Risk Factor For Open-angle Glaucoma Research Articles

What Laboratory Examinations for Open-angle Glaucoma Risk Stratification

Purpose: We analyzed the laboratory examinations associated with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to enhance our understanding of OAG risk factors.Methods: We categorized participants in KNHANES between 2008 and 2012 into OAG and non-glaucomatous groups. Next, we conducted a multivariate analysis, adjusting for age, sex, education level, and survey year.Results: Significant differences were observed in age, sex, and educational levels between the two groups. After propensity score matching, the OAG group demonstrated a significantly elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), myopia prevalence, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In addition, that group exhibited a significantly increased prevalence of hypertension and melancholic mood disorders and aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase (AST/ALT) ratio. Multiple logistic regression revealed elevated IOP, SBP, DBP, AST/ALT ratio, and prevalence of hypertension, melancholic mood, and myopia as OAG risk factors.Conclusions: Our study revealed several risk factors for OAG, including elevated IOP, SBP, DBP, AST/ALT ratio, and prevalence of hypertension, melancholic mood, and myopia. However, the mechanism underlying OAG remains uncertain. Notably, a positive correlation was observed between the AST/ALT ratio and OAG risk. Further studies are needed to evaluate this association.

MYOPIA AS A RISK FACTOR FOR OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Introduction: In myopia, the eye has excessive light refraction power, refracting parallel rays in front of the retina when not accommodated. In myopia, the visual media focus is in front of the macula lutea. Too strong refraction, refractive myopia, or a lengthy eyeball can cause this. This condition produces long-distance hazy vision, or "nearsightness". Myopia is a natural eye growth variant that may or may not be inherited. Stress of accommodation and convergence and anomalies in the connective tissue linking the trabeculae cause myopia-related glaucoma.
 
 The aim: This article showed myopia as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma.
 
 Methods: By comparing itself to the standards set by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. So, the experts were able to make sure that the study was as up-to-date as it was possible to be. For this search approach, publications that came out between 2013 and 2023 were taken into account. Several different online reference sources, like Pubmed and SagePub, were used to do this. It was decided not to take into account review pieces, works that had already been published, or works that were only half done.
 
 Result: In the PubMed database, the results of our search brought up 78 articles, whereas the results of our search on SagePub brought up 72 articles. The results of the search conducted for the last year of 2013 yielded a total 32 articles for PubMed and 19 articles for SagePub. In the end, we compiled a total of 16 papers, 10 of which came from PubMed and six of which came from SagePub. We included five research that met the criteria.
 
 Conclusion: Myopia has been identified as a potential risk factor for POAG and may also serve as a potential protective factor against the progression of POAG. The potential cause for the observed phenomenon could be attributed to the existence of myopia accompanied by a deficiency in the lamina cribrosa. This defect may contribute to a deceleration in the rate of visual field deterioration, as well as the advancement of POAG. Additional investigation into the underlying mechanisms is still required.

Reproductive Factors and The Risk of Open-Angle Glaucoma in Women.

There was a significant inverse linear relationship between age at menopause and open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Late menarche (≥13y) and a history of 5 or more deliveries were significantly associated with increased risk of OAG. To determine the association between reproductive factors including age at menarche, age at menopause, reproductive period, parity and the risk of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in women. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched until February 9, 2022. Studies were included if they assessed the association between reproductive factors and OAG. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with relevant 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled using fixed-effects models. Besides, we conducted dose-response analyses via the generalized least squares for trend (GLST) method. Seven articles including 18,618 women were identified in this review. The pooled results indicated that late age at menarche (≥13y) was significantly associated with an increased risk of OAG (OR=1.76, 95%CI 1.28, 2.43). Early menopause (<45y) also significantly elevated the risk of OAG (OR=1.89, 95%CI 1.23, 2.90) in categorical meta-analyses, consistent with the inverse linear relationship between menopausal age and the risk of OAG in dose-response analyses (P=0.002). In addition, women who had delivered at least 5 children were at significantly higher risk of OAG compared to those nulliparous (OR=2.35, 95%CI 1.02, 5.39), and a J-shape relationship between parity and OAG was observed in dose-response analyses (P<0.001). Late menarche (≥13y), early menopause (<45y) and a history of 5 or more parturitions are possible risk factors for OAG. Longitudinal studies are warranted to further examine the relationships between reproductive factors and risk of OAG.

Association between statin use and open-angle glaucoma: a nested case–control study using the Japanese claims database

The association between statins and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) remains controversial. This study investigated the relationship between statins and OAG in Japanese patients with dyslipidemia using the Japanese administrative claims database. A nested case–control study using two models was conducted using the JMDC claims database (01/2005–01/2020). The onset of OAG: index date was defined as the diagnosis of glaucoma, prescription of anti-glaucoma drugs, or surgery of glaucoma. For each case, a maximum of 10 age-, sex-, and calendar year/month–matched controls were randomly selected by risk-set sampling with replacement. The number of statin prescriptions during the exposure assessment period, which was identified as the 12-month (model 1) or 24-month (model 2) periods prior to the index date, was used as an indicator for statin exposure. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression analyses. We identified 375,373 patients with newly diagnosed dyslipidemia. Of these, 6180 cases and 61,792 controls (model 1) and 4153 cases and 41,522 controls (model 2) were selected. Statin use was not identified as a significant risk factor for OAG (model 1: aOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.93–1.03, model 2: aOR 0.97, 95% CI 0.91–1.04). Compared with nonexposure, short-term exposure (< 2 years) to statins was not related to an increased risk of OAG in the Japanese working-age population with dyslipidemia.

Higher testosterone is associated with open-angle glaucoma in women: a genetic predisposition?

BackgroundTestosterone may be a possible modifiable risk factor for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and intraocular pressure (IOP), but evidence has been scarce and conflicting. In this study we evaluated the association of testosterone and its genetic predisposition with incident (i) OAG, IOP, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCL +).MethodsParticipants aged 45–100 years were derived from the prospective, population-based Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmic examinations and serum testosterone measurements (including bioavailable and free testosterone) were performed from 1991 onwards. Follow-up took place every 4–5 years. A total of 187 out of 7898 participants were diagnosed with incident (i) OAG during follow-up. Genotyping was performed in 165 glaucoma cases and 6708 controls. We calculated sex-specific weighted genetic risk scores (GRS) for total and bioavailable testosterone. Associations with iOAG were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Associations with IOP, RNFL, and GCL + were analyzed with multivariable linear regression. Analyses were stratified on sex and adjusted for at least age, body mass index, and follow-up duration.ResultsIn men, testosterone was not associated with iOAG. However, the GRS for higher total testosterone was associated with an increased iOAG risk (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.48 [1.18; 5.22], per unit). In women, higher values of bioavailable testosterone (2.05 [1.00; 4.18] per nmol/L) and free testosterone (1.79 [1.00; 3.20] per ng/dL) were significantly associated with increased risk of iOAG. Moreover, the GRS for higher bioavailable testosterone was associated with an increased iOAG risk (2.48 [1.09; 5.65], per unit). Higher bioavailable and free testosterone were adversely associated with IOP (0.58 [0.05; 1.10] per nmol/L and 0.47 [0.04; 0.90] per ng/dL). Higher total testosterone was inversely associated with peripapillary RNFL and GCL + (Beta [95% CI]: − 3.54 [− 7.02; − 0.06] per nmol/L and − 2.18 [− 4.11; − 0.25] per nmol/L, respectively).ConclusionsIn women, higher testosterone levels increased the risk of iOAG. Both IOP-dependent and IOP-independent mechanisms may underlie this association. Managing testosterone levels may be particularly relevant for the prevention of neurodegeneration in the eye. Future research should confirm these findings.

Increased Risks of Open-Angle Glaucoma in Untreated Hypertension

Hypertension (HTN) has been associated with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), but whether elevated blood pressure (BP) alone is associated with OAG is unknown. Whether stage 1 hypertension, as per the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) BP guidelines, increases the risk of the disease is uncertain. Retrospective, observational, cohort study. A total of 360,330 subjects who were ≥40 years of age and not taking antihypertensive or antiglaucoma drugs at the time of health examinations between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2003, were included. Subjects were categorized based on their untreated BP, into normal BP (systolic BP [SBP] <120 and diastolic BP [DBP] <80 mm Hg; n=104,304), elevated BP (SBP 120-129 and DBP <80 mm Hg; n=33,139), stage 1 HTN (SBP 130-139 or DBP 80-89 mm Hg; n=122,534), or stage 2 HTN (SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90mm Hg; n=100,353). Cox regression analysis was performed to calculate hazard ratios (HR) of OAG risk. The mean age of the subjects was 51.17 ± 8.97 years, and 56.2% were male. During a mean follow-up period of 11.76 ± 1.37 years, 12,841 subjects (3.56%) were diagnosed with OAG. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.056 (0.985-1.132) for elevated BP, 1.101(1.050-1.155) for stage 1 HTN, and 1.114(1.060-1.170) for stage 2 HTN with normal BP as the reference. The risk for OAG becomes greater with increases in untreated BP. Stage 1 HTN per the 2017 ACC/AHA BP guidelines is a significant risk factor for OAG.

Association of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the subsequent open glaucoma development: a nationwide cohort study.

This study aimed to investigate the possible association between nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and following open angle glaucoma (OAG). A retrospective research applying the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan was conducted with a follow up period from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2016. There were 4184 and 16736 participants that selected and categorized into the NPC and non-NPC groups after exclusion. The major outcome of our study was the development of OAG according to diagnostic codes, exam and managements. The Cox proportional hazard regression was employed to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of OAG between the two groups. In this study, a numbers of 151 and 513 OAG episodes occurred in the NPC and non-NPC groups and the NPC population showed a significantly higher incidence of OAG compared to the non-NPC population in multivariable analysis (aHR: 1.293, 95% CI: 1.077-1.551, p = 0.0057). Besides, the cumulative probability of OAG was significantly higher in the NPC group than that in the non-NPC population (p = 0.0041). About other risk factor for OAG, age older than 40 years old, diabetes mellitus and persistent steroid usage were related to OAG occurrence (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, the NPC may be an independent risk factor of following OAG development.

Respiratory comorbidities. Looking ahead to new glaucoma risk factors

AbstractPurpose: Open‐Angle glaucoma (OAG) continues being the first cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Recent advances in biotechnology did not cover all needs for avoiding glaucoma neurodegeneration (GND) and its high socioeconomic burden. Revisiting OAG risk factors, (including respiratory comorbidities), is mandatory to optimize OAG managing.Methods: A total of 412 participants were recruited in a prospective nationwide study (Spain and Portugal) according to strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, and classified into: OAG patients (n = 214) and ocular hypertension (OHT) subjects (n = 198). Sociodemographic, personal characteristics/lifestyle, and comorbid respiratory disorders were recorded. Among the latter asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonar disease (COPD) and sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (SAHS). Statistical processing was done by RStatistics v4.1.2 and RStudio v2021.09.1.Results: Mean age and gender distribution were: 62 years and 49% men (OAG group) and 61 years and 61% men (HTO group). Univariant analysis reflected that smoking and COPD (p &lt; 0.001) were significantly different between groups. Logistic regression of all variables showed that asthma (p = 0.003) and COPD (p = 0.035) were the most statistically significant characteristics between groups. When eliminating the outlier variables, the logistic regression displayed that asthma (p = 0.002) and COPD (p = 0.05) were the most discriminative parameters between groups. The SAHS did not show statistical significance.Conclusions: Data from this population strongly indicated that in addition to traditional OAG risk factors, asthma, COPD, and smoking habit can be considered detrimental to the OAG course.

Distribution of intraocular pressure in a Swedish population.

Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and pseudoexfoliation (PEX) are major risk factors for open-angle glaucoma (OAG), an age-related neurodegenerative disease of significant importance for public health. There are few studies on the distribution of IOP in populations where PEX is a common finding. The distribution of IOP was studied in 733 subjects 65-74 years of age, examined in a population survey in the rural district of Tierp, Sweden, 1984-86. The difference between the right and left eye and the effect of which eye was measured first were examined. Odds ratios, adjusted for age and sex, according to Mantel-Haenszel (ORMH), were calculated to estimate predictors of increased IOP, defined as a pressure ≥20 mm Hg in either eye. The pressure was measured with Goldmann applanation tonometry. Automated perimetry was used to identify OAG. The distribution of IOP was close to that of other European-derived populations. The pressure in the first measured eye was higher than in the second measured eye. Increased IOP was related to OAG and PEX, ORMH 8.97 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.84-20.9) and 2.40 (95% CI 1.53-3.76), respectively. An IOP ≥20 mm Hg increased the risk of having been diagnosed with diabetes (ORMH 1.83; 95% CI 1.08-3.09). In this study of subjects 65-74-years-old in Sweden, the distribution of IOP was close to that of other European-derived populations. Although the difference was small, the pressure in the first measured eye was higher than in the second eye. Increased IOP was strongly related to untreated OAG and PEX.

Association between chronic kidney disease and open-angle glaucoma in South Korea: a 12-year nationwide retrospective cohort study

Various non-intraocular pressure factors have been identified as possible risk factors for open-angle glaucoma (OAG). However, there is still controversy around the association between OAG and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we used a nationwide cohort to investigate the risk of OAG in the 12 years following a diagnosis of CKD. This retrospective cohort study included 1,103,302 subjects from the Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort database. The CKD group (n = 1318) included patients who were initially diagnosed with CKD between 2003 and 2008. The subjects in the comparison group were matched at a 1:5 ratio using propensity scores. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, a diagnosis of CKD was significantly associated with an increased incidence of OAG (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.546, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.363–1.754, p < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that the risk of OAG increased with the severity of CKD (mild to moderate CKD [CKD stage 1–3]: HR = 1.280, 95% CI 1.077–1.521, p = 0.005; advanced CKD [CKD stage 4–5]: HR = 1.861, 95% CI 1.589–2.180, p < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, female CKD patients had a greater risk of developing OAG than males, and subjects with CKD aged ≥ 40 years were more likely to develop OAG compared with those aged < 40 years. Our study demonstrates that CKD is a significant risk factor for OAG and that severe CKD is associated with an increased risk of developing OAG.

Correlation of axial length and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layerthickness by optical coherence tomographyin myopes

Background: Myopia is considered a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma. This study aimed to assess the association of axial length and degree of myopia on RNFL thickness.Material and Method: This cross-sectional study is conducted among 50 myopic patients aged between 18 to 60yrs attending ophthalmology OPD at a tertiary care hospital. The study was conducted after getting approval from institutional ethics committee and patients recruited after obtaining informed consent. The ocular examination of all the included patients was done using an auto refractometer, retinoscopy, ONH OCT for RNFL thickness measurement, fundus with IDO and 90D. The average RNFL thickness was recorded globally and separately for the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants.Results: A total of 100 eyes were evaluated, mean age of the study population was 35.02±9.07 years with range of 21-54years. The mean of refraction errors in all the patients was -3.41±2.04D with a range of -1 to -20D and mean axial length was 24.11±1.10 with a range of 22.18 to 26.8mm. There is a significant decrease in the RNFL thickness in patients with increase in refractive error and the axial length. (p

Treatment of Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension with Preservative-Free Tafluprost/Timolol Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy: UK and Ireland Results from the VISIONARY Study

IntroductionReducing intraocular pressure (IOP), the only modifiable risk factor for open-angle glaucoma (OAG), is important for the preservation of vision and slowing of disease progression. Preservative-free tafluprost (0.0015%)/timolol (0.5%) fixed combination (PF Taf-T FC) is an approved combination therapy for OAG treatment. The VISIONARY study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of PF Taf-T FC in real-world clinical settings. Here, we present the results from the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland.MethodsThis observational, multicentre, European, prospective study recorded data during routine clinic appointments on the use of PF Taf-T FC for the treatment of OAG and ocular hypertension (OHT) in patients whose disease was insufficiently controlled on a prostaglandin analogue (PGA) or beta blocker monotherapy or who did not tolerate these medications. Mean change in IOP, symptom severity, changes in clinical signs, and tolerability were investigated over 6 months.ResultsEighty-two patients were recruited in the UK and Ireland. After 6 months of PF Taf-T FC treatment, mean IOP was significantly reduced from 22.0 to 16.2 mmHg in the UK group and from 18.6 to 14.1 mmHg in the Ireland group. In the UK (65 patients), 49 adverse events (AEs) were reported, of which 3 were serious. No AEs were reported in the Ireland group (17 patients). Overall, 91.9% of UK physicians reported PF Taf-T FC treatment to be the same or better than prior medication for improving clinical signs; 90.0% of UK patients reported PF Taf-T FC treatment to have good or very good tolerability.ConclusionsTreatment with PF Taf-T FC resulted in significant reductions in mean IOP over 6 months. Patients and physicians reported that treatment was well tolerated. These data demonstrate real-world efficacy of PF Taf-T FC for the treatment of OAG and OHT in routine clinical practice in the UK and Ireland.Trial registrationEuropean Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies (EU PAS) register number, EUPAS22204.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12325-021-01725-7.

Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma and recommendations for glaucoma screening.

Open-angle glaucomas are agroup of chronic progressive optic nerve neuropathies with agonioscopic open anterior chamber angle. They are one of the main causes of visual impairment and blindness in industrialized countries. The aim of this article is to discuss and evaluate the epidemiology and risk factors for the development of open-angle glaucoma and to present the screening procedure for open-angle glaucoma according to the recently published S2e guidelines of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF).

Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma and recommendations for glaucoma screening

Open-angle glaucomas are agroup of chronic progressive optic nerve neuropathies with agonioscopic open anterior chamber angle. They are one of the main causes of visual impairment and blindness in industrialized countries. The aim of this article is to discuss and evaluate the epidemiology and risk factors for the development of open-angle glaucoma and to present the screening procedure for open-angle glaucoma according to the recently published S2e guidelines of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF).

Risk Factors for Open-angle Glaucoma in Persons of Latin American Descent.

The aim of this paper is to concisely summarize what is currently known about OAG among persons of LAD in the United States for the purpose of improving individualized care and highlighting areas requiring further study. Review of relevant literature was performed through PubMed and Google Scholar from October 1978 through November 11, 2019. As the Latin American population grows within the United States, it is predicted that by 2050, men of LAD will make up the largest demographic group with OAG. Persons of LAD experience a greater increase in OAG prevalence per decade of life compared with persons of African descent and may have unique risk factors. In particular, those with African ancestry and hypertension are at greater risk of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Maximum IOP, variability in IOP, and diabetes are also important considerations. Unique anatomic and physiological characteristics such as scleral tensile strain, longer axial length, thin corneas, and corneal hysteresis may play a role in this population's unique risk for the development and progression of OAG. OAG represents a growing concern among persons of LAD in the United States; however, information on specific risk factors in this population currently remains limited. Studies should be designed to investigate the LAD population and their respective structural, vascular, and social risk factors for the development and progression of OAG to assist clinicians in improving outcomes for this growing population.

Migraine and increased risk of developing open angle glaucoma: a population-based cohort study

BackgroundMigraine is linked to endothelial dysfunction and is considered to be a systemic vasculopathy. Interestingly, systemic vascular diseases also occur in glaucoma patients and are considered to be vascular risk factors. Whether migraine is simply a concomitant condition in glaucoma patients or a risk factor per se for glaucoma remains unknown. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the risk for open angle glaucoma (OAG) in migraineurs using a 10-year follow-up study that employed a nationwide population-based dataset in Taiwan.MethodsThis retrospective matched-cohort study used data sourced from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. We included 17,283 subjects with migraine in the study cohort and randomly selected 69,132 subjects from the database for the comparison group. Each subject in this study was individually traced for a 10-year period to identify those subjects who subsequently received a diagnosis of OAG. The age-adjusted Charlson’s comorbidity index (ACCI) score was utilized to compute the burden of comorbidity in each subject. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess risk factors for OAG in migraineurs. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to compare the 10-year risk of OAG between the migraineurs and the comparison cohort.ResultsMigraineurs had more vascular comorbidities than the comparison cohort. The overall incidence of OAG (per 1000 person-years) was 1.29 and 1.02, respectively, for migraineurs and the comparison cohort during the 10-year follow-up period. Age, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were three significant risk factors for OAG in migraineurs. After adjusting for patients’ age and vascular comorbidities, migraineurs were found to have a 1.68-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–2.36) greater risk of developing OAG than the comparison cohort, in subjects with an ACCI score of 0. This association became statistically nonsignificant in subjects with ACCI scores of 1–2 or ≥ 3.ConclusionMigraine is associated with a higher risk of OAG for patients with no comorbidity who are aged under 50 years.

Relationship between optical perfusion pressure and systemic blood pressure on glaucoma: Case-control study.

AIM:To investigate the relationship between blood pressure (BP), ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), intraocular pressure (IOP) and open angle glaucoma (OAG) in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) patients and normal population.DESIGN:Cross-sectional observation study.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Hospital-based, case control cross-sectional study conducted on 150 patients, of which 75 people were included in the control group and 75 people in the glaucoma group. The diagnosis of cases was based on disc evaluation, gonioscopy, perimetry and applanation tonometry. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) was measured with a Mercury Sphygmomanometer. Mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP) = ⅔ (mean arterial pressure − IOP), where mean arterial pressure (MAP) = DBP + ⅓ (SBP − DBP), systolic perfusion pressure (SPP) = SBP – IOP and diastolic perfusion pressure (DPP) = DBP − IOP was calculated.RESULTS:DBP, OPP, SPP and DPP showed positive association with POAG. There is positive correlation between IOP and SBP, DBP and there is a negative correlation between IOP, OPP, SPP and DPP. Lower OPP was strongly associated with an increased risk for POAG, with a relative risk of 6.27 and the odds ratio of 0.075 for those with OPP less than 50 mmHg. Similarly, a low DPP less than 55 mmHg were also associated with increased risk for POAG with relative risk of 5.3 and the odds ratio of 0.020.CONCLUSION:Low MOPP and low DPP show strong association with increased prevalence of POAG and are independent risk factors for OAG.

Central corneal thickness in a Jordanian population and its association with different types of Glaucoma: cross-sectional study

BackgroundCentral corneal thickness (CCT) has long been implicated to affect glaucoma predisposition. Several reports have identified that thinner CCT is a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma, and that CCT can be very variable between different ethnic groups. In this study, we aim to identify the relation between CCT and different glaucoma parameters in different types of glaucoma in an Arabian ethnicity.MethodsWe classified our participants into four main groups: primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXFG), and a control group. We obtained demographics, intraocular pressure (IOP), cup to disc ratio (CDR), visual field mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD), CCT, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness for each participant.ResultsWe included A total of 119 eyes with glaucoma, including POAG (54 eyes), PXFG (31 eyes) and PACG (34 eyes), we also included 57 control eyes. We found that PACG eyes have the thinnest CCT. Mean measurements of CCT for our groups were: 538.31 μm (SD = 36.30) in eyes with POAG, 544.45 μm (SD = 28.57) in eyes with PXFG, 506.91 μm (SD = 34.55) in eyes with PACG and 549.63 μm (SD = 42.9) in the control group. We found that CCT is significantly correlated with CDR (p = 0.012, r = − 0.231), MD (p < 0.001, r = 0.327),and RNFL thickness (p = .007, r = .283).ConclusionIn Arabian ethnicity, PACG patients have the thinnest CCT compared to other types of glaucoma, namely POAG and PXFG. We demonstrated that glaucomatous eyes with thinner corneas will probably have more advanced glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Our results emphasize the importance of taking ethnicity into account upon glaucoma management.

A low meat diet increases the risk of open-angle glaucoma in women-The results of population-based, cross-sectional study in Japan.

BackgroundStudies identifying modifiable lifestyle risk factors related to open-angle glaucoma (OAG) are limited, especially from Asian countries. This study aimed to identify lifestyle risk factors for OAG in a Japanese population.Methods and findingsThis population-based, cross-sectional study recruited Japanese participants aged 40 years or older from January 2013 to March 2015. We took fundus photographs for OAG screening, determined lifestyle and health characteristics through a questionnaire and performed physical examinations. The participants who had suspect findings in the fundus photographs were sent for a detailed ophthalmic examination to diagnose OAG. Lifestyle and heath characteristics were statistically compared between the OAG and non-OAG participants. A total of 1583 participants were included in the study, of which 42 had OAG and 1541 did not have OAG. The number of days per week that the female participants consumed meat (mean±SD; OAG: 1.7±1.2 days, non-OAG: 2.7±1.5 days) was negatively associated with OAG (OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.43–0.88; p = 0.007). Higher intraocular pressure was positively associated with OAG in men (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.05–1.38, p = 0.009). No significant difference between participants with and without OAG was observed for a range of other lifestyle factors and health criteria including self-report of diabetes, number of family living together, body mass index, blood pressure, pulse rate, coffee drinking, tea drinking, alcohol drinking, number of fruits consumed per day and days of fish consumption per week.ConclusionsA higher weekly consumption of meat appears to be negatively associated with OAG in Japanese women. Increasing the dietary intake of meat can contribute to reducing the risk of developing OAG.

Risk of developing open-angle glaucoma in patients with carotid artery stenosis: A nationwide cohort study.

Whether carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is an independent risk factor for open-angle glaucoma remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the association between CAS and the development of open-angle glaucoma in the Taiwanese population-based cohort derived from a longitudinal database containing claims data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) program; this study enrolled 2093 patients with CAS and 8372 patients without CAS matched by age and sex from 1999 to 2010. Diagnoses of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) were identified during a follow-up period lasting through December 31, 2013. A Cox proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) for OAG in the CAS cohort compared with the matched cohort. We found that the HR for open-angle glaucoma in the CAS cohort compared with the matched cohort. The adjusted HR for OAG in the CAS cohort was 1.50 (95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.02, P = .008). The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the CAS cohort had a higher cumulative incidence of OAG than did the matched cohort during the follow-up period (log-rank test, P < .001). We concluded that CAS is a significantly independent risk factor for the development of OAG. Our finding is clinically important for the aging population, which has an increasing prevalence of CAS.