Risk Factors For Tuberculosis Research Articles

Risk factors of adult isoniazid-resistant and rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis in Nanjing, 2019–2021

IntroductionThis study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with isoniazid-resistant and rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis (Hr-TB) in adults.MethodThe clinical data of 1,844 adult inpatients diagnosed with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Nanjing Second Hospital from January 2019 and December 2021 were collected. All culture positive strain from the patient specimens underwent drug susceptibility testing (DST). Among them, 166 patients with Hr-TB were categorized as the Hr-TB group, while the remaining 1,678 patients were classified as having drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB). Hierarchical logistic regression was employed for multivariate analysis to identify variables associated with Hr-TB. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 1.472, 95% CI 1.037–2.088, p = 0.030) and a history of previous tuberculosis treatment (OR 2.913, 95% CI 1.971–4.306, p = 0.000) were at higher risk of developing adult Hr-TB, with this risk being more pronounced in male patients. Within the cohort, 1,640 patients were newly treated, and among them, DM (OR 1.662, 95% CI 1.123–2.461, p = 0.011) was identified as risk factors for Hr-TB. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for Hr-TB in adults, and the contribution of diabetes as a risk factor was more pronounced in the newly treatment or male subgroup. And previous TB treatment history is also a risk factor for Hr-TB in adults.

A cross-sectional observational study to assess socio-demographic factors in newly diagnosed TB DM comorbidity

Background Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) co-morbidity is one of the rising public health problems. There is growing evidence that DM is an important risk factor for TB. This study was carried out to know the prevalence of DM among newly detected sputum positive pulmonary TB patients registered in District Tuberculosis Centre and to assess the risk factors of DM among TB patients. Methods In a cross-sectional study, newly detected sputum positive pulmonary TB patients were screened for DM (those having symptoms of DM). Furthermore, they were diagnosed by detecting blood glucose levels (≥200 mg/dL). Mean, standard deviation (SD), Chi-squared and Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests were used to determine the significant associations. P-values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results A total of 215 TB patients were included in this study. The prevalence of DM among TB patients was found to be 23.7% (2.8% known and 97.8% new cases). Significant associations were found between age (>46 years old), educational status, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity, presence of DM symptoms and family history of DM. Conclusions Routine screening for DM is mandatory due to its increasing prevalence, which may help in early diagnosis and to reduce complications by proper management that in turn helps in the successful outcome of TB treatment.

Tuberculosis in southern Morocco: Retrospective analysis from 2006 to 2012.

Tuberculosis, a global major concern, causes millions of deaths annually despite WHO strategies. A persistent gap in detection and treatment facilitates rapid spread in high-burden countries. Analyze the clinical-epidemiological profile of tuberculosis patients in Laayoune and Tarfaya, Morocco, emphasizing risk factors and evolution of the tuberculosis Methods: Retrospective analysis of 1332 tuberculosis cases at the Respiratory Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment Center in Laayoune (2006-2012). Variables with P < 0.10 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression to define the risk factors for tuberculosis, expressed as odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The analysis revealed a pulmonary predominance (≈61%), with pleural (41.3%) and lymph node (31.5%) tuberculosis prevalent among extrapulmonary cases. Among 515 extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases, intestinal tuberculosis (14 cases) showed the highest mortality rate at 14.29%. The 15 to 64 age groups had a significantly higher risk of contracting pulmonary tuberculosis to children, and the 65 and over age group also had the highest risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis (aOR=5.83 [2.43, 14.00]). Other risk factors included rural origin, personal history of tuberculosis, and smoking, all significantly associated with pulmonary tuberculosis (aOR=2.40 [1.001, 5.76]; aOR=2.00 [1.11, 3.61]; aOR=2.38 [1.40, 4.06]). Conversely, female gender was a protective factor (aOR=0.53 [0.40, 0.70]). Regarding recovery and loss to follow-up rates, they were higher in those with pulmonary tuberculosis (39.0% vs 2.1%; aOR=33.41 [17, 66.52]; 16.9% vs 10.3%; aOR=1.57 [1.02, 2.41], respectively). Holistic initiatives across various sectors will be essential to eliminate tuberculosis by 2030.

Determinants of tuberculosis disease development in children in central Ethiopia: A matched case-control study

Background The risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) disease development in children remained understudied, particularly in low-income countries like Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of TB disease development in general and in relation to BCG vaccination in children in central Ethiopia. Methods We employed a 1:1 age-matched case-control design to compare the characteristics of children who developed TB (cases) with those who did not (controls). Data were collected in healthcare facilities in Addis Ababa city, Adama, and Bishoftu towns between September 25, 2021, and June 24, 2022. Two hundred and fifty-six cases were drawn at random from a list of childhood TB patients entered into SPSS software, and 256 controls were selected sequentially at triage from the same healthcare facilities where the cases were treated. A bivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was performed first to select candidate variables with p-values less than or equal to 0.20 for the multivariable model. Finally, variables with a p-value less than 0.05 for a matched adjusted odds ratio (mORadj) were reported as independent determinants of TB disease development. Results The mean age of the cases was nine years, while that of the controls was 10 years. Males comprised 126 cases (49.2%) and 119 controls (46.5%), with the remainder being females. Ninety-nine (38.7%) of the cases were not BCG-vaccinated, compared to 58 (22.7%) of the controls. Household TB contact was experienced by 43 (16.8%) of the cases and 10 (3.9%) of the controls. Twenty-two (8.6%) of the cases and six (2.3%) of the controls were exposed to a cigarette smoker in their household. Twenty-two (8.6%) of the cases and three (1.2%) of the controls were positive for HIV. Children who were not vaccinated with BCG at birth or within two weeks of birth had more than twice the odds (mORadj = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.28–3.48) of developing TB compared to those who were. Children who ever lived with a TB-sick family member (mORadj = 4.28, 95% CI = 1.95–9.39), smoking family members (mORadj = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.07–9.27), and HIV-infected children (mORadj = 8.71, 95% CI = 1.96–38.66) also had higher odds of developing TB disease than their counterparts. Conclusions Being BCG-unvaccinated, having household TB contact, having a smoker in the household, and being HIV-infected were found to be independent determinants of TB disease development among children.

Undernutrition increases the risk of unsuccessful treatment outcomes of patients with tuberculosis in Ethiopia: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

While undernutrition has been identified as a common risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), its impact on treatment outcomes has yet to be investigated in high TB burden and low-income countries such as Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of undernutrition on treatment outcomes among patients with TB in northwest Ethiopia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from different hospitals in northwest Ethiopia, for the period from July 2017 to August 2023. A Cox proportional hazard model was performed to determine the effect of undernutrition on TB treatment outcomes, which were defined as a composite of death, treatment failure, or loss to follow-up. A total of 602 patients with TB were included in the analysis. Of these, 367 (60.9%) were male, and 344 (57.1%) were undernourished. Upon completion of the follow-up period, 65 (10.8%) adults with TB had unsuccessful treatment outcomes. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients with undernutrition had a two times higher risk of experiencing unsuccessful treatment outcomes compared to well-nourished patients (AHR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.6). In addition, patients residing in rural areas (AHR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.7, 5.4), having a history of prior TB treatment (AHR: 2.2, 95%CI: 1.1, 4.1), and the presence of diabetes comorbidity (AHR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 5.2) were at higher risk of unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Undernutrition increases the risk of unsuccessful treatment outcomes in Ethiopia. This finding suggests that nutritional support during TB treatment can improve successful treatment outcomes in high TB burden and low-income countries such as Ethiopia.

Incidence and risk factors of active tuberculosis among older individuals with latent tuberculosis infection: a cohort study in two high-epidemic sites in eastern China.

The influencing factors of the process from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to the onset of active tuberculosis (TB) remain unknown among different population groups, especially among older individuals in high-incidence areas. This study aimed to investigate the development of active TB among older adults with LTBI and identify groups in greatest need of improved prevention and control strategies for TB. In 2021, we implemented an investigation among older individuals (≥ 65 years old) in two towns in Zhejiang Province with the highest incidence of TB. All participants underwent assessment using standardized questionnaires, physical examinations, interferon-gamma release assays, and chest radiography. All the participants with suspected TB based on the clinical symptoms or abnormal chest radiography results, as well as those with LTBI, were referred for diagnostic investigation in accordance with the national guidelines. Those with an initial diagnosis of TB were then excluded, whereas those with LTBI were included in a follow-up at baseline. Incident patients with active TB were identified from the Chinese Tuberculosis Management Information System, and a multivariate Cox regression model was used to estimate the incidence and risk of TB among those with LTBI. In total, 667 participants with LTBI were followed up for 1,315.3 person-years, revealing a disease density of 1,292.5 individuals/100,000 person-years (17/1,315.3). For those with LTBI, chest radiograph abnormalities had adjusted hazard ratios for active TB of 4.9 (1.6-15.3). The presence of abnormal chest radiography findings increased the risk of active TB among older individuals with LTBI in high-epidemic sites in eastern China.

Risk factors for Tuberculosis in children at labuang baji hospital and center for community pulmonary health Makassar in 2023

Efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include eradicating the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2030. In 2020, the global TB incidence rate stood at 121 per 100,000 people, with 1.1 million children succumbing to the disease worldwide. Indonesia alone recorded 42,187 pediatric TB cases in 2021, emphasizing the urgency of addressing this public health concern.A recent observational study in Makassar City focused on children aged 0-14, revealing 380 cases in 2022, notably concentrated in Labuang Baji Regional Hospital, Tajuddin Chalid Hospital, and Community Center for Lung Health Makassar. Developing countries, where children under 15 constitute 40-50% of the population, witness around 500,000 pediatric TB cases annually, leading to severe morbidity and mortality, especially in those under 14. May to July 2023, researchers conducted a case-control study involving 114 children. The study revealed that malnutrition (with an odds ratio of 2.614 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.133-6.085) and a history of TB contact (with an odds ratio of 7.84 and a 95% confidence interval of 2.932-22.319) emerged as noteworthy risk factors for pediatric TB. Notably, economic status, residential density, BCG vaccination status, and exposure to smokers showed no significant impact on the prevalence of the disease.The study advocates consistent screening of adult TB patients' family contacts to trace potential cases in children. Future research should explore the feasibility of TB transmission among children. Tackling malnutrition and strengthening contact tracing initiatives are imperative to curbing pediatric TB, aligning with global goals for a TB-free world by 2030.

Undernourished Household Contacts Are at Increased Risk of Tuberculosis (TB) Disease, but not TB Infection- a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Analysis.

Undernutrition is the leading risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) globally and in India. This multicenter prospective cohort analysis from India suggests that undernutrition is associated with increased risk of TB disease but not TB infection among household contacts of persons with TB.

Incidence, Outcomes, and Risk Factors for Isoniazid-Resistant Tuberculosis from 2012 to 2022 in Eastern China.

Isoniazid-resistant, rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis (Hr-TB) is the most frequent drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in the world, and unfavorable outcomes of Hr-TB are more common compared to drug-susceptible TB. Considering there is no optimal regimen accepted worldwide, we undertook a retrospective cohort study in eastern China to estimate incidence trends and risk factors associated with unfavorable outcomes of Hr-TB. Between January 2012 and December 2022, all Hr-TB patients' information was extracted from the Tuberculosis Information Management System (TIMS), which is a national electronic information platform, to record TB patients' clinical information in this study. The incidence of Hr-TB was determined by the mid-year population according to census data published by the government. We categorized treatment regimens depending on fluoroquinolone (FQ) use, and potential risk factors were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. A total of 3116 Hr-TB patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in this study. The average annual rate of Hr-TB in the 11 years under investigation was 0.34 per 100,000 and increased to 0.53 per 100,000 until 2019. In total, six different treatment regimens were utilized in the study sites, and less than 1% of regimens adopted FQ. There was no difference in the unfavorable outcomes between the FQ-included and FQ-excluded groups (p = 0.22). The average treatment duration was 7.06 months, and the longest treatment was 26 months. Approximately 20% (637/3116) of Hr-TB patients had unfavorable outcomes, and 60.13% (383/637) of them proceeded to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Treatment duration and a positive smear at the end of the 5th month were significantly associated with unfavorable outcomes (p < 0.001). The unfavorable treatment outcomes of Hr-TB are still high in eastern China, and the efficacy of FQ-containing regimens needs to be validated for Hr-TB treatment.

Exploring Sex Differences in Risk Factors and Quality of Life Among Tuberculosis Patients in Herat, Afghanistan: A Case-Control Study.

Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health concern in Afghanistan, with a high burden of disease in the western province of Herat. This study explored the risk factors of TB and TB's impact on the quality of life of patients in Herat. Methods: A total of 422TB patients and 514 controls were recruited at Herat Regional Hospital and relevant TB laboratories between October 2020 and February 2021. Data was collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire and the SF-36 questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Multivariate General Linear Model, and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that male sex (p = 0.023), chronic disease (p = 0.038), lower education levels (p < 0.001), and worse health status (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher odds of TB infection. The study also found that TB patients had significantly lower quality of life scores in almost all components (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides important insights into the specific ways in which TB affects the wellbeing of patients in Afghanistan. The findings highlight the importance of addressing the psychological and social dimensions of TB.

Mental health issues associated with the management of tuberculosis in Homabay, Busia and Kakamega Counties, Kenya.

Despite the implementation of patient-centred care, mental health issues remain a significant risk factor and comorbidity for Tuberculosis (TB) disease. Mental health issues being co-morbidities to TB are likely to increase the disease burden of the affected population. This study therefore investigated the prevalence and impact of mental health issues in Tuberculosis (TB) patients. This cross-sectional study design used mixed methods in data collection. The study used structured questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. 127 TB patients were purposively selected from a group of patients who previously recovered successfully, with a history of relapse or are currently on TB treatment in high-volume facilities in Homa Bay, Busia and Kakamega Counties. 30 Key informant interviews were conducted with Healthcare workers. Quantitative data analysis was done using STATA version 14. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze qualitative data using NVivo version 10. The findings showed that the most common mental health issues affecting TB patients were anxiety (66%) and depression (55%), which were commonly experienced during the presumptive stage of TB. Qualitative data revealed that stigma was the main barrier that hindered TB patients from accessing care. TB patients articulated the benefits of support structures ranging from positive encouragement, reminders on taking drugs, accompaniment to the clinic, and financial support in TB management. Furthermore, the study established that the majority of Health Care Workers (HCWs) were not prepared to handle TB patients' mental issues, a gap that is likely to impact the quality of care TB patients receive. The study established that mental health issues impact TB treatment outcomes. Healthcare systems should prioritize the integration of mental health care into TB programs to address the high prevalence of mental health issues among TB patients.

Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infections and risk factors associated to tuberculosis in detained persons in Antananarivo, Madagascar

The incidence rate of tuberculosis in prisons is estimated to be 8 times greater than that in the general population in Madagascar. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infection among prisoners and to identify risk factors associated with tuberculosis. We conducted a cross-sectional study at the central prison of Antananarivo from March to July 2021. Individual male and female inmates aged ≥ 13 years who had lived in the prison for at least three months prior to the study period were included as participants. Acid-fast bacilli detection by microscopy and/or culture, an intradermal tuberculin test, a chest X-ray, and a rapid diagnostic orientation test for HIV were performed. Among 748 participants, 4 (0.5%) were confirmed to have pulmonary tuberculosis. Overall, 14 (1.9%) patients had “confirmed” or “probable” tuberculosis [0.90–2.84, 95% CI]. The proportion of participants with latent tuberculosis infection was 69.6% (517/743) based on a positive tuberculin test without clinical symptoms or radiography images indicating tuberculosis. Out of 745 HIV screening tests, three showed reactive results (0.4%). Age (OR = 4.4, 95% CI [1.4–14.0]) and prior tuberculosis treatment (or episodes) were found to be associated with confirmed and probable tuberculosis.

Trends and risk factors for drug-resistant tuberculosis among children in Sichuan, China: A 10-year retrospective analysis, 2013-2022.

To investigate the status of the drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) among children in Sichuan, and to find out the risk factors and high-risk population related to drug resistance among children. The clinical data of tuberculosis patients ≤14 years old with culture-confirmed tuberculosis hospitalized in Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center from January 2013 through December 2022 were collected. Clinical data such as gender, age, ethnicity, history of anti-TB treatment, history of exposure to tuberculosis, nutritional status, and specific drug resistance of the children were collected and recorded. The drug resistance of children in different age groups (0-4 years old, 5-9 years old, 10-14 years old) and different periods (2013-2017 and 2018-2022) were grouped and compared. Logistic regression analysis was to analyze analysis of risk factors of drug resistance in children. A total of 438 children with culture-confirmed tuberculosis were screened. Among them, 26.19% (11/42) were 0 to 4 years old, 33.33% (22/66) were 5 to 9 years old, and 36.67% (121/330) were 10 to 14 years old among the resistant children. There was no statistically significant difference in the resistance rate among the 3 groups (P = .385). The proportions of DR-TB, monoresistant tuberculosis, polydrug-resistant tuberculosis were decreased during 2019 to 2022 compared with 2013 to 2017 (P < .0001). The resistance rates of drug resistant, monoresistant, polydrug-resistant, isoniazid-resistant, and rifampicin resistant during 2018 to 2022 were decreased compared with those from 2013 to 2017 (P < .05), but the multi-drug resistance rate was not decreased (P = .131, without statistical difference). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that male gender OR = 1.566 (95% CI 1.035-2.369), a history of antituberculosis therapy OR = 4.049 (95% CI 1.442-11.367), and pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis OR = 7.335 (95% CI 1.401-38.392) were risk factors for the development of drug resistance; but fever OR = 0.581 (95% CI 0.355-0.950) was Protective factor. The total drug resistance rate of children in Sichuan showed a downward trend, but the rate of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis was still at a high level, and the form of drug resistance was still severe. Absence of fever, male, retreatment, and pulmonary concurrent with extrapulmonary tuberculosis are risk factors for DR-TB in children.

Successful Treatment of Cerebral Tuberculoma in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Patient a Case Report

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading problem in developing and endemic countries. Cerebral tuberculosis is a rare but dangerous complication of tuberculosis infection in the central nervous system. The immunosuppressive condition in human immunodeficiency virus infection is a risk factor for severe tuberculosis. Case Report: An Indonesian man, 32 years old, married, came with complaints of headaches, dizziness, delirium, nausea and vomiting since 1 month before the examination. He had a history of TB treatment 1 year before the examination. The results of the neurological examination were within normal limits, the HIV test was reactive and there was a decrease in CD4. Head MRI examination with contrast showed multiple solid nodules in the thalamus with the largest size 2.3×2.7 cm, indicating cerebral tuberculoma. Chest x-ray was normal, GeneXpert MTB sputum was not detected. Next, primary treatment is given with anti-tuberculosis drugs, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), co-trimoxazole, and dexamethasone. There was clinical, laboratory and radiological improvement after 12 months of treatment. Viral load is undetectable, CD4 is elevated. A head CT scan did not show tuberculoma. He became healthy and was able to return to work Discussion: Cerebral tuberculoma is a condition characterized by the presence of intracranial tuberculoma. The clinical manifestations are non-specific, such as headaches or seizures. This is caused by space occupying lesions and increase intracranial pressure. In this case, the diagnosis of cerebral tuberculoma was made through head MRI with contrast. TB therapy and co-trimoxazole are given as soon as the diagnosis is made, while antiretrovirals are given 2 weeks after he has tolerated the TB medication. The minimum duration of therapy for cerebral tuberculosis is 12 months. He require lifelong antiretroviral medication. Conclusion: Tuberculoma should be considered as differential diagnosis of space-occupying lesions in patients HIV/AIDS. Early diagnosis, adequate therapy, patient adherence and family support can cure severe tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis Co-infection among HIV/AIDS Cases Attending an Anti-retroviral Therapy Center: A Retrospective Cohort Study from Pakistan

Objective: The co-occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in heightened morbidity and mortality, placing an increased burden on healthcare systems. This study aims to assess the incidence and identify associated risk factors for TB/HIV co-infection, with the objective of enhancing the survival rates of co-infected patients in Pakistan. Methods: This retrospective cohort investigation took place at the Anti-Retroviral Treatment Center in Islamabad, Pakistan. Data spanning a decade (January 2006 to December 2016) were extracted from 2,542 people living with HIV using a pre-tested data extraction tool. Results: Following the exclusion of 156 ineligible participants, records of 2,386 individuals were analyzed over 4,433 person-years. The cumulative incidence and incidence rate of TB among HIV/AIDS patients were 446 (18.7%) and 0.001 cases/10,000 person-years, respectively. The majority (81%) of incident TB cases occurred within one year, predominantly manifesting as pulmonary TB. Of the TB-infected individuals, 98.6% received TB medication, with 0.7% prescribed Isoniazid prophylaxis. Significant associations with TB were identified in relation to work abroad history, patient age, and current HIV stage (P&lt;0.05). Binary logistic regression indicated a 3.1 times higher likelihood of TB infection in the anemic group compared to the non-anemic group. HIV/AIDS infection emerged as a consistent TB risk factor irrespective of CD4 count and WHO HIV staging. Conclusion: This study highlights a substantial incidence of TB co-infection among HIV patients in Pakistan, emphasizing the need for comprehensive efforts by the National AIDS Control and National TB Control Programs to effectively manage co-infection.

Determinants of tuberculosis among adult people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy at public hospitals in Hawassa City, South Ethiopia.

The burden of tuberculosis (TB)/HIV co-infection is high in sub-Saharan African countries. The aim of the present study was to identify determinants of TB among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at public hospitals in Hawassa City Administration, Sidama Region, Ethiopia. A facility-based case-control study was conducted between 30 March and 30 April 2023. We employed a systematic random sampling to recruit participants. The cases were all adult PLHIV who developed TB after ART initiation, and the group without TB were all adult PLHIV who did not develop TB after their ART initiation. Data were collected from patients' medical records using Kobo-tool and then exported to SPSS Version 26 for analysis. A multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of TB. Statistical significance was defined using the 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 124 cases and 249 people without TB participated in the study. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, we identified five independent determinants of TB. These include age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.7; 95% CI 1.4-5.2), patients' residency (AOR = 6.4; 95% CI 2.8-14.5), WHO clinical stage III or IV (AOR = 6.7; 95% CI 3.2-14.0), isoniazid plus rifapentine (3HP) prophylaxis using (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI 0.2-0.9), and having other opportunistic infections (AOR = 3.6; 95% CI 1.7-7.6). Several risk factors for TB were identified among PLHIV. Strengthening TB screening in advanced disease conditions, encouraging use of 3HP prophylaxis, and early diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections were recommended to reduce the incidence of TB among PLHIV.

Influenza and the risk of active tuberculosis occurrence among individuals with latent tuberculosis infection: A national cohort study in South Korea (2015–2020)

BackgroundInfluenza's potential impact on active tuberculosis (TB) development has been debated, with limited clinical evidence. To address this, we explored the association between influenza episodes and TB incidence in a national cohort of individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI). MethodsWe examined adults (≥20 years) diagnosed with LTBI between 2015 and 2020, using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service's national database in South Korea. We collected demographic data, comorbidities, and influenza episodes within 6 months before and after the initial LTBI diagnosis (prior vs. subsequent episode). We stratified the analysis into groups with and without TB preventive therapy (TPT). ResultsAmong 220,483 LTBI subjects, 49% received TPT, while 51% did not. The average age was 48.4 years, with 52% having comorbidities. A prior and subsequent influenza episode was identified in 3221 and 4580 individuals, respectively. Of these, 1159 (0.53%) developed incident TB over an average follow-up of 1.86 years. The incidence rates of TB were comparable between individuals with and without prior and/or subsequent influenza episodes in the TPT group, but 1.4 times higher in the non-TPT group for those with such episodes. Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis indicated that influenza was not a risk factor for incident TB in the TPT group. However, a subsequent influenza episode significantly increased TB risk in the non-TPT group (hazard ratio: 1.648 [95% CI, 1.053–2.580]). ConclusionsIn individuals with LTBI not receiving TPT, experiencing an influenza episode may elevate the risk of developing active TB.

Providing A Half Sitting Position to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients In The Seruni Treatment Room At The Central General Hospital

The lungs are one of the vital organs in the human body. To be precise, it is a respiratory (breathing) organ which is related to the respiratory and circulatory systems (blood circulation). Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Meanwhile, Relapsed Pulmonary Tuberculosis is a patient with Pulmonary Tuberculosis who is declared cured or has had complete treatment and then comes back for treatment with a positive test result for a cough with phlegm from Acid-Fast Basil. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis at the Central General Hospital of South Sulawesi. This research uses a cross sectional approach. The population in this study includes the case population, namely pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers who experienced a recurrence and the control population, namely pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers who have been declared cured. The sample in this study was all data on patients with Relapsed Pulmonary Tuberculosis who received treatment at the Central General Hospital of South Sulawesi Province. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate using the chi square test. The results of the study can be concluded that there is no relationship between age and the incidence of relapse of pulmonary tuberculosis. The problem and diagnosis determined is to fulfill the need to breathe normally and the inability to fulfill the need to eat and drink enough. Meanwhile, the nursing intervention that was prepared was directed at helping to control the patient's low-fat and low-salt diet regarding sitting therapy in the Semi-Fowler position. This theory can be applied and applied well in treatment focused on pulmonary tuberculosis cases. For pulmonary tuberculosis patients who experience shortness of breath, improve the quality of their breathing by performing the semi-Fowler position as a non-pharmacological therapy.

Implementation Rate of Bronchoscopy in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and the Incidence and Risk Factors of Concomitant Endobronchial Tuberculosis

Implementation Rate of Bronchoscopy in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and the Incidence and Risk Factors of Concomitant Endobronchial Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis in prison: What about after release? The example of French Guiana

ABSTRACT Introduction Tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Prisoners in Guiana have multiple risk factors. The primary objective of this study was to describe tuberculosis occurring in prison and after release in French Guiana between 2008 and 2020. Secondary objectives were to identify tuberculosis risk factors and determine annual incidences. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of tuberculosis cases was carried out at the Guiana prison between 2008 and 2020. Data were collected from prison registers and cross-referenced with the list of tuberculosis notifications in French Guiana. Results: A total of 36 cases of tuberculosis were studied. Incidence was high, at 263/100,000 per year, higher than elsewhere in France and comparable to that in Brazil. Despite visibly effective screening on entry, with little evidence of intra-prison circulation of tuberculosis, 39% of patients were diagnosed within two years of leaving prison (76% were symptomatic). This could be explained by the high prevalence of latent forms (LTI). Discussion Continued screening on entry, in combination with annual radiological and clinical screening, and reinforced follow-up on release seem indicated to improve patient management and the search for possible LTI.