Risk Factor For Cancer Incidence Research Articles

Abstract 1750: Sleepduration across the adult lifecourse and risk of lung cancer mortality in Xuanwei, China

Abstract Previous studies have implicated sleep duration as a risk factor for cancer incidence and all-cause mortality. However, to our knowledge, no study has addressed its relationship to lung cancer mortality among Chinese populations. Our objective was to evaluate the association between average sleep hours during various age periods, and risk of lung cancer mortality in rural Xuanwei, China. Men and women who were born in 1917-1951 and lived in Xuanwei as of Jan 1 1976 were recruited for this cohort study. A total of 42,421 participants interviewed in 1992 contributed data to this analysis. The exposure was average sleep hours in the age periods of: 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51-60 years, categorized as ≤ 7, 8 (reference), 9, and ≥10 hrs/day. The outcome was time to lung cancer mortality in 1992-2009. Cases diagnosed in the first two years of follow-up were excluded to avoid reporting bias due to early, undiagnosed disease. Fine and Gray models with age as the time scale were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Separate models were performed for each age period, and were adjusted for hours of indoor activities, respondent, secondary job, education, ethnicity, number of people and rooms in residence, fuel type and tons used, ventilation, smoking status and duration in men, mining work in men, and cooking age in women. Analyses were further stratified by sex and median age at baseline (≥ 61 and < 61 years). Non-linear relationships were found between sleep duration and lung cancer mortality. In men ≥61 years of age at baseline, ≥10 sleep hrs/day across adulthood was associated with substantially increased risks of lung cancer mortality compared to the recommended 8 sleep hrs/day [21-30 years: HR = 1.44 (95%CI: 1.00-2.07), 31-40 years: HR = 1.73 (95%CI: 1.15-2.59), 41-50 years: HR = 3.97 (95%CI: 2.64-5.97), and 51-60 years: HR = 3.55 (95%CI: 2.41-5.22). Furthermore, ≤ 7 sleep hrs/day in middle and later age was associated with significantly increased risks [41-50 years: HR = 1.56 (95%CI: 1.17-2.07) and 51-60 years: HR = 1.48 (95%CI: 1.15-1.92)]. Trends were similar in men <61 years of age at baseline for the later age period. In women ≥61 years of age at baseline, ≥10 sleep hrs/day in ages 41-50 and 51-60 years was associated with substantially increased risks [HR = 2.45 (95%CI: 1.37-4.37) and HR = 2.59 (95%CI: 1.61-4.17)]. However, no statistically significant associations with ≤ 7 sleep hrs/day were found. Similar trends were observed for women <61 years of age at baseline. These findings suggest that both excessive and insufficient sleep may be risk factors for lung cancer mortality. Sleep deficit was associated with increased risks of lung cancer mortality in men, but less apparent in women. However, overabundance of sleep was found to be detrimental in both men and women, particularly during later ages. This study enriches the body of evidence implicating sleep duration in risk of lung cancer. Citation Format: Jason Y. Wong, Robert S. Chapman, Wei Hu, Wei Jie Seow, Bu-Tian Ji, Bryan Bassig, Nathaniel Rothman, Qing Lan. Sleepduration across the adult lifecourse and risk of lung cancer mortality in Xuanwei, China. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1750.

Analysis of potential risk factors for cancer incidence in patients with aristolochic acid nephropathy from Wenzhou, China

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the cancer incidence in patients with end-stage aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). Methods: A total of 102 patients with end-stage AAN treated in our hospital between 2004 and 2013 were included in this study. The correlation of cancer incidence with age, gender, dosage of aristolochic acid (AA), the type of renal replacement therapies, and the polymorphisms of quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) A4889G was examined. Results: The cancer incidence rate in our patients was 41.2% (42 in 102) including 39 cases of urinary cancer. The mortality rate in the patients with cancer was significantly higher than that in the patients without cancer (31%, 13/42 vs. 11.7%, 7/60, p < 0.05). Thirteen patients developed cancer before entering end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Cancer incidence was significantly associated with the dosage of AA consumption (p = 0.091). Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant did not affect the cancer incidence in our patients differently, but appeared to be associated with cancer at particular locations of urinary system. The patients undergoing hemodialysis seemed to more likely have bladder cancer (72.72%), while the patients receiving peritoneal dialysis appeared to develop cancer predominantly in the upper urinary tract (66.67%). Conclusions: The cancer initiation in our patients seems significantly correlate with the dosage of AA consumption. Different renal replacement therapies appear to be associated with cancer at particular locations of urinary system in our patients.

The impact of a cancer diagnosis on weight change: findings from prospective, population-based cohorts in the UK and the US.

BackgroundObesity is a risk factor for cancer incidence and survival, but data on patterns of weight change in cancer survivors are scarce and few stratify by pre-diagnosis weight status. In two population-based cohorts of older adults, we examined weight change in cancer survivors and cancer-free controls in relation to baseline weight status.MethodsIn the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we identified participants diagnosed with cancer who had pre- and post-diagnosis BMI data (ELSA n = 264; HRS n = 2553), and cancer-free controls (ELSA n = 1538; HRS n = 4946). Repeated-measures ANOVAs tested three-way interactions by group (cancer/control), time (pre-/post-diagnosis), and pre-diagnosis weight status (normal-weight/overweight/obese).ResultsMean BMI change was -0.07 (SD = 2.22) in cancer survivors vs. +0.14 (SD = 1.11) in cancer-free controls in ELSA, and -0.20 (SD = 2.84) vs. +0.11 (SD = 0.93) respectively in HRS. Three-way interactions were significant in both cohorts (ELSA p = .015; HRS p < .001). In ELSA, mean BMI change in normal-weight cancer survivors was +0.19 (SD = 1.53) compared with -0.33 (SD = 3.04) in obese survivors. In ELSA controls, the respective figures were +0.09 (SD = 0.81) and +0.16 (SD = 1.50). In HRS, mean change in normal-weight cancer survivors was +0.07 (SD = 2.30) compared with -0.72 (SD = 3.53) in obese survivors. In HRS controls, the respective figures were +0.003 (SD = 0.66) and +0.27 (SD = 1.27).ConclusionOver a four-year period, in two cohorts of older adults, cancer survivors lost weight relative to cancer-free controls. However, cancer survivors who were obese pre-diagnosis were more likely to lose weight than healthy-weight survivors or obese adults without a cancer diagnosis. Whether this was due to differences in clinical status or deliberate lifestyle change triggered by the cancer diagnosis is not known. Further research is needed to establish why weight loss occurs more frequently in cancer survivors who were obese at diagnosis, and whether this has favourable effects on mortality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-926) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Low albumin-to-globulin ratio associated with cancer incidence and mortality in generally healthy adults

Chronic inflammation is known to be one of the main steps in carcinogenesis. Identification of those with chronic inflammation may help identify subjects at risk of cancer. Previous studies have reported low albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) to be associated with increased cancer mortality in cancer patients, but there has been no study based on healthy populations. Our retrospective cohort study involved 26 974 generally healthy adults aged 30 or older who visited Seoul National University Hospital Health Promotion Center for self-referred health checkup. National medical service claims data were used to determine cancer incidence, and Korean death registry data was used to determine mortality. Median follow-up time for survival was 5.9 years (interquartile range 4.1 years). Compared with subjects with AGR ≥ 1.5, subjects with 1.1 > AGR ≥ 1.0 and 1.0 > AGR showed adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.69 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.54-4.72) and aHR 6.71 (95% CI 3.56-12.66) for all-cause mortality, aHR 2.95 (95% CI 1.42-6.11) and aHR 4.38 (95% CI 1.57-12.25) for cancer mortality, and aHR 2.07 (95% CI 1.28-3.36) and aHR 3.99 (95% CI 2.10-7.58) for cancer incidence, respectively. When cancer incidence events after 2 years from baseline were separately analyzed, subjects with 1.1 > AGR ≥ 1.0 and 1.0 > AGR were associated with aHR 1.88 (95% CI 1.01-3.48) and aHR 2.55 (95% CI 1.03-7.11) for cancer incidence, respectively. Cancer events were increased in all types of cancer, but especially in liver and hematologic malignancies. Low AGR is a risk factor for cancer incidence and mortality, both short- and long terms, in a generally healthy screened population. The results of this study need to be replicated in larger studies, along with the determination of the sensitivity and other diagnostic values of low AGR.

ABO blood group is a predictor of survival in patients undergoing surgery for renal cell carcinoma

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Some evidence suggests that ABO blood type may be a risk factor for cancer incidence and prognosis. For example, a large study recently discovered an increased incidence of pancreatic cancer in patients with non-O blood type; however, it is not known whether blood group correlates with outcomes in patients with RCC. We found a significant and independent association between ABO blood group and overall survival in patients undergoing surgery for locoregional RCC. Specifically, we identified non-O blood type as a predictor of mortality. • To determine whether ABO blood group is associated with survival after nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). • We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 900 patients who underwent surgery for locoregional RCC between 1997 and 2008 at a single institution. • Covariates included age, gender, race, American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status, preoperative anaemia and hypoalbuminemia, tumour characteristics, lymph node status, procedure performed, transfusion status and ABO blood group. • Primary outcomes were overall (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). • Univariable survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. Multivariable analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model. • The 3-year OS estimate was 75% (95%CI 70-79%) for O blood group and 68% (95% CI 63-73%) for non-O blood group (P= 0.072). The 3-year DSS was 81% (95% CI 76-85%) for O blood group and 76% (95%CI 71-80%) for non-O blood group (P= 0.053). • In the multivariable analysis for OS, non-O blood type was significantly associated with decreased OS (HR 1.68, 95%CI 1.18-2.39; P= 0.004) but not DSS (HR 1.53, 95%CI 0.97-2.41; P= 0.065). • These data suggest that ABO blood group is independently associated with OS in patients undergoing surgery for locoregional RCC. ABO blood group has not been previously recognized as a predictor of survival in RCC.

Contribution of uric acid to cancer risk, recurrence, and mortality

Two risk factors for the development and progression of cancers that are amenable to life style modification are chronic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome. This review proposes two new targets that may mechanistically integrate inflammation and metabolic syndrome, have been largely ignored, and are known to be druggable. Recent evidence has demonstrated that elevated serum uric acid (hyperuricemia) is associated with excess cancer risk, recurrence, and mortality. Although uric acid (UA) can function as a systemic antioxidant, its pro-inflammatory properties have been postulated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Furthermore, obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are also associated with excess cancer, chronic inflammation, and with hyperuricemia, suggesting that UA may represent an important link between these disorders and the development of cancer. While pharmacological modulation of hyperuricemia could in principal augment anti-cancer therapeutic strategies, some cancer cells express low intracellular levels of the enzyme Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) that are associated with increased cancer aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome. Thus, systemic pharmacological inhibition of XOR may worsen clinical outcome, and specific strategies that target serum uric acid (SUA) without inhibiting tumor cell XOR may create new therapeutic opportunities for cancer associated with hyperuricemia. This review will summarize the evidence that elevated SUA may be a true risk factor for cancer incidence and mortality, and mechanisms by which UA may contribute to cancer pathogenesis will be discussed in the hope that these will identify new opportunities for cancer management.

The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence

Obesity and components of energy imbalance, that is, excessive energy intake and suboptimal levels of physical activity, are established risk factors for cancer incidence. Accumulating evidence suggests that these factors also may be important after the diagnosis of cancer and influence the course of disease, as well as overall health, well-being, and survival. Lifestyle and medical interventions that effectively modify these factors could potentially be harnessed as a means of cancer control. However, for such interventions to be maximally effective and sustainable, broad sweeping scientific discoveries ranging from molecular and cellular advances, to developments in delivering interventions on both individual and societal levels are needed. This review summarizes key discussion topics that were addressed in a recent Institute of Medicine Workshop entitled, "The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence"; discussions included (i) mechanisms associated with obesity and energy balance that influence cancer progression; (ii) complexities of studying and interpreting energy balance in relation to cancer recurrence and survival; (iii) associations between obesity and cancer risk, recurrence, and mortality; (iv) interventions that promote weight loss, increased physical activity, and negative energy balance as a means of cancer control; and (v) future directions.

Morbidity and mortality in relation to smoking among women and men of Chinese ethnicity: The Singapore Chinese Health Study

Objectives We examined the association among cigarette smoking, smoking cessation and a broad range of cancer incidence and all cause and cause-specific mortality in a population-based cohort of adults of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore. Methods Subjects were 61,320 participants of the Singapore Chinese Health Study (44.5% men, aged 45–74 years, recruitment from 1993–1998) who were free of cancer at the baseline examination. Main outcomes-of-interest included cancer incidence, all cause and cause-specific mortality as of December 31, 2005. Results Cigarette smoking was positively associated with overall cancer incidence, including cancers at the following specific sites: head and neck region, upper gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary and pancreas cancer, lung, and bladder/renal pelvis cancer. Compared to never smokers, the relative risk (RR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of cancer incidence (all cancer sites) among current smokers smoking >22 cigarettes/day was 1.9 (1.7–2.1), p-trend < 0.0001. Similarly, cigarette smoking was associated with all cause and cause-specific mortality, including deaths due to cancer, ischemic heart disease, other heart diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Compared to never smokers, RR (95%CI) of all cause mortality among current smokers smoking >22 cigarettes/day was 1.8 (1.6–2.0), p-trend < 0.0001. Also, relative to current smokers, ex-smokers experienced reduced cancer incidence and total mortality. The population attributable risk of smoking in men for cancer incidence as well as all-cause mortality was 23%, whereas in women it ranged from 4–5%. Conclusions Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for cancer incidence and major causes of mortality in Chinese men and women of Singapore.

Personality and the risk of cancer.

The role of personality in the causation of cancer has been controversial. We examined this question in a large, prospective study. From June through August 1990, 30 277 residents of Miyagi Prefecture in northern Japan completed a Japanese version of the short form of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised and a questionnaire on various health habits. There were 671 prevalent cases of cancer at baseline, and 986 incident cases of cancer were identified during 7 years of follow-up, through December 1997. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the relative risk (RR) of incident cancer (total, stomach, colorectal, breast, and lung) according to four levels of each of four personality subscales (extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie), with adjustment for sex, age, education, smoking, alcohol use, body mass index, and family history of cancer. Statistical tests were two-sided. Multivariable RRs of total cancer for individuals in the highest level of each personality subscale as compared with those in the lowest were 0.9 for extraversion (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7 to 1.1; P(trend) =.32), 1.1 for psychoticism (95% CI = 0.9 to 1.3; P(trend) =.96), 0.9 for lie (95% CI = 0.7 to 1.0; P(trend) =.19), and 1.2 for neuroticism (95% CI = 1.0 to 1.4; P(trend) =.06). There were no associations between any personality subscale and risk of specific cancers. Neuroticism showed statistically significant positive, linear associations with prevalent cancer at baseline (P(trend)<.001) and with the 320 incident cancer cases diagnosed within the first 3 years of follow-up (P(trend) =.03); however, it showed no association with the 666 cases diagnosed during the fourth through the seventh years of follow-up (P(trend) =.43). Our data do not support the hypothesis that personality is a risk factor for cancer incidence. The association between neuroticism and prevalent cancer may be a consequence, rather than a cause, of cancer diagnosis or symptoms.

The human costs of cancer and the response of the national cancer program

The three foundations of the National Cancer Program are basic research, clinical trials (in prevention and treatment), and cancer centers. These foundations have supported a great deal of progress against cancer over the past 20 years. Nevertheless, a number of challenges remain, and continued progress will depend on the speed with which research advances can be translated into practical realities. Poverty is a risk factor for cancer incidence and mortality. Thus, a lack of access to the technologies generated by the National Cancer Program can be a force for bringing about differential burdens of cancer in underserved populations.