Risk Factors For Periprosthetic Joint Infection Research Articles

Risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Patients With Multiple Arthroplasties

BackgroundRisk of subsequent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in a second prosthetic joint following initial PJI has been shown to be 19%-20%. We sought to identify (1) the risk of developing a second PJI for our patients with multiple prosthetic joints and (2) the effect of bacteremia on development of a subsequent PJI. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all patients treated surgically for PJI by a single surgeon from 2003 to 2014. Time between initial and subsequent infection, bacteremia, and risk factors for PJI were identified. ResultsOf 167 patients treated for PJI, 76 had multiple prosthetic joints. Thirteen percent (10/76) developed a PJI in a second location. Excluding simultaneous infections, the rate was 8.3% (6/72), despite having a 57% incidence of immunosuppression, diabetes, renal failure, smoking, or steroid use. Average follow-up for patients with 1 PJI was 4.6 years (range 0.03-13.6). Seventy percent (7/10) of patients with multiple infections were bacteremic at the time of initial infection compared to 18.1% (12/66) of patients with a single infection (P = .0004). Excluding the 4 simultaneous infections (all bacteremic), the risk of developing an infection in a second joint was 20% if bacteremic and 5.2% if not bacteremic. ConclusionOur study identified the risk of developing a subsequent PJI to be one half of previous studies. Bacteremia at the time of PJI is an important factor for developing subsequent PJI. Multiple prosthetic joints may be less hazardous than previously thought for patients with PJI suggesting that suppressive antibiotics may only be necessary in cases with bacteremia.

Total knee arthroplasty and infection: how surgeons can reduce the risks.

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is one of the most common orthopaedic procedures. Nevertheless, several complications can lead to implant failure.Peri-prosthetic joint infections (PJI) certainly represent a significant challenge in TJA, constituting a major cause of prosthetic revision. The surgeon may have an important role in reducing the PJI rate by limiting the impact of significant risk factors associated to either the patient, the operative environment or the post-operative care.In the pre-operative period, several preventive measures may be adopted to manage reversible medical comorbidities. Other recognised pre-operative risk factors are urinary tract infections, intra-articular corticosteroid injections and nasal colonisation with Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, particularly the methicillin-resistant strain (MRSA).In the intra-operative setting, protective measures for PJI include antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical-site antisepsis and use of pre-admission chlorhexidine washing and pulsed lavage during surgery. In this setting, the use of plastic adhesive drapes and sterile stockinette, as well as using personal protection systems, do not clearly reduce the risk of infection. On the contrary, using sterile theatre light handles and splash basins as well as an increased traffic in the operating room are all associated with an increased risk for PJI.In the post-operative period, other infections causing transient bacteraemia, blood transfusion and poor wound care are considered as risk factors for PJI.Cite this article: Ratto N, Arrigoni C, Rosso F, Bruzzone M, Dettoni F, Bonasia DE, Rossi R. Total knee arthroplasty and infection: how surgeons can reduce the risks. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1: 339-344 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000032.

Hepatitis B Virus Infection Is a Risk Factor for Periprosthetic Joint Infection Among Males After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Taiwanese Nationwide Population-Based Study.

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a grave complication that can affect patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In this study, we aim to determine whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a risk factor for PJIs.All patients (1184 males, 3435 females) undergoing primary TKA in Taiwan from 2001 to 2010 were recruited for analysis.The incidence of PJI was 523 among the males with HBV infection and 110 among the males without HBV (per 10,000 person-years, P < 0.001). The males with HBV infection had a 4.32-fold risk of PJI compared with the males without HBV. HBV infection and diabetes were the risk factors for PJI among males. The incidence of PJI was 58.8 among the females with HBV infection and 75.2 among the females without HBV (per 10,000 person-years, P = 0.67). The risk of PJI was higher for the males with HBV infection than for the males without 0.5 to 1 year after TKA (hazard ratio [HR] = 18.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.90–184) and >1 year after TKA (HR = 4.80, 95% CI = 1.57–14.7).HBV infection is a risk factor for PJI after TKA among males.

Risk of Reinfection After Treatment of Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of subsequent reinfections after initial treatment of an infected total knee arthroplasty, identify risk factors leading to reinfection, and compare results among the varying treatment modalities. MethodsA total of 1,493,924 primary TKA patients were identified from the Medicare data between October 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011. Patients who encountered periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after TKA were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 996.66. The risk of subsequent PJI was stratified based on the first-line treatment and compared between the various first-line treatment groups. ResultsA total of 16,622 patients (1.1%) were diagnosed with PJI. The Kaplan-Meier risk of PJI was 0.77% at 1 year and 1.58% at 6 years. Age (P < .001), Charlson score (P < .001), hospital control (P < .001), race (P = .036), census region (P = .031), gender (P < .001) were identified as risk factors for PJI. Of the PJI patients, 20.8% (n = 2806) were treated with incision and drainage (I&D), 15.9% (n = 2150) treated with I&D and liner exchange, 22.7% (n = 3069) treated with 1-stage revision, 39.7% (n = 5364) treated with 2-stage revision, and 0.98% (n = 132) treated with amputation. After first-line treatment, 26% of patients with PJI had a subsequent PJI. Patients undergoing I&D as a first-line treatment had the highest risk of reinfection, with risks of 28.2% at 1 year and 43.2% at 6 years. One-stage revision patients had 33.9% greater adjusted risk of reinfection than 2-stage revision patients (P < .001). ConclusionTwo-stage reimplantation, despite 19% recurrence, had the highest success rate. Given the higher failure rates of I&D and single-stage revisions, guidelines need to be established for their specific indications.

Risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection in total knee arthroplasty.

To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a high-volume hospital. Records of 1133 primary TKAs were reviewed. Correlation between surgery volume and infection rate was determined. Risk factors for PJI were identified using case-control analysis of variables. TKAs performed between October 2012 and March 2013 without infection were used as controls. Of 1133 TKAs, 8 (0.71%) PJI occurred. The organisms involved were Staphylococcus aureus (n=4), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=1), and methicillin-resistant S aureus (n=1). In the 6-month period chosen as the control period, one (0.52%) out of 192 TKAs developed PJI. Hospital annual volume did not correlate with infection rate (p=0.766). Significant risk factors included young age, comorbidities such as diabetes, anaemia, thyroid disease, heart disease, lung disease, and long operating time. Six of the 8 patients with PJIs had at least one risk factor. However, the number of patients with infection was too small to have sufficient power. Comorbidities are a risk factor for PJI. Perioperative optimisation of comorbidities and the use of antibiotic-loaded cement in patients with severe comorbidities should be considered.