Risk Factors For Myopia Research Articles

Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Children Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia.

This study serves as a tool for optometrists and ophthalmologists to reinforce adherence to several preventive factors, which may decrease the incidence of myopia, and avoidance of risk factors by multiple means including education during hospital visits. It also provides insight into who should be screened and tailored screening programs for children. While studies assessing the prevalence of myopia in Saudi Arabia have contradicting results, only a few studies have evaluated the risk factors of myopia and the effect of using electronic devices on its occurrence. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors, among children attending an ophthalmology clinic in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 182 patients aged < 14 years were selected using convenient sampling. Direct assessment of the refraction was performed in the clinic, and a questionnaire was completed by the child's parent. Of 182 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 40.7% had myopia. Myopia was more common in boys (56.8%) than in girls (43.2%), with a median age of 8.7 years. Using multivariate regression analysis, only age (eight years and above) (OR=2.15, CI=1.12-4.12, P= 0.03), and family history of myopia (OR= 5.83, CI= 2.82-12.05, P= 0.001) were significant predictors of myopia in children. Other variables (e.g., sex, and use of laptops, computers, smartphones/tablets, or TV) were not statistically significant. This study did not show a statistically significant association between using electronic devices and the onset and progression of myopia among children. Studies with a larger sample size are required to further investigate this association and assess other potential risk factors.

The Incidence and Severity of Myopia in the Population of Medical Students and Its Dependence on Various Demographic Factors and Vision Hygiene Habits

(1) Background: Myopia is one of the leading causes of visual impairment. Visual work and usage of electronic devices are known risk factors of myopia. Many education systems were forced to apply online and hybrid teaching methods, to reduce the number of new cases of COVID-19. Medical students are a population well-known for intense visual work in the form of learning; (2) Methods: Visual acuity and refractive error were measured in the population of medical students. Participants also filled out the survey that included their population characteristic and their habits related to the hygiene of vision; (3) Results: We found a correlation between the age of the first diagnosis of myopia and current values of refractive error. The majority of participants believe that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the health of their vision. Among methods of studying, usage of the computer screen was less preferred by myopic students; (4) Conclusions: In the population of medical school students in Eastern Poland, visual acuity was lower than 1.0 in 232 (52.97%) in the right eye and 234 (53.42%) in the left eye. Early recognition of refractive error has influenced its current values. Among methods of studying, usage of the computer screen was less preferred by myopic students. More population-based studies should focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of vision.

Development of smart spectacles to monitor and modify myopia‐related health behaviour in children

To develop a wearable, spectacle-mounted, sensor-based device to monitor and modify myopia risk factors in children, namely near-working distance, light levels and spectral composition. A wearable, spectacle-mounted device has been developed, which consists of inbuilt sensors, namely: (i) light sensor to detect ambient light intensity; (ii) proximity sensor to measure near-work distance; (iii) microspectrograph to measure spectral power for six visible channels, namely red, green, blue, yellow, orange and violet and (iv) a global positioning system tracker to track the location and the device. The sensors were programmed by Arduino Nano, and the circuit was fixed onto a printed circuit board fitted onto a spectacle frame for pilot testing. Laboratory testing of the prototype was performed using a mannequin. An alert will be set when exceeding the predetermined threshold to help control myopia risk factors. The indoor and outdoor light levels measured using the prototype were less than and greater than 1000 lux, respectively. The actual target distance and the corresponding distance measured by the prototype were highly correlated (R2 =0.99). The mean distance measured by the prototype was within 1.5cm of the actual target distance for distances between 30 and 95 cm. The spectral energy of the indoor location was highest for the orange channel at about 100-160 counts/μW/cm2 , whereas it was highest for the blue channel in outdoor daylight (10,000-19,000 counts/μW/cm2 ). A working prototype that can simultaneously measure the viewing distance, light intensity and spectral composition has been developed.

Causal Relationships Between Glycemic Traits and Myopia.

Little is known about whether sugar intake is a risk factor for myopia, and the influence of glycemic control remains unclear, with inconsistent results reported. This study aimed to clarify this uncertainty by evaluating the link between multiple glycemic traits and myopia. We employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design using summary statistics from independent genome-wide association studies. A total of six glycemic traits, including adiponectin, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and proinsulin levels, were used as exposures, and myopia was used as the outcome. The inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method was the main applied analytic tool and was complemented with comprehensive sensitivity analyses. Out of the six glycemic traits studied, we found that adiponectin was significantly associated with myopia. The genetically predicted level of adiponectin was consistently negatively associated with myopia incidence: IVW (odds ratio [OR] = 0.990; P = 2.66 × 10-3), MR Egger (OR = 0.983; P = 3.47 × 10-3), weighted median method (OR = 0.989; P = 0.01), and weighted mode method (OR = 0.987; P = 0.01). Evidence from all sensitivity analyses further supported these associations. In addition, a higher HbA1c level was associated with a greater risk of myopia: IVW (OR = 1.022; P = 3.06 × 10-5). Genetic evidence shows that low adiponectin levels and high HbA1c are associated with an increased risk of myopia. Given that physical activity and sugar intake are controllable variables in blood glycemia treatment, these findings provide new insights into potential strategies to delay myopia onset.

The Environmental and Social Risk Factors for Myopia in Children and Adolescents in Bangladesh

Background: The seriousness of myopia is still underappreciated by the general population. One in five occurrences of blindness may be traced back to uncorrected refractive error (The discrepancy between the patient's vision at presentation and their best-corrected vision). Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the environmental and social risk factors for myopia in children and adolescents in Bangladesh. Method: This prospective cohort research conducted at a major medical center to investigate prenatal through adult risk factors for poor health and noncommunicable illnesses in young people. The study began in July 2020, and 100 people have been asked to participate in yearly follow-ups for two years. The majority of the people living there are from the Dhaka metropolitan area. Schools, daycares, community clinics, general practices, public health agencies, and collaborative research projects are just few of the places where participants are sought for recruitment. Results: During the study, 60% were in 11-18 years age group, 55% were male and 35% were in middle income group. 10% myopia had 3-10 years age group and 21% myopia in 11-18 years age group. 80% patients had everyday outdoor frequency, followed by 50% had 1-2 hours outdoor frequency, 60% had everyday near work frequency. There was a significant associations of myopia with low outdoor activity frequency, high near work duration and low near work frequency. Outdoor activity duration was not significantly associated with myopia. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that regular sun exposure and limiting the amount of time spent in constant close work may help prevent the development of eye diseases. Furthermore, our cohort found that children of higher socioeconomic status were less likely to be myopic. Strategy development for myopia prevention in children of all ages should be prioritized in light of the massive economic burden imposed by the condition and the apparent ............

The association between sleep duration and risk of myopia in Chinese school-aged children: a cross-sectional study.

Myopia is one of the most commonly diagnosed refractive disorders worldwide. Identifying risk factors for myopia at an early age may help to characterize children who would benefit most from individualized lifestyle advice and early interventions. The influence of sleep duration on myopia risk remains controversial and thus needs to be evaluated. A population-based cross-sectional study of Chinese school-aged children was conducted. Information on sleep duration was derived. The association between sleep duration and myopia risk was investigated by logistic regression analysis. Myopia prevalence among 9530Chinese school-aged children was 75.4% and decreased from 84.9%, 76.5%, 65.8%, to 61.3% along with the extension of sleep duration. Univariate logistic regression found longer sleep duration of 8-9 h (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.51-0.66), 9-10 h (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.30-0.39), and ≥ 10 h (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.24-0.33) were protective factors for myopia in all participants (P for trend < 0.001). In the multivariate analyses, sleep duration was inversely associated with the risk of myopia, and a dose-effect relationship was observed when the analysis was split by age category. Long sleep duration was associated with decreased risk of myopia in Chinese school-aged children.

Risk factors for myopia among children and adolescents: an umbrella review of published meta-analyses and systematic reviews

AimsTo identify potential risk factors for myopia in children and adolescents and assess the credibility of each evidence, providing reference for the development of myopia prevention strategies.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Web...

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Refractive Errors and Effective Spectacle Coverage in Emiratis and Non-Emiratis Aged 40 Years or Older: the Dubai Eye Health Survey.

The aim was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of refractive errors (REs) and the effective spectacle coverage in Emiratis and non-Emiratis in Dubai. The Dubai Eye Health Survey was a population-based cross-sectional study of participants aged 40 years or older. Distance and near visual acuity (VA), and noncycloplegic automated refraction were tested according to a standardized protocol. Distance VA was tested using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) logMAR chart at 3m and near VA was measured using the near vision logMAR chart at 40cm under ambient lighting. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of refraction of less than -0.50 diopters (D), and hypermetropia as spherical equivalent of more than +0.50D. Astigmatism was defined as cylinder power of 0.5D or greater. Effective spectacle coverage for distance vision was computed as met need/(met need+unmet need+under-met need)×100%. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between sociodemographic factors and RE. The authors included 892 participants (446 Emiratis and 446 non-Emiratis) in the analysis. The prevalence of hypermetropia was 20.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 16.8%-24.4%] in Emiratis and 20.6% (95% CI: 20.0%-24.7%) in non-Emiratis. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia was 27.4% (95% CI: 23.3%-31.7%) and 1.8% (95% CI: 0.8%-3.5%) in Emiratis, and 19.5% (95% CI: 15.9%-23.5%) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.2%-2.3%) in non-Emiratis, respectively. High education (P=0.02) and not currently working (P=0.002) were risk factors of myopia in non-Emiratis only. The prevalence of astigmatism was 7.4% (95% CI: 5.1%-10.2%) in Emiratis and 1.6% (95% CI: 0.6%-3.2%) in non-Emiratis. This prevalence was higher in individuals aged over 60 years (P<0.001) and men (P=0.014) among Emiratis. The prevalence of anisometropia and uncorrected presbyopia was 11.4% (95% CI: 8.6%-14.8%) and 0.7% (95% CI: 0.1%-2.0%) in Emiratis, and 9.2% (95% CI: 6.7%-12.3%) and 0.4% (95% CI: 0.05%-1.6%) in non-Emiratis, respectively. The effective spectacle coverage was 62.3% (95% CI: 54.0%-70.6%) and 69% (95% CI: 60.5%-77.5%) in Emiratis and non-Emiratis, respectively. A high proportion of Emiratis and non-Emiratis was affected by RE without optimal effective spectacle coverage, highlighting the imperativeness of intervention to alleviate the burden. The findings may help facilitate evidence-based policymaking concerning the delivery of eye care services and allocation of medical resources in Dubai.

Impact of Electronic Gadgets Overuse on Myopia Progression among Young People: A Prospective Study

Introduction: Myopia has a multifactorial aetiology, involving interplay between environmental, genetic and behavioural factors. In today’s times of digitalisation, young people are now more exposed to digital devices, which is another possible risk factor for myopia. Aim: To determine the effect of mobile and laptop overuse on progression of myopia in young people at three time points of six months interval. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Shyam Shah Medical College and associated Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India, from of January 2019 to September 2020. A total of 400 eyes of 200 myopic patients were included. All the eyes were categorised into three groups based upon degree of myopia at the time of presentation. Cycloplegic autorefraction followed by subjective refinement of refraction was done and Spherical Equivalent (SE) was calculated in time 1, time 2 and time 3. Progression of myopia was calculated as increase in myopic refraction of subject’s eye between time 1 and time 3. Questionnaire survey about amount of time spent on mobile and laptop and their working distance was done. Then task-specificdiopter-hours per day were calculated. Multivariate analysis was done to estimate the adjusted odds ratio for mobile and laptop use associated with myopia progression. Results: The present study was conducted on 200 patients having varying degree of myopia. Mean age of patients with low, moderate and high myopia was 18.62±3.18, 17.65±3.59 and 17.49±3.91 years, respectively. The male to female ratio was 1.04:1. This study documents task specific mobile and laptop diopter hours per day was significantly higher in eyes with progression as compared to no progression in low, moderate as well as in high myopes (p-value&lt;0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, risk of progression of myopia was significantly higher in patients engaged for longer duration on mobile and laptop and at near distance. Thus, this study concludes that overuse of electronic gadgets has a significant adverse impact on myopia progression in young people.

The Cumulative Effect of Multilevel Factors on Myopia Prevalence, Incidence, and Progression Among Children and Adolescents in China During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To estimate the effects of school closures and associated lifestyle changes on myopia in Chinese children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Two cross-sectional surveys recruited 14,296 Chinese students aged 7 to 18 years in November 2019 and June 2020 from which an open cohort study (nested queue design) was derived and used to assess myopia prevalence, incidence, and progression rates (defined as students with progression in myopia severity at the second survey wave among those with myopia at baseline). The severity of myopia was determined by measurements of visual acuity (<5.0) and noncycloplegic refraction (spherical equivalent <-0.50 diopters). Twenty-three myopia-influencing factors were divided into three categories: eye-use habits, lifestyle, and family and subjective factors. Responses to each of these 23 factors were labeled as either positive or negative options and then combined to generate a comprehensive score. Boys and girls were equally represented (50%) and had the same average age (11.5 years) at each wave. The myopia prevalence increased from 48.2% to 60.0%, with 27.1% myopia incidence and 13.2% myopia progression rates for Chinese children and adolescents. Each of the 23 factors was associated with myopia prevalence but had no significant effect on myopia incidence or progression. However, these 23 factors had a cumulative effect on myopia risks; higher scores were associated with more positive factors and lower risk ratios of myopia and vice versa. Except for the progression rate, the myopia prevalence and incidence and risk ratios decreased with higher comprehensive scores. School closures during the COVID-19 pandemic increased the risk of myopia in Chinese children and adolescents due to the accumulation of poor eyesight habits, unhealthy lifestyles, and excessive screen time. Rather than focusing on single risk factors for myopia, future myopia prevention strategies should focus on integrating multiple comprehensive approaches across schools, families, and communities.

MYOPIA PREVALENCE AMONG STUDENTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

The lockdown policy was implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic to stop its spread. Indonesia modified the lockdown into PSBB (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar). During PSBB school activities were replaced with online learning methods. This increased screen time and near-sighted activities and reduced time outdoors, were the risk factors for myopia. The objective of this study was to determine the myopia prevalence among students during the pandemic. This study used a systematic review method with meta-analysis. Data collection was taken from PubMed, Mendeley, and Google Scholar databases published in 2020-2021. The inclusion criterion was research on myopia prevalence among students during the pandemic of Covid-19. Data retrieval used the PICO method and journal adjustments were selected using the PRISMA algorithm. Data analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Out of 971 studies found, only six studies met the criterion. The results of the study based on the forest plot showed high heterogeneity and significant differences in the results. This was probably due to the inclusion criterion being too broad. In the funnel plot, there was a possible publication bias because the data obtained was only available and accessible. Overall, the journals studied stated that increased screen time and lack of outdoor activity increased myopia prevalence. Other risk factors that consistently cause an increase in myopia prevalence are education level, paternal and maternal myopia, and too-close reading distance. Otherwise, age, gender, BMI, eye exercise, eating habits, posture, and lighting while reading showed so many differences in the results that conclusions cannot be made.

Myopia risk factors

AbstractThere have been significant increases in the prevalence of childhood myopia in the past three decades. An earlier onset of myopia may predispose children to high myopia and potential blinding conditions in adulthood, such as myopic macular degeneration. A young child with a low hypermetropic refraction has a greater likelihood of developing myopia, thereby increasing the risk of blindness. Thus, it is important to understand risks factors for myopia to develop appropriate prevention plans, screening programs and treatment strategies to control myopia progression. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the development of myopia and its progression. Basic birth parameters, such as ethnicity, parental myopia, and gender have been identified as risk factors for myopia and myopia progression. Although, there is mix evidence on gender predilection and myopia. In populations of European ancestry, genetic variation accounts for about 12% of the variance in mean spherical equivalent (SE). Furthermore, the increases in myopia prevalence in the last years do not seem to be primarily due to genetic variation, but rather environmental changes. Strong evidence on the association between environmental factors and myopia has been provided by mendelian randomization studies, randomized clinical trials and meta‐analysis. Major environmental factors, include level of education and time spent outdoors. Other environmental factors include near work, screen time and urbanization. However, evidence on the associations between near work, screen time and myopia have been mixed. Modifiable environmental risk factors provide an important basis for the design of preventive interventions. Further research on the interactions between genetic and environmental factors is necessary to better understand the pathophysiology mechanisms of myopia.

MYOPIA PREVALENCE AMONG STUDENTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

The lockdown policy was implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic to stop its spread. Indonesia modified the lockdown into PSBB (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar). During PSBB school activities were replaced with online learning methods. This increased screen time and near-sighted activities and reduced time outdoors, were the risk factors for myopia. The objective of this study was to determine the myopia prevalence among students during the pandemic. This study used a systematic review method with meta-analysis. Data collection was taken from PubMed, Mendeley, and Google Scholar databases published in 2020-2021. The inclusion criterion was research on myopia prevalence among students during the pandemic of Covid-19. Data retrieval used the PICO method and journal adjustments were selected using the PRISMA algorithm. Data analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Out of 971 studies found, only six studies met the criterion. The results of the study based on the forest plot showed high heterogeneity and significant differences in the results. This was probably due to the inclusion criterion being too broad. In the funnel plot, there was a possible publication bias because the data obtained was only available and accessible. Overall, the journals studied stated that increased screen time and lack of outdoor activity increased myopia prevalence. Other risk factors that consistently cause an increase in myopia prevalence are education level, paternal and maternal myopia, and too-close reading distance. Otherwise, age, gender, BMI, eye exercise, eating habits, posture, and lighting while reading showed so many differences in the results that conclusions cannot be made.

The relationship between myopia and near work, time outdoors and socioeconomic status in children and adolescents

BackgroundTo investigate environmental and social risk factors for myopia in children and adolescents in Germany.Methods1437 children aged between 3 and 18 inclusive were examined as part of the LIFE Child study based in Leipzig, Germany. Information about leisure time activities and social status was ascertained by parents and children in a questionnaire. Refractive status was attained by measuring noncycloplegic autorefraction. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ − 0.75 D. Risk factors were identified using multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn multiple logistic regression analysis, myopia was significantly associated with less frequent outdoor activity (“once a week” vs. “twice a week or more”: odds ratio (OR) 4.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89–9.98, p<0.01) and longer near work sessions (1–2 h vs. < 1 h: OR 1.83, CI 1.10–3.04, p=0.02; > 3 h vs. < 1 h: OR 3.71, CI 1.43–9.61, p<0.01) after adjustment for age, sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Duration of outdoor activity, near work frequency and SES showed no significant association with myopia (p > 0.05). Children with a lower SES were involved in longer periods of outdoor and near work activities but on fewer occasions over the course of the week, although this connection was not significant.ConclusionMyopia is associated with environmental factors. The present findings suggest that daily exposure to sunlight and a restriction of long-duration near work activities might protect against pathological eye growth. Prevention strategies should be implemented for children at all ages.

MiR-328-3p Affects Axial Length Via Multiple Routes and Anti-miR-328-3p Possesses a Potential to Control Myopia Progression.

We previously reported miR-328-3p as a novel risk factor for myopia through a genetic association study of the PAX6 gene. In the present study, we first explored the effects of miR-328-3p on other myopia-related genes, and then tested whether anti-miR-328-3p may be used for myopia control. The luciferase report assay and transient transfection were used to confirm miR-328-3p target genes. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to investigate retinoic acid receptor on the miR-328-3p promoter. Mice and pigmented rabbits were induced to have myopia by the form deprivation method, and then anti-miR-328-3p oligonucleotide was topically instilled to the myopic eyes. The axial length was measured to assess the therapeutic effect of anti-miR-328-3p. A toxicity study using much higher doses was conducted to assess the safety and ocular irritation of anti-miR-328-3p. The report assay and transfection of miR-328-3p mimic confirmed that miR-328-3p dose-dependently decreased both mRNA and protein expression of fibromodulin (FMOD) and collagen1A1 (COL1A1). We subsequently showed that FMOD promoted TGF-β1 expression, and overexpression of FMOD increased the phosphorylation levels of p38-MAPK and JNK. The ChIP study showed that retinoic acid binds to miR-328-3p promoter and up-regulates miR-328-3p expression. In myopic animal studies, anti-miR-328-3p was as effective as 1% atropine and had a dose-dependent effect on suppressing axial elongation. In the toxicity study, anti-miR-328-3p did not cause any unwanted effects in the eyes or other organs. Micro (mi)R-328-3p affects myopia development via multiple routes. anti-miR-328-3p possesses a potential as a novel therapy for myopia control.

Ethnic Disparities in Risk Factors for Myopia among Han and Minority Schoolchildren in Shawan, Xinjiang, China.

The ethnic differences in myopia rates, ocular dimensions, and risk factors between Han and non-Han schoolchildren observed in this study may help fill the knowledge gap about ethnic minorities and are important for China and other countries to address vision-related health inequalities among different ethnic groups. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of juvenile myopia and elucidate the disparities of risk factors among Han and non-Han school students in Xinjiang, China. A population-based cross-sectional study of 876 schoolchildren from grades 1 to 9 was conducted in the Anjihai Middle School in Shawan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Visual acuity and ocular biometry were assessed, and personal information, including behavior, birth status, and familial factors, was collected using self-made standardized questionnaires. The myopia rate among students of Han ethnicity (50.5%) was the highest, followed by Hui (41.3%) and Uygur et al. (32.0%, P < .001). Similar patterns were observed for mean axial length. The mean axial lengths are 23.7, 23.4, and 23.3 mm, respectively ( P = .01). Overall, performing high-quality eye exercises, longer sleep duration, being born in summer, parental smoking, and consuming more food containing anthocyanins were all associated with a lower incidence of myopia. Meanwhile, Han ethnicity, intensive near task, bad eye habits, and myopic mothers were associated with higher odds of myopia. After adjusting for environmental influences pertaining to myopia, the variation in myopia prevalence between Han and Uygur et al. remained significant, whereas it changed to not significant between Han and Hui ethnicities. Significant disparities were found in the prevalence of myopia among various ethnic groups in Shawan, Xinjiang. Life habits, birth status, and familial factors may contribute to such variance and play different roles in the occurrence of juvenile myopia among various ethnicities.

Ocular Perfusion Pressure in 7- and 12-Year-Old Chinese Children: The Anyang Childhood Eye Study.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to report the distribution of mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP) and its associated factors in Chinese children.MethodsWe enrolled 3048 grade 1 students and 2258 grade 7 students of the Anyang Childhood Eye Study in central China. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were recorded with a digital automatic sphygmomanometer. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was assessed by a non-contact tonometer. MOPP was calculated as 2/3 × (DBP + 1/3[SBP – DBP]) - IOP. Risk factors for myopia were obtained through a questionnaire survey.ResultsThe MOPP was 33.83 ± 6.37 mm Hg (mean ± SD) in grade 1, which was lower than 36.99 ± 6.80 mm Hg in grade 7 (P < 0.001). Compared with myopic eyes, non-myopic eyes had higher MOPP in grade 7 (37.72 ± 6.72 mm Hg versus 36.58 ± 6.57 mm Hg, P < 0.001) and in grade 1 (33.88 ± 6.29 mm Hg versus 33.12 ± 7.03 mm Hg, P = 0.12). Multivariable analysis showed that higher MOPP was associated with less myopia (P < 0.001), higher body mass index (BMI; P < 0.001), thinner central corneal thickness (P < 0.001), less time on near work (P < 0.001), and more time on sleeping (P = 0.04).ConclusionsMOPP was higher in children of older age, with higher BMI, less time on near work, and more time on sleeping, and was higher in eyes with less myopia.Translational RelevanceWe found that MOPP might be an indicator for the detection of myopia development.

Myopia progression and associated factors of refractive status in children and adolescents in Tibet and Chongqing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

To investigate myopia progression and associated factors of refractive status among children and adolescents in Tibet and Chongqing in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted to compare rates of myopia and high myopia, axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE), outdoor activity time, digital device use, and frequency of visual examinations for children and adolescents affected by myopia in Chongqing and Tibet in 2021. A total of 2,303 students from Chongqing and 1,687 students from Tibet were examined. The overall prevalence of myopia and high myopia in these two groups were 53.80 and 7.04% vs. 43.86 and 1.30%, respectively in each case. The Chongqing students had a longer AL than the group from Tibet (23.95 vs. 23.40 mm, respectively; p < 0.001). The mean SE of the students with myopic parents in Tibet was lower than that of the students in Chongqing with myopic parents (-2.57 ± 2.38 diopters (D) vs. -2.30 ± 2.34 D, respectively) (p < 0.001). Conversely, the mean SE of the students from urban areas in Chongqing was lower than that of the students in Tibet (-2.26 ± 2.25 D vs. -1.75 ± 1.96 D, respectively; p < 0.001). The Chongqing students exhibited lower SE (-2.44 ± 2.22 D) than their Tibetan counterparts (mean SE: -1.78 ± 1.65 D (p = 0.0001) when spending more than 2.5 h outdoors. For example, 61.35% of the students in Tibet spent more than 2.5 h outdoors daily, compared with 43.04% of the students in Chongqing. Correspondingly, the proportion of students using digital devices in Tibet (64.43%) was lower than that in Chongqing (100%). For the latter, 38.62% of the students in Chongqing spent more than 2.5 h online using digital devices compared to 10.49% of the students in Tibet. Greater monitoring of visual status was observed for the Chongqing students (mean SE: -1.90 ± 1.98 D) compared with students in Tibet (mean SE: -2.68 ± 1.85 D) (p = 0.0448), with the frequency of optimal examinations being every 6 months. Outdoor activity time was identified as a common risk factor for myopia in both of the populations examined, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.79-1.90) in Chongqing and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73-0.96) in Tibet. Digital screen time was associated with myopia and high myopia in Chongqing, with ORs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.08-1.22) and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.94-1.77), respectively. Digital screen time was also found to be a risk factor for high myopia in Tibet (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.77-1.61). The type of digital devices used was also associated with myopia and high myopia in Tibet (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.06-1.68 and OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 0.84-2.58, respectively). Finally, examination frequency was found to correlate with high myopia in the Tibet group (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 0.66-2.71). Based on our data, we observed that the prevalence of refractive errors in children and adolescents was significantly lower in Tibet than in Chongqing. These results are potentially due to prolonged outdoor activity time, and the type and time of use for digital devices that characterize the group of children and adolescents from Tibet. It is recommended that parents and children in Chongqing would benefit from increased awareness regarding myopia progression and its prevention.

Prevalence of myopia and uncorrected myopia among 721 032 schoolchildren in a city-wide vision screening in southern China: the Shantou Myopia Study

AimsTo explore the prevalence and risk factors for myopia and uncorrected myopia in schoolchildren in southern China.MethodsThe government-led Shantou Myopia Study was conducted from September 2020 to June 2021. Non-cycloplegic...

Analysis and modeling of myopia-related factors based on questionnaire survey

With the rapid development of science and technology, the trend of low age myopia is becoming increasingly significant. The latest national survey done by the Chinese government found that more than 80% of Chinese teenagers suffer from myopia. Adolescent myopia is closely related to living environment, heredity, and living habits. Quantifying the relationship between myopia and living environment, heredity, and living habits is conductive to the prevention and intervention of adolescent myopia. In this study, we investigated the relationships between four main factors (environment, habits, parental vision, and demographic) and myopia status by analyzing the questionnaire data. Data were collected from Chengdu, China in 2021, including 2808 myopia samples and 5693 non-myopia samples, with a total of 22 features. Then, these 22 features were inputted into three machine learning algorithms to discriminate the two classes of samples. Results show that the computational model could produce an AUC of 0.768. To pick out the most important features which play important roles in classification, we used incremental feature selection strategy to screen the 22 features. As a result, we found that the 4 most influential features with XGBoost could achieve a competitive AUC of 0.764. To further investigate the risk and protective factors affecting adolescent myopia, we used OR values derived from MLE-LR to analyze the relationship between 22 features and adolescent myopia. Results showed that the age variable was the most significant risk factor for myopia, followed by the myopia status of parents. The most protective factor for eyesight is the measure taken by the children, followed by the distance between books and eyes when reading. These discoveries can guide the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents.