months and 12.0 % of children had a body mass index ≥ 95th percentile at ages 5 and 17 years.ConclusionsBy linking routinely-collected data sources, it is possible to address research questions that could not be answered with either source alone. Linkage between a clinical database and each child’s birth certificate has created a unique dataset with nearly complete racial/ethnic and socio-demographic information from both parents, which has the potential to examine the etiology of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in childhood obesity.

Late-Life Risk Factors for All-Cause Dementia and Differential Dementia Diagnoses in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Since the first evidence of a decline in dementia incidence was reported in 2011, the focus on modifiable risk factors has increased. The possibility of risk factor intervention as a prevention strategy has been widely discussed; however, further evidence in relation to risk factors is still needed. The Prospective Epidemiologic Risk Factor (PERF I) study was an observational prospective study of postmenopausal Danish women who were initially examined between 1999 and 2001 (n = 5855). Follow-up data on diagnosis and survival as of December 31, 2014 was retrieved from the National Danish Patient Registry and the National Danish Causes of Death Registry. Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for selected risk factors for dementia. Of 5512 eligible subjects, 592 developed dementia within the follow-up period of maximum 15 years. The independent factors associated with increased risk of all-cause dementia were depression (HR = 1.75 [95% CI 1.32-2.34]) and impaired fasting glucose levels. A dose-response relationship was observed between fasting glucose level and risk of dementia with HRs of 1.25 [1.05-1.49] and 1.45 [1.03-2.06] for impaired (5.6-6.9 mmol/L) and hyperglycemic (≥7.0 mmol/L) glucose levels, respectively. The factors associated with a decreased risk of dementia were overweight in late-life (HR = 0.75 [0. 62-0.89]) and physical activity at least once weekly (HR = 0.77 [0.61-0.96]). The identified risk factors for dementia in women in late-life are all considered modifiable. This supports the notion that prevention strategies may improve the poor future prospects for dementias in the ageing population.

An Epidemiological Study of Risk Factors of Thyroid Nodule and Goiter in Chinese Women.

Thyroid nodule (TN) and goiter are two common disorders of the thyroid. Despite their benign nature, both conditions can be associated with multiple pathologic conditions including thyroid cancer. In this study, we conducted a large-scale epidemiological study in Chinese women to identify the risk factors implicated in the occurrence of TN and goiter. We analyzed demographic data, lifestyle, medical history, body height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, serum glucose and lipids. In addition, thyroid ultrasonography was performed for all subjects. Our results showed that age, menopause, waist circumference, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia were associated with both TN and goiter. Furthermore, we found that the prevalence of TN was significantly affected by the medical management of hypertension. Our study suggests that postmenopausal Chinese women with advanced age, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have an increased awareness of thyroid examination in the annual physical check. Conversely, patients with TN and goiter of the same population may have a higher incidence of age- and obesity-related metabolic disorders.

436 The Prospective Epidemiologic Risk Factor (PERF I) Study: A novel prognostic serum biomarker reflecting type I collagen degradation is associated with tumor burden

436 The Prospective Epidemiologic Risk Factor (PERF I) Study: A novel prognostic serum biomarker reflecting type I collagen degradation is associated with tumor burden

Low birthweight is associated with an increased risk of LADA and type 2 diabetes: results from a Swedish case-control study.

Our aim was to investigate the association between birthweight and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), a common diabetes form with features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We used data from the Epidemiological Study of Risk Factors for LADA and Type 2 Diabetes (ESTRID), a Swedish population-based study. Eligible for the analysis were 134 incident LADA cases (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody [GADA] positive), 350 incident type 2 diabetes cases (GADA negative) and 603 randomly selected controls. We present ORs and 95% CIs for LADA and type 2 diabetes in relation to birthweight, adjusted for sex, age, BMI and family history of diabetes. Low birthweight increased the risk of LADA as well as the risk of type 2 diabetes; OR per kg reduction was estimated as 1.52 (95% CI 1.12, 2.08) and 1.58 (1.23, 2.04), respectively. The OR for participants weighing <3 kg compared with ≥4 kg at birth was estimated as 2.38 (1.23, 4.60) for LADA and 2.37 (1.37, 4.10) for type 2 diabetes. A combination of low birthweight (<3 kg) and current overweight (BMI ≥ 25) further augmented the risk: LADA, OR 3.26 (1.69, 6.29); and type 2 diabetes, OR 39.93 (19.27, 82.71). Family history of diabetes had little impact on these estimates. Our results suggest that low birthweight may be a risk factor for LADA of the same strength as for type 2 diabetes. These findings support LADA, despite its autoimmune component, having an aetiology that includes factors related to type 2 diabetes.

Degradation of extracellular matrix measured in serum for predicting mortality risk in women diagnosed with cancer: The Prospective Epidemiologic Risk Factor (PERF I) study.

9582 Background: Extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover mediated by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) has been speculated to be associated with cancer diagnosis and mortality. No tools have so far been a...

The Prospective Epidemiologic Risk Factor (PERF I) Study: A serum biomarker reflecting collagen type I degradation as an early detection tool for cancer.

11074 Background: Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mediated degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in the development of cancer. One of the most abundant ECM proteins is...

An exploratory study to identify risk factors for the development of capecitabine-induced Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia (PPE).

To identify pre-treatment risk factors for the development of Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia in participants receiving capecitabine monotherapy. Specifically the hypothesis that avoidance of activities that cause friction and pressure cause Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia was tested. Previous literature showed contradictory evidence on the subject of predictors of chemotherapy-induced Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia. There is a lack of empirical evidence to support the theory that Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia is caused by damage to the microcapillaries due to everyday activities that cause friction or pressure to the hands or feet. Prospective epidemiological study of risk factors. Prospective data collection. All patients prior to commencing capecitabine monotherapy between 11 June 2009-31 December 2010, were offered recruitment into the study and followed up for six cycles of treatment (n=174). Data were collected during semi-structured interviews, from participants' diaries, physical examination of the hands and feet and review of notes. Data relating to activities that cause friction, pressure or heat were collected. Data were analysed using bivariate (chi-square and independent groups Student's t) tests where each independent variable was analysed against Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia. The only variables that were associated with an increased risk of Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia were a tendency to have warm hands and pre-existing inflammatory disease. This study gives no support for the hypothesis that avoidance of activities that cause friction and pressure cause Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia.

Epidemiological study of cardiovascular risk factors among public transport drivers in rural area of Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh

Background: Non communicable diseases (NCDs) are considered as one of the major health and development challenges of the 21st century, recent studies had demonstrated that transport drivers are at greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases due to an incorrect diet, sedentary behavior, unhealthy lifestyles and obesity. The objective of the study was the study was conducted with the aim of assessing some cardiovascular risk factors and its relation to sociodemographic variables. Methods: Cross sectional study was carried out from Jan 2013 to June 2013 with transport drivers of APSRTC of Venkatagiri Kota. Data was collected regarding socio-demographic profile, diabetes, use of medication, tobacco and alcohol consumption, work schedules and perceived occupational problems and their blood pressure and anthropometry were also measured & analyzed using SPSS software. Results: 204 transport drivers were studied. Out of95 tobacco consumers 68 were smokers and 27 were tobacco chewers and 110 subjects were alcohol consumers. Perceived reasons for smoking were it suppresses cold (27.94%) and enables to concentrate on work (20.58%). Perceived reasons for alcohol consumption were peer pressure (17.2%) and it suppresses cold (20%). Among 204 subjects 36.2% were pre-obese and 34.8% were obese with 23.05% of pre-hypertensive and 14.21% hypertensive. Duration of alcohol intake and tobacco use, BMI, WHR & WC were significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of risk factors of cardiovascular disease with various perceived reasons and they were statistically significantly associated with hypertension.

Epidemiological study of incidence and risk factors of Ischemic stroke subtypes according to Trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment criteria: A 3 years, hospital-based study

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factor of ischemic stroke subtypes by a mechanism-based classification scheme (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment [TOAST]). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, between 01/01/2004 and 31/12/2006. Out of 361 admitted stroke patients, 244 (67.59%) ischemic stroke patients were analyzed retrospectively for incidence and modifiable risk factors for stroke in our region. The cause of ischemic stroke was classified according to the TOAST criteria. Results: Out of 244 patients 165 (67.6%) were male and 79 (32.4%) were female, the mean age at the time of stroke was 57.1 years, the incidence of different risk factors were as follows: 139 (56.9%, odds ratio 2.71) hypertensive, 85 (34.8%, odds ratio 2.4) diabetics, 95 (38.9%, odds ratio 3.12) smokers, 58 (23.7%, odds ratio 5.34) dyslipidemics, 44 (18.0%, odds ratio 1.43) coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, 14 (5.7%, odds ratio 1.22) patients have the transient ischemic stroke in the past, 13 (5.3%, odds ratio 1.43) were given the history of atrial fibrillation. The incidence rates of ischemic stroke subtypes were as follows: Determined causes; large artery atherosclerosis 141 (57.7%), lacunes 18 (7.7%), cardio-embolism 11 (4.5%), hypercoagulable state 8 (3.2%), un-determined causes; atherosclerosis and/or lacunes 25 (10.2%), embolism and/or two more (hypercoagulable state/CAD) possible causes 7 (2.8%), negative evaluation in 34 (13.9%) patients. Ischemic stroke subtype according to the TOAST criteria was a significant predictor for long-term survival. Conclusions: Our data indicate that large vessel disease is a major cause, and the hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia are the most common risk factors for Ischemic stroke.

Fundus photography as a convenient tool to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors in epidemiological studies.

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 µm. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. The retina is a tissue that lines the interior of the eye and it is the only tissue that allows for a non-invasive analysis of the microvasculature. Nowadays, high-quality fundus images can be acquired using digital cameras. Retinal images can be collected in 5 min or less, even without dilatation of the pupils. This unobtrusive and fast procedure for visualizing the microcirculation is attractive to apply in epidemiological studies and to monitor cardiovascular health from early age up to old age. Systemic diseases that affect the circulation can result in progressive morphological changes in the retinal vasculature. For example, changes in the vessel calibers of retinal arteries and veins have been associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. The vessel widths are derived using image analysis software and the width of the six largest arteries and veins are summarized in the Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE) and the Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (CRVE). The latter features have been shown useful to study the impact of modifiable lifestyle and environmental cardiovascular disease risk factors. The procedures to acquire fundus images and the analysis steps to obtain CRAE and CRVE are described. Coefficients of variation of repeated measures of CRAE and CRVE are less than 2% and within-rater reliability is very high. Using a panel study, the rapid response of the retinal vessel calibers to short-term changes in particulate air pollution, a known risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, is reported. In conclusion, retinal imaging is proposed as a convenient and instrumental tool for epidemiological studies to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

P5: Epidemiological study of prevalence and risk factors for HCV among apparently healthy Mongolians

Journal of Viral HepatitisVolume 21, Issue s2 p. 23-24 Poster SessionFree Access P5: Epidemiological study of prevalence and risk factors for HCV among apparently healthy Mongolians First published: 08 October 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12333_4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume21, Issues2Special Issue: Abstracts for the Viral Hepatitis Congress 2014, 9–11 October 2014, Frankfurt, GermanyOctober 2014Pages 23-24 RelatedInformation

P29: Epidemiological study of prevalence and risk factors for HBV among apparently healthy Mongolians

P29: Epidemiological study of prevalence and risk factors for HBV among apparently healthy Mongolians

Use of meconium in perinatal epidemiology: potential benefits and pitfalls

PurposeMeconium is a biomarker matrix that can be used to assess cumulative exposures in epidemiologic studies of prenatal risk factors. Depending on when meconium is collected, different exposure windows during pregnancy can be measured. However, little guidance exists regarding the extent to which timing of meconium collection will influence resulting effect estimates. MethodsWe performed a simulation study of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure (assessed from meconium nicotine) and birth weight. We discuss four typical meconium collection methods capturing different exposure windows and assess the biases induced by these methods. ResultsIn simulations assuming that exposure to tobacco smoke only during late gestation was of etiologic relevance to birth weight, use of a meconium collection method that captured exposure windows other than late gestation resulted in biased estimates of the true nicotine–birth weight association. ConclusionsUsing meconium collection methods that do not reflect an exposure window of etiologic relevance can lead to biased results and erroneous conclusions regarding the nature of prenatal exposure–outcome associations. Understanding how prenatal exposure patterns vary across the pregnancy and exposure windows of etiologic relevance is essential in determining when and how to collect meconium for use in biomarker studies of prenatal exposure.

Epidemiological study of risk factors for goiter among primary schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia.

Iodine-deficiency disorders are a major public health problem all over the world. Goiter is the most visible manifestation of iodine-deficiency disorder. Goiter rate is useful to assess the long-term impact of iodine-deficiency disorders. To determine the risk factors for goiter in primary schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study on a sample population of 270 children 6 to 12 years of age with goiter and 264 without goiter was conducted in a primary school in Sodo Town, southern Ethiopia. All students in each class were examined for the presence of goiter and classified based on World Health Organization criteria. For each child with goiter, the next child without goiter was selected from the same class. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the effect of independent variables on the goiter rate. A total of 534 participants (270 children with goiter and 264 without goiter) were included. Although the difference was not significant, the prevalence of goiter was higher among girls than among boys (54.8% vs. 45.2%), and the prevalence in both sexes increased with age. In the multivariate logistic regression model, consuming common goitrogenic foods (adjusted OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.9) and drinking water from the river (adjusted OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.9) were independently associated with goiter. Goiter rate is significantly associated with consumption of goitrogenic food items in the area and contaminated drinking water. Creating awareness in the community about the consumption of food items and provision of tap water by concerned bodies in the area is recommended to prevent iodine-deficiency disorders.

Epidemiological studies of migration and environmental risk factors in the inflammatory bowel diseases.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are idiopathic chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract well known to be associated with both genetic and environmental risk factors. Permissive genotypes may manifest into clinical phenotypes under certain environmental influences and these may be best studied from migratory studies. Exploring differences between first and second generation migrants may further highlight the contribution of environmental factors towards the development of IBD. There are few opportunities that have been offered so far. We aim to review the available migration studies on IBD, evaluate the known environmental factors associated with IBD, and explore modern migration patterns to identify new opportunities and candidate migrant groups in IBD migration research.

Preventing self-harm and suicide in prisoners: job half done

Preventing self-harm and suicide in prisoners: job half done

Self-harm in prisons in England and Wales: an epidemiological study of prevalence, risk factors, clustering, and subsequent suicide

SummaryBackgroundSelf-harm and suicide are common in prisoners, yet robust information on the full extent and characteristics of people at risk of self-harm is scant. Furthermore, understanding how frequently self-harm is followed by suicide, and in which prisoners this progression is most likely to happen, is important. We did a case-control study of all prisoners in England and Wales to ascertain the prevalence of self-harm in this population, associated risk factors, clustering effects, and risk of subsequent suicide after self-harm.MethodsRecords of self-harm incidents in all prisons in England and Wales were gathered routinely between January, 2004, and December, 2009. We did a case-control comparison of prisoners who self-harmed and those who did not between January, 2006, and December, 2009. We also used a Bayesian approach to look at clustering of people who self-harmed. Prisoners who self-harmed and subsequently died by suicide in prison were compared with other inmates who self-harmed.Findings139 195 self-harm incidents were recorded in 26 510 individual prisoners between 2004 and 2009; 5–6% of male prisoners and 20–24% of female inmates self-harmed every year. Self-harm rates were more than ten times higher in female prisoners than in male inmates. Repetition of self-harm was common, particularly in women and teenage girls, in whom a subgroup of 102 prisoners accounted for 17 307 episodes. In both sexes, self-harm was associated with younger age, white ethnic origin, prison type, and a life sentence or being unsentenced; in female inmates, committing a violent offence against an individual was also a factor. Substantial evidence was noted of clustering in time and location of prisoners who self-harmed (adjusted intra-class correlation 0·15, 95% CI 0·11–0·18). 109 subsequent suicides in prison were reported in individuals who self-harmed; the risk was higher in those who self-harmed than in the general prison population, and more than half the deaths occurred within a month of self-harm. Risk factors for suicide after self-harm in male prisoners were older age and a previous self-harm incident of high or moderate lethality; in female inmates, a history of more than five self-harm incidents within a year was associated with subsequent suicide.InterpretationThe burden of self-harm in prisoners is substantial, particularly in women. Self-harm in prison is associated with subsequent suicide in this setting. Prevention and treatment of self-harm in prisoners is an essential component of suicide prevention in prisons.FundingWellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research, National Offender Management Service, and Department of Health.