Risk Factors For Infectious Complications Research Articles

Risk Factors of Infectious Complications after Flexible Uretero-renoscopy with Laser Lithotripsy.

To determine the perioperative risk factors for postoperative infections among patients undergoing flexible uretero-renoscopy with laser lithotripsy (FURSLL). In addition, the resistance patterns of pathogens isolated from positive preoperative urine cultures were investigated. We retrospectively reviewed data from 492 consecutive patients who had undergone FURSLL for stone disease in our department. Postoperative infection was defined as fever (? 38°C) with pyuria (? 10 white blood cells per high power field), or systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or sepsis. Pre-operative and intra-operative characteristics between patients with and without postoperative infectious complications were compared using univariate analyses. Significant variables on univariate analyses were included in a multivariatelogistic regression analysis to evaluate risk factors associated with postoperative infection following FURSLL. 42 (8.5%) of 492 patients had postoperative infectious complications after FURSLL. 59 (12%) of 492 patients had a positive preoperative urine culture. 19 (32.2% of 59) patients had multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates recovered from positive preoperative urine cultures. 75% (9/12 cultures) of the positive preoperative urine cultures of patients in whom a postoperative infectious complication developed consisted of gram-negative pathogens. On multivariate analysis positive preoperative MDR urine culture (OR:4.75;95%CI:1.55-14.56; P = .006) was found to be significant with the dependent variable as the postoperative infectious complications despite appropriate preoperative antibiotic therapy. We found that positive preoperative MDR urine culture is a significant risk factor for infectious complications after FURSLL. Our findings point to the need for further research on assessment of risk factors forMDR infections to reduce the rate of postoperative infectious complications.

Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

Introduction Acute GVHD is one of the most common serious complications of allogeneic HSCT and remains a leading cause of mortality in HSCT recipients all over the world. Various publications showed the association of acute GVHD with higher risk of infectious complications. There is lack of data on risk factors for developing an episode of infection and spectrum of infections in patients with acute GVHD after allogeneic HSCT. Objective to determine the risk factors and spectrum of infectious complications in patients with acute GVHD after allogeneic HSCT. Methods An ambispective observational study was performed to evaluate the risk factors and characteristics of infectious complications in adult patients having acute GVHD after HSCT. Proven case of infection (bacterial, viral or fungal) was taken as a primary outcome in the study. There were totally 68 adult patients with II-IV grades of acute GVHD after allogeneic HSCT included in the study. As a covariates included in multivariate analysis were taken: procedure of MCSs transplantation; type of allogeneic HSCT (related/non-related), main disease progression, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) on the first day of infectious complication, GVHD-involved organs. Results Microbiological data concerning the causes of infectious complications in patients with acute GVHD has shown the major impact of viral infections (CMV) and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. There were no bloodstream infections caused by Candida spp. registered in the study. Bacterial infections were mostly presented by bloodstream infections (caused by K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, E. coli) and pneumonia. Progression of main disease (OR 5.52; 95% CI 1.21-25.06; p=0.0270) was found to be an independent risk factor for development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and bacterial infectious complications. Patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplant from unrelated donor remain in a group with high risk for bacterial infections in case of developing acute GVHD (OR 3.50; 95% CI 1.12-10.97; p=0.0316). The procedure of MSCs transplantation as a potential treatment of GVHD showed no influence on risk of invasive aspergillosis (OR 3.25; 95% CI 0.64-16.47; p=0.1536) or CMV-reactivation (reciprocal OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.12-1.49; p=0.1802) in the study. Conclusion Among the most frequent infections in acute GVHD we have described CMV, invasive aspergillosis and bacterial infections. Among risk factors for infectious complications in patients with acute GVHD are progression of main disease and neutropenia below 500 cells/mm3 (for aspergillosis) and unrelated HSCT in the past history and progression of main disease (for bacterial bloodstream infections and pneumonia). MSCs transplantation as a treatment strategy for acute GVHD has shown no statistically significant association with risk of infectious complications in a performed multivariate analysis.

Ten-year study of late electrotherapy complications. Single-centre analysis of indications and safety of transvenous leads extraction.

An increase in the number of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantations is associated with a higher frequency of electrotherapy complications. The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors for late electrotherapy complications and to evaluate the effectiveness of transvenous lead extraction (TLE) and survival after TLE. We analysed the clinical data of 225 patients with electrotherapy complications referred for TLE in a single centre in the years 2006 to 2015. Indications for TLE, risk factors for infectious complications, effectiveness of TLE, and survival after the procedure were assessed. In the study group, non-infectious indications for TLE predominated (78.2%). Analysis of risk for infectious complications demonstrated the important role of chronic renal failure (hazard ratio [HR] 1.842, p = 0.034) and a greater number of CIED-related procedures (HR 4.768, p < 0.001). High effectiveness of TLE and significantly higher long-term mortality of patients with infectious complications compared with the remainder (50% vs. 20%, p < 0.05) were documented. The study demonstrated a high rate of patients with non-infectious complications referred for TLE and very high effectiveness of the procedure. The worse long-term survival of patients with infectious complications, as well as increased risk for such complications due to the greater number of prior procedures, should prompt the consideration of early referral for TLE in the case of lead dysfunctions.

Risk factors for infectious complications of ANCA-associated vasculitis: a cohort study

BackgroundSevere infections are common complications of immunosuppressive treatment for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) with renal involvement. We investigated the clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe infection in Chinese patients with AAV after immunosuppressive therapy.MethodsA total of 248 patients with a new diagnosis of ANCA-associated vasculitis were included in this study. The incidence, time, site, and risk factors of severe infection by the induction therapies were analysed. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsA total of 103 episodes of severe infection were identified in 86 (34.7%, 86/248) patients during a median follow-up of 15 months. The incidence of infection during induction therapy was 38.5% for corticosteroids (CS), 39.0% for CS+ intravenous cyclophosphamide (IV-CYC), 33.8% for CS+ mycophenolate mofetil and 22.5% for CS + tripterygium glycosides, 76 (73.8%) infection episodes occurred within 6 months, while 66 (64.1%) occurred within 3 months. Pneumonia (71.8%, 74/103) was the most frequent type of infection, and the main pathogenic spectrum included bacteria (78.6%), fungi (12.6%), and viruses (8.7%). The risk factors associated with infection were age at the time of diagnosis (HR = 1.003, 95% CI = 1.000–1.006), smoking (HR = 2.338, 95% CI = 1.236–4.424), baseline secrum creatinine (SCr) ≥5.74 mg/dl (HR = 2.153, 95% CI = 1.323–3.502), CD4+ T cell< 281 μl (HR = 1.813, 95% CI = 1.133–2.900), and intravenous cyclophosphamide regimen (HR = 1.951, 95% CI =1.520–2.740). Twelve (13.9%) patients died of severe pneumonia.ConclusionThe infection rate during induction therapy was high in patients with AAV. Bacterial pneumonia was the main type of infection encountered. Age at the time of diagnosis, smoking, baseline SCr ≥5.74 mg/dl, CD4+ T cell< 281 μl, and IV-CYC therapy were identified as risk factors for infection.

Efficacy of Pre-Operative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Pancreatoduodenectomy: A Multi-Center Retrospective Analysis.

The most common complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) are infectious, despite the standard use of cefazolin and metronidazole prophylaxis. Pre-operative biliary drainage (PBD) is a well-known risk factor for infectious complications. The objective was to identify the pathogens in intra-operative bile cultures in patients undergoing PD-with and without PBD-to determine the optimal antimicrobial prophylaxis regimen. Patients who underwent PD between 2009 and 2016 were identified retrospectively in three major teaching hospitals in The Netherlands. Organisms isolated from intra-operative bile cultures were studied. If pathogen coverage by standard prophylaxis was incomplete, the most appropriate alternative regimen was determined. Of this large cohort of 352 patients, 56% underwent PBD and 44% did not. Positive bile cultures were found in 87.9% in the PBD group, compared with 31.8% in the non-PBD group. The micro-organisms isolated most commonly were Enterococcus, Streptococcus, and Klebsiella species. Cefazolin and metronidazole were appropriate in only 71% of patients. Adding gentamicin would provide complete coverage in 99% of PBD and 100% of non-PBD patients. Our data confirm that PBD prior to PD leads to microbial colonization and antibiotic resistance. To potentially prevent infectious complications, gentamicin may be added to the standard antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Epidemiology, outcome, and risk factors for infectious complications in myelofibrosis patients receiving ruxolitinib: A multicenter study on 446 patients.

Infections represent one of the major concerns regarding the utilization of ruxolitinib (RUX) in patients with myelofibrosis. With the aim to investigate epidemiology, outcome and risk factors for infections in RUX-exposed patients, we collected clinical and laboratory data of 446 myelofibrosis patients treated with RUX between June 2011 and November 2016 in 23 European Hematology Centers. After a median RUX exposure of 23.5months (range, 1-56), 123 patients (28%) experienced 161 infectious events (grades 3-4 32%, fatal 9%), for an incidence rate of 17 cases per 100pts/y. The rate of infections tended to decrease over time: 14% of patients developed the first infection within 6months, 5% between 6 and 12months, 3.7% between 12 and 18months, 3.4% between 18 and 24months, and 7.9% thereafter (P<.0001). Respiratory tract infections were more frequently observed (81 events, 50%), and bacteria were the most frequent etiological agents (68.9%). However, also viral (14.9%) and fungal infections (2.5%) were observed. In multivariate analysis, previous infectious event (HR 2.54; 95% CI, 1.51-4.28; P=.0005) and high international prognostic score system category (IPSS) (HR 1.53; 95% CI, 1.07-2.20; P=.021) significantly correlated with higher infectious risk. On the contrary, spleen reduction ≥50% from baseline after 3months of treatment (P=.02) was associated with better infection-free survival. Taken together, these findings reinforce the concept of disease severity as the most important risk factor for infections, and describe, for the first time, that a positive therapeutic effect in reducing splenomegaly may also reduce subsequent infectious complications.

Recommendations for Diagnostics and Therapy of Children with Cancer Presenting with Fever and Neutropenia - Comparison of Two Current Guidelines

Immunocompromised children and adolescents receiving treatment for cancer have a considerably increased risk for infection. Neutropenia is the most important single risk factor for infectious complications, and fever in neutropenia is considered as an emergency. Whereas guidelines for the management of fever in neutropenic adults have been established for decades, specific pediatric guidelines have not been developed until recently. As children differ in many aspects from adults such as in the underlying malignancy or in the availability and dosing of antimicrobial compounds, guidelines for pediatric patients are important. This article reviews similarities and differences between the recently published German interdisciplinary guideline of the German Societies of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Oncology and Hematology and a guideline developed by a panel of international experts for the management of fever in neutropenia in children and adolescents.

Infectious complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: current status and future perspectives in Korea.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a treatment for hematologic malignancies, immune deficiencies, or genetic diseases, ect. Recently, the number of HSCTs performed in Korea has increased and the outcomes have improved. However, infectious complications account for most of the morbidity and mortality after HSCT. Post-HSCT infectious complications are usually classified according to the time after HSCT: pre-engraftment, immediate post-engraftment, and late post-engraftment period. In addition, the types and risk factors of infectious complications differ according to the stem cell source, donor type, conditioning intensity, region, prophylaxis strategy, and comorbidities, such as graft-versushost disease and invasive fungal infection. In this review, we summarize infectious complications after HSCT, focusing on the Korean perspectives.

Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in hematological patients with acute graft-versus-host disease: characteristics and risk factors for infectious complications.

The role of MSCs in infection prevention and treatment is still discussed in transplant and hematological patients. The spectrum and risk factors for infections after MSCs transplantation in patients with acute GVHD have not been studied before. To determine the risk factors and spectrum of infectious complications in patients received mesenchymal stem cell transplantation as a treatment for acute GVHD. A prospective observational study was performed to evaluate the risk factors and characteristics of infectious complications after MSCs transplantation in adult patients having acute GVHD. Thirty-four episodes of MSCs transplantation in patients with acute GVHD after allogeneic HSCT were enrolled in the study. MSCs were given at a median dose of 1.32 (interquartile range 0.87-2.16) mln cells/kg per infusion at 91days (interquartile range 31-131days) after HSCT. Data relating to age, gender, date, and type of transplantation, characteristics of MSCs, infectious agents, and antimicrobial therapy and prevention regimens were prospectively collected in all of the enrolled patients. The episode of proven infectious complication was set as a primary outcome. There were totally 68 patients with acute GVHD in the study; among them there were 34 cases of MSCs transplantation performed. Among the registered infectious episodes were viral infections (CMV-associated disease, EBV-associated disease), invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, bacterial bloodstream infections, and pneumonia. MSCs transplantation has shown no statistically significant association with risk of infectious complications in patients with acute GVHD in a performed multivariate analysis. Among the most frequent infections in acute GVHD, we have described CMV, invasive aspergillosis, and bacterial infections (bloodstream infections or pneumonia). Among risk factors for infectious complications in patients with acute GVHD with/without MSCs transplantation are progression of main disease and neutropenia below 500cells/mm3 (for aspergillosis) and unrelated HSCT in the past history and progression of main disease (for bacterial bloodstream infections and pneumonia).

High Visceral to Subcutaneous Fat Ratio Is Associated with Increased Postoperative Inflammatory Response after Colorectal Resection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Aim Excessive postoperative inflammatory response, which is characterized by overproduction of cytokines, often leads to complications after colorectal surgery. However, the impact of body composition on postoperative inflammatory response is largely unknown. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether body fat amount and its distribution affects postoperative inflammation after colorectal surgery in IBD patients. Methods Eighty-six patients undergoing colorectal resection for IBD from June 2014 to Jan 2017 were enrolled. Abdominal CT images within one week prior to surgery were assessed for visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and muscle mass. Postoperative inflammatory response was evaluated using serum CRP, PCT, and IL-6 levels on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. Univariate analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for infectious complications. The correlation between body composition and postoperative plasma concentration of inflammatory markers was analyzed using a linear regression model. ROC curve was applied to analyze the effect of different body composition parameters on postoperative infectious complications and to determine the relationship between inflammatory markers and infectious complications. Results Neither volume of fat or muscle was related to postoperative plasma concentrations of CRP, IL-6, and PCT. However, visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio was associated with PCT levels on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 5, with the highest regression coefficient on POD1 (β = 0.360; 95% CI, 0.089–0.631; P = 0.010). Body composition did not predict postoperative infectious complications, while CRP on POD 3 was predictive of infectious complications. Conclusion Increased visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio was associated with postoperative inflammatory response in IBD patients undergoing colorectal resection. This may partly explain the increased incidence of postoperative complications in patients with visceral obesity.

Invited commentary

Infections after placement of a prosthetic graft, for either aortic or peripheral arterial reconstruction, are feared and potentially devastating complications. These infections can have significant morbidity and can also lead to subsequent infections. In this issue of the Journal of Vascular Surgery, Fariñas et al report their experience with postoperative infectious complications after placement of prosthetic grafts for both lower extremity and aortic reconstruction. Their all-cause infection rate was 27.2%. The majority of infections were surgical site infections, and only two graft infections were noted. The authors identified preoperative active lower extremity soft tissue infection as an independent risk factor for infectious complications after both aortic and lower extremity operations. Although active lower extremity infection may not be able to be resolved for patients with advanced critical limb ischemia or those who undergo emergent aortic surgery, efforts should be undertaken to treat soft tissue infection before elective aortic aneurysm repair. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was noted to be a predictor for infectious complications after aortic surgery, once again emphasizing the importance of expeditious extubation in the immediate postoperative period, although it is unclear whether this is a marker of overall illness. There are several lessons to be learned from this analysis. Studies of postoperative infectious complications should not combine very different procedures together as “vascular surgery procedures.” To correctly identify high-risk patients and to set in place systems for improvement, each specific type of intervention and indication needs to be closely examined. Leg bypass and aortic surgery are very different from one another with regard to a number of issues. For example, postoperative nasogastric tubes are often used after aortic procedures and seldom after leg bypass. Prolonged intubation with postoperative tracheostomy placement is less of an issue for lower extremity bypass as it is for major open abdominal surgery. Finally, for aortic surgery, an operation performed for aneurysmal disease is very different from one executed to treat occlusive disease, and a ruptured aneurysm is much different from an elective aneurysm repair. To decrease these rates of postoperative infections, risks identification and interventions should be tailored for specific scenarios. Studies need to be optimally designed to answer the questions that they set up to ask. Future prospective work is needed as granular details are needed, including surgical and preparation technique. Risks factors identified in this study, such as poor glucose control, anemia, and prolonged ventilation, can also be analyzed and teased out to see if they are really factors that predict a poor outcome or merely markers for ill and sick patients with more advanced disease. As such, risk reduction methods should focus specifically on each procedure and indication. The opinions or views expressed in this commentary are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or recommendations of the Journal of Vascular Surgery or the Society for Vascular Surgery. Risk factors and outcomes for nosocomial infection after prosthetic vascular graftsJournal of Vascular SurgeryVol. 66Issue 5PreviewThe objective of this study was to determine risk factors for nosocomial infections (NIs) and predictors of mortality in patients with prosthetic vascular grafts (PVGs). Full-Text PDF Open Archive

Risk factors for infectious complications after hepatectomy in patients with intrahepatic bile duct stones

Risk factors for infectious complications after hepatectomy in patients with intrahepatic bile duct stones

Risk factors for infectious complications after open fractures; a systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for the development of infection after open fracture fixation. A comprehensive search in all scientific literature of the last 30years was performed in order to identify patient-, trauma-, diagnosis- and treatment-related risk factors. Studies were included when infectious complications were assessed in light of one or more risk factors. A meta-analysis was performed. Risk ratios (RR) or risk differences (RD) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A total of 116 manuscripts were included. Male gender (RR 1.42), diabetes mellitus (DM) (RR 1.72), smoking (RR1.29), a lower extremity fracture (RR 1.94), Gustilo-Anderson grade III open fracture (RR 3.01), contaminated fracture (RR 7.85) and polytrauma patients (RR 1.49) were identified as statistically significant risk factors for the development of infectious complications. Of the treatment-related risk factors, only pulsatile lavage was associated with a higher infectious complication rate (RR 2.70). A number of risk factors for the development of infections after open fractures have been identified in the available literature. These factors should still be tested for independence in a multivariable model. Prospective, observational studies are needed to identify and quantify individual risk factors for infection after open fracture fixation.

Monocyte programmed death ligand-1 expression is an early marker for predicting infectious complications in acute pancreatitis

BackgroundAcute pancreatitis (AP) is a life-threatening disease that requires early identification of patients at risk of developing infectious complications. Immunosuppression is an initial event that is key to AP pathogenesis. The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) system is reported to mediate evasion of host immune surveillance in many diseases; however, the relationship between PD-1/PD-L1 expression and these parameters or infectious complications in AP has not been elucidated. This study was conducted to determine whether PD-1 and PD-L1 are upregulated and to reveal the relationship between PD-1/PD-L1 expression and the development of infectious complications in AP.MethodsSixty-three patients with AP and 32 sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were prospectively enrolled. On days 1 and 3 after the onset of AP, we measured PD-1 expression in peripheral CD4+ T cells and PD-L1 and human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) expression in CD14+ monocytes using flow cytometry. Plasma interleukin (IL)-10 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsCompared with healthy volunteers, the percentages of PD-1-expressing CD4+ lymphocytes and PD-L1-expressing CD14+ monocytes were increased in patients with AP on days 1 and 3 after onset, especially those with infectious complications. Moreover, increased PD-1/PD-L1 expression was associated with increased occurrence of infectious complications, decreased circulating lymphocytes, and increased plasma IL-10 concentration. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that the increased percentage of PD-L1-expressing CD14+ monocytes was an independent risk factor for infectious complications in AP. Area under the ROC curve analysis showed the combination of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and PD-L1 and HLA-DR expression in CD14+ monocytes had high accuracy in predicting infectious complications in patients with AP.ConclusionsThe PD-1/PD-L1 system plays an essential role in the early immunosuppression of AP. PD-L1 expression in CD14+ monocytes may be a new marker for predicting risk of infectious complications in patients with AP.

SPD-L1 Expression is Associated with Immunosuppression and Infectious Complications in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) with infectious complications has high mortality because of early-stage immunosuppression. The programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is an important host immunosuppression mechanism. Soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) expression regulates co-inhibitory signals in malignancies or autoimmune disorders; however, its effects in AP are unknown. Here, we evaluated whether serum sPD-L1 is involved in immune dysfunction and assessed its relationship with infectious complications in early AP. Blood samples were obtained from 56 patients with acute pancreatitis and 21 healthy individuals in this prospective study. Serum sPD-L1 levels within 48h after AP onset were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Relevant immune parameters (human leucocyte antigen-DR, lymphocyte count) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, white blood cell count) were analysed. sPD-L1 was significantly upregulated in patients with early AP, especially those with infectious complications, compared to healthy controls. Significant negative correlations were observed among monocyte HLA-DR expression, lymphocyte count and sPD-L1 levels in AP. Multivariate regression indicated that sPD-L1 was an independent risk factor for infectious complications in AP. The findings suggest that increased sPD-L1 expression appears to be involved in the development of immunosuppression in the early stage of AP and that sPD-L1 might be an early parameter for prediction of infectious complications in patients with AP.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Hematological Patients with Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Characteristics and Risk Factors for Infectious Complications

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Hematological Patients with Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Characteristics and Risk Factors for Infectious Complications

The Evaluation of Risk Factors for Postoperative Infectious Complications after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

This study was to evaluate the risk factors of infectious complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and build a prediction tool for postoperative complications based on the risk factors. A total of 110 male (67.1%) and 54 female (32.9%) patients who underwent PCNL for renal stones between 2010 and 2014 in our institute were included. A detailed clinical information and laboratory results were obtained from patients. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and postoperative fever were recorded after PCNL surgery. In all, 45 cases (27.4%) developed SIRS and fever was observed in 20 cases (12.2%). In multivariate analysis, stone size (odds ratio, OR = 1.471, p = 0.009) and urine white blood cell (WBC) (OR = 1.001, p = 0.007) were related to the development of SIRS. Stone size (OR = 1.644, p = 0.024), urine WBC (OR = 1.001, p = 0.002) and serum albumin (OR = 0.807, p = 0.021) were associated with postoperative fever. We concluded that patients with larger stone size and preoperative urinary tract infection might have a higher risk of developing SIRS and fever after operation, while a high-normal level of serum albumin might be the protective factor for postoperative fever.

Mulitcenter study on antibiotic prophylaxis, infectious complications and risk assessment in TUR-P.

IntroductionTransurethral resection of the prostate is one of the most frequent urological procedures. Urinary tract infections represent major sequelae, but data about antibiotic prophylaxis in TUR-P are controversial and outdated.Material and methodsWe conducted a retrospective multicentre study of TUR-P in ten German hospitals. Primary endpoints were epidemiological and outcome data of TUR-P. Secondary endpoints were the identification of factors associated with febrile UTIs and sepsis after TUR-P.ResultsWe included 444 patients with a median age of 71.0 years. Nearly every patient (93.5%) received some kind of antibiotic prophylaxis. Complication rates were 4.9% for febrile UTIs and 2.3% sepsis. Significant risk factors associated with febrile UTIs were pre-existing risk factors for UTIs (p = 0.035) and a duration of catheterization of more than three days (p <0.0001). Significant risk factors for sepsis were duration of surgery of more than 60 minutes (p = 0.030) and again a duration of catheterization of more than three days (p <0.0001). Interestingly, 50.8% of the cases had evidence of chronic prostatitis in their histological specimen. This evidence of chronic prostatitis was significantly associated with febrile UTIs (p = 0.019) and sepsis (p = 0.018).ConclusionsDuration of catheterization is one of the major risk factors for infectious complications after TUR-P. Antibiotic prophylaxis in TUR-P needs prospective investigation. These future studies should also address chronic prostatitis a priori.

Significance of preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte count ratio on predicting postoperative sepsis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy

We evaluated the usefulness of preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte count ratio (NLCR) in predicting postoperative sepsis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). In total, 487 patients who underwent PCNL for renal stones were included in the present retrospective study. The stone burden, number of tracts and location, operation time, fluoroscopy time, presence of residual stones, and blood transfusion rates were postoperatively recorded in all patients. All patients were followed up for signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis. The association of sepsis/SIRS with the risk factors of infectious complications, including NLCR, was evaluated. SIRS was detected in 91 (18.7%) patients, 25 (5.1%) of whom were diagnosed with sepsis. Stone burden, operation time, irrigation rate, previous surgery, nephrostomy time, access number, blood transfusion, residual stone, postoperative urinary culture, renal pelvis urinary culture, and stone culture were found to be predictive factors for SIRS and sepsis development. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an NLCR cutoff of 2.50 for predicting the occurrence of SIRS/sepsis. We found that the incidence of sepsis was significantly higher in patients with NLCR ≥ 2.50 than in patients with NLCR < 2.50 (p = 0.006). Preoperative and postoperative urine culture positivity were associated with high NLCR (p = 0.039 and p = 0.003, respectively). We believe that preoperative NLCR may be a promising additive predictor of bacteremia and postoperative sepsis in patients who undergo PCNL for renal stones. This marker is simple, easily measured, and easy to use in daily practice without extra costs.

Infectious Complications after Major Abdominal Cancer Surgery: In Search of Improvable Risk Factors.

Major resections for esophageal, gastric, hepatic, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer continue to be associated with a high peri-operative morbidity of up to 30%-40%. To a large extent, this morbidity is caused by infectious complications that add up to a considerable burden to patients and hospital costs. The objective of this large retrospective cross-sectional study was to determine independent patient and operation-related risk factors for infectious complications after major abdominal cancer operations to elucidate how infection rates can be reduced and improve health-care quality. In 1,389 cancer patients who underwent a major resection procedure between 2009 and 2013, infectious complications and their independent determinants were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression (p < 0.05). Male gender was a risk factor for infections in general, whereas patients ≥65 y (odds ratio [OR] 1.75; p = 0.008), urinary tract infection (OR 0.51; p = 0.004), American Society of Anesthesiologists score (OR 1.55; p = 0.004), overall (OR 1.70; p = 0.037), vascular (OR 1.59; p = 0.020), and neurologic comorbidity (OR 2.22; p = 0.001) were associated significantly with pneumonia. Intra-abdominal drainage (OR 1.41; p = 0.024) and a duration of surgery of ≥180 min (OR 1.85; p = 0.001) were risk factors for surgical site infections. Total parenteral nutrition was significantly associated with intravascular catheter-induced infections (OR 18.09; p < 0.001) and sepsis (OR 6.69; p < 0.001). In this study, several independent risk factors for infectious complications in major abdominal cancer operations were identified, providing opportunities for further reducing peri-operative infections. General awareness and focus on preventing infectious complications may have a significant impact on health-care outcomes and costs.