Dimensions Of Risk Research Articles

Risk Assessment on Banks under Rising Interest Rates

This paper explores the critical role of the banking sector in the economy and society, with a focus on various risk dimensions affecting this industry. These dimensions include liquidity risk, credit risk, market risk, and systemic risk. The paper underscores the banking sector's significance for the national economy and financial stability, defining and explaining these risks' impact. The liquidity risk section delves into the definition, causes, and implications of liquidity risk, examining policies and measures taken by banks, especially in response to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Credit risk is explored through a case study of Credit Suisse, discussing the definition and consequences of credit risk and its potential role in bank bankruptcies. Market risk is analyzed with a focus on interest rate changes and their effects on banks, using the case of Silicon Valley Bank to illustrate how market risk can lead to bank failures. Systemic risk is explained, emphasizing its definition, causes, and significance to banks while also suggesting measures to avoid it. This paper concludes by summarizing the impact of these risks on the banking sector and offers recommendations for risk management and the future direction of the industry. Through case studies, it highlights the complexity of these risk dimensions and their crucial role in maintaining banking sector stability and overall economic well-being.

Risk Assessment of Cash on Delivery System in Indonesian E-Commerce Using House of Risk and Content Validity Index

The phenomenon of rapid development of E- commerce in Indonesia is increasing every year. This is influenced by several factors, including cheaper prices and ease of use. The payment method that is often used in Indonesian E-Commerce is using the Cash on Delivery (COD) payment system with 82.26% transaction. COD payments still have risks that can harm the seller, such as the buyer not paying until the product is returned. The aim of this study is to determine the risks of the COD payment system in Indonesian e-commerce faced by the sellers. This research uses the Content Validity Index (CVI) method and the House of Risk (HOR) method. The result is that there are 21 risk indicators divided into seven risk dimensions, there are 21 risk events and there are 23 risk agents which are the main causes of risks such as increasing order volume and dissatisfaction with the quality of products received.

Banking on resilience: EU macroprudential policy and systemic risk

This study examines the effectiveness of macroprudential policies on banking systemic risk for 172 European banks across 20 EU countries from 2000 to 2017. Using a dynamic panel framework, it assesses the effectiveness of policy on two dimensions of systemic risk: banks' contribution to aggregate systemic risk (ΔCoVaR) and their vulnerability in stressed markets (Exposure-ΔCoVaR). Results show policy actions reduce bank systemic risk, especially in terms of Exposure-ΔCoVaR. However, this effect varies between tightening and loosening measures. Interestingly, the analysis indicates that policies don't significantly affect banks' contribution to systemic risk as measured by ΔCoVaR. Borrower-based policies and exposure limits in particular enhance bank resilience. This study has important implications for policymakers regarding the calibration and evaluation of macroprudential measures.

Body conformation traits in early-lactation associated with clinical mastitis and lameness in lactating Chinese holstein cows

BackgroundComprehending the correlation between body conformation traits of cows at the early stages of lactation and prevalent lactation diseases might facilitate the execution of selection and feeding strategies that prioritize cow health. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of body conformation traits on the incidence of clinical mastitis and lameness in Chinese Holstein cows. From a pasture herd of 1472 early lactating Chinese Holstein cows, we evaluated 20 body conformation traits. During lactation, this pasture herd was visited weekly to gather clinical mastitis and lameness data. A nine-point scale was used to determine the conformation traits of cows to clarify their linear characters, including frame capacity, rump (RU), feet and leg (FL), mammary system (MS), and dairy character. A longitudinal binary disease (0 = healthy; 1 = diseased) data structure was created by allocating disease records to adjacent official test dates. The impact of body conformation traits on the risk of developing diseases (clinical mastitis and lameness) was analyzed using the logistic regression models.ResultsCompared to cows with low total scores (75–79 points), those with high total scores (80–85 points) of body conformation traits had a significantly lower risk of mastitis (P < 0.001). The disease status (0 or 1: binary variable) of clinical mastitis in lactating cows was significantly impacted negatively by age (P < 0.05). The fore udder attachment (FUA), angularity, rear attachment height (RAH), and rear teat placement (RTP) were all significantly associated with clinical mastitis during lactation (P < 0.05). The rear leg-rear view (RLRV) was significantly correlated with correlated considerably (P < 0.05) with lameness during lactation. An ideal score of four points on the lameness risk dimension of the RLRV may indicate a low risk of lameness. Since the risk of mastitis decreased as this trait score increased, the RTP may be an ideal marker for mastitis risk.ConclusionsAccording to the study, clinical mastitis and lameness risks in cows can be estimated using their body conformation traits. Cows with more centrally located rear teats have a lower risk of mastitis. These results may help dairy farmers identify cows at high risk of disease early in lactation and aid in breeding for disease resistance in cows.

The analysis and mapping of an urban planning area in risk and hazard dimensions using earthquake-MASW-VES data: the case of Yenişehir (Bursa), Turkey

The study area was defined by geophysical level maps and earthquake parameters. Geophysical measurements were collected from the Mesudiye formation and alluvial units. The seismic Vs–Vp–Vs30, dynamic parameter and electrical resistivity values of the layers were calculated. Vs–Vp–Gmax–σ–Ak and ρ level maps were prepared for depths of 0–5, 5–10, and > 10 m. Seismic Vs30 and groundwater maps were prepared for risk/hazard and liquefaction interpretations, and a risk map was drawn from Ak–Vs30–groundwater maps. In the Mesudiye formation, the average ground amplification value is Ak = 2.21 and according to this value, the danger level is class A and low (Ansal et. all 2004). In alluviums, the average Ak was calculated as 2.51. According to this value, its class is B (medium) and the danger level is medium level. According to the level maps, it was observed that seismic velocities and electrical resistivities increased, and they were compatible with the geological units when passing to the more tight-ground Mesudiye formation from loose-porous-water-saturated alluvial units towards the north and deeper. It was determined that the alluvial grounds with low resistivity (8–30 Ohm m) are moderately corrosive–corrosive; groundwater levels are at ~ 5 m and contain different geological gradations. Therefore, the alluviums were interpreted as a risky area. This interpretation was also proved and supported with the results of the earthquake parameters. It was determined that as the magnitude of the earthquake increased, the probability of a larger earthquake occurred with a longer recurrence year. It was found that the frequency of recurrence of earthquakes with M ≤ 5.5 within 10–50–75–100 years was higher, and M ≥ 6 decreased. For M = 7.4, the average amax = 0.31 g was calculated, and it was determined the liquefaction risk is high hazard, especially in fine-gravel-sandy alluviums (in the south). Therefore, these areas may be more affected by the earthquake.

Risk analysis of Spanish companies

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate the determinants of different types of market risk faced by Spanish firms from 2012 to 2019. Using Fama and French's (Journal of Financial Economics, 1993, 33, 3) three‐factor model, we estimate total risk, diversifiable risk, and systematic or non‐diversifiable risk in the three dimensions proposed by these authors: market risk, size risk, and valuation risk. Risk determinants are derived from a series of economic and financial variables obtained from the information contained in financial statements. This information is summarised using a factor analysis that aims to resolve the correlation issues between the proposed measures. The study demonstrates that the systematic risk factors proposed by Fama and French in their 1993 three‐factor model incorporate dimensions of systematic risk that are relevant to investors and that the set of economic and financial variables proposed can explain these risks. Among these variables, profitability and the market to book ratio have the greatest impact in explaining company risk, while factors such as operating and financial leverage, growth, or company insolvency have a much smaller effect as explanatory factors for risk.

The Impact of Risk Management on Lebanese Banks' Performance: A Qualitative Study

This research employs a qualitative technique to examine the complexities of settlement risk in Lebanese banks against the backdrop of the country's volatile economic environment. This study explores many dimensions of settlement risk, including operational, regulatory, and market elements, through comprehensive interviews with five key personnel spanning from risk analysts to senior executives in the banking sector. Given the context of economic uncertainty, political upheaval, and strict international regulations, the banking industry in Lebanon has largely focused on identifying the underlying factors contributing to settlement risk. The respondents provided insight into the management strategies used to mitigate these risks and the ongoing challenges encountered by the banking industry. The findings suggest that Lebanese banks encounter specific obstacles, including but not limited to technology deficiencies, varied regulatory frameworks, and geopolitical volatility. The presence of a complicated risk environment is evident, but it is also apparent that there are internal measures in place to mitigate settlement risks. This study presents empirical data that might be valuable for policymakers, financial analysts, and academic academics to gain a deeper understanding of the intricate characteristics of settlement risk in Lebanese banks. The need to implement a comprehensive and cohesive risk management plan to safeguard the Lebanese financial system is emphasized.

Underexplored Dimensions of Uncertainty and Risk in Human Development Policy Call for a New Paradigm

The human development paradigm like many other development policy domains, old and new, is being challenged by a fundamentally new context that has been described by many as a VUCA world meaning Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous. These factors are of course not independent of each other, but interactive, thus making for a very difficult environment in which public policy must be made. The Human Development Report (HDR) made a wise and topical choice therefore in selecting uncertain unsettled lives as the theme for the 2021–2022 report. This paper first identifies some of the strengths of the current human development policy analysis but then proceeds to outline multiple concrete, though novel, ways of addressing the challenges of uncertain times and unsettled lives. These include the need for unpackaging the concept of uncertainty, highlighting both differences and linkages between risk and uncertainty, and further implications for policymaking. In addition, we discuss new and promising ways of thinking about uncertainty in policy issues around human development including complexity theory and complex adaptive systems thinking as well as quantum-like frameworks. Finally, we discuss applied spirituality which, in our opinion, can be of great value in engaging with unsettled lives. Ours is an attempt to call for a future paradigm in policy thinking, and social and human sciences as a whole.

ASSESSMENT OF URBAN FLOOD RISKS OF THE CITIES USING ENTROPY-VIKOR METHODS IN TÜRKİYE

In recent years, there is growing interest for evaluation of urban flood risks of cities over the past decade due to rapid urbanization and climate change. The optimal flood risk assessment is strategically achieved not only with classical risk modelling approaches but also with holistic and comprehensive framework. This paper focuses on a detailed flood assessment providing risk database for policymakers and urban planners to decide the flood prone areas in Turkey. In this context, the Entropy based VIKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje) was provided to evaluate a range of flood risk criteria named number of floods, population density and number of buildings, flood protection area which are under the concept of risk dimension including “hazard, exposure and vulnerability” aspects. Computational results demonstrate that the provinces of Şanlıurfa, Ordu, Zonguldak and Van are assigned with higher urban risk values, respectively and the ranking of the cities was presented with different q values. The findings should support practitioners and researchers for land use planning and risk reduction works as the detailed flood risk evaluation was presented in terms of the flood management.

Boosting the hospital by integrating mobile robotic assistance systems: a comprehensive classification of the risks to be addressed

Mobile service robots are a promising technology for supporting workflows throughout the hospital. Combined with an understanding of the environment and the current situation, such systems have the potential to become invaluable tools for overcoming personal shortages and streamlining healthcare workflows. However, few robotic systems have actually been translated to practical application so far, which is due to many challenges centered around the strict and unique requirements imposed by the different hospital environments, which have not yet been collected and analyzed in a structured manner. To address this need, we now present a comprehensive classification of different dimensions of risk to be considered when designing mobile service robots for the hospital. Our classification consists of six risk categories – environmental complexity, hygienic requirements, interaction with persons and objects, workflow flexibility and autonomy – for each of which a scale with distinct risk levels is provided. This concept, for the first time allows for a precise classification of mobile service robots for the hospital, which can prove useful for certification and admission procedures as well as for defining architectural and safety requirements throughout the design process of such robots.

Multidimensional preference for technology risk regulation: The role of political beliefs, technology attitudes, and national innovation cultures

AbstractBuilding on the concept of participatory regulation, this study emphasizes recognizing the multidimensional character of citizens' risk regulation preferences. Using the case of autonomous vehicles, we specify six technology‐related risks: product safety, regulatory oversight, legal liability, ethical prioritization, data protection, and human supervision. We argue that differences in these multidimensional risk regulation preferences are shaped by citizens' political beliefs, technology attitudes, and national innovation cultures. To test these hypotheses, a conjoint experiment was conducted in the United States (1188 participants), Japan (1135 participants), and Germany (1174 participants) in which respondents compared hypothetical regulation regimes for self‐driving cars, varying alongside the six regulatory risk dimensions. The findings show a universal preference for increased legal responsibility of manufacturers and more stringent safety regulations for autonomous vehicles. Political beliefs and technological attitudes had minimal impact on these preferences. Although there were some cultural differences in privacy and ethical prioritization, no systematic differences were noted across countries, suggesting the possibility of finding common ground in standardizing risk regulations for self‐driving cars.

Spatial risk assessment for climate proofing of economic activities: The case of Belluno Province (North-East Italy)

Recent advancements in spatial risk assessment methodologies, particularly those incorporating GIS and economic evaluations, have significantly enhanced our ability to assess and manage risks associated with natural disasters. Entrepreneurs, investors, and public administrations need information about climate change risks for effective planning and decision making. To move from generic global or national projections about climate change scenarios, towards more actionable information on climate risks for socioeconomic agents, the three dimensions of risk (Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability) must be quantified and mapped with the involvement of stakeholders. In this study, spatial indicators, tailored to the social and ecological systems of interest and co-designed with the key stakeholders are aggregated into sectoral risk indexes quantified in economic terms. Climate risk indexes were calculated and mapped for the four key economic sectors of the study area of the Belluno Province (Italian Alps): summer tourism, winter sports and events, eyewear industry, and electricity supply. Stakeholders were involved during the assessment to share knowledge, data and needs and to provide expert judgments on intermediate and final results. Outputs include a series of maps and statistical summaries, highlighting future trends of climate related risks, their spatial variability within the area and the estimated levels of uncertainty. Estimates on expected changes of future damages with constant Exposure and Vulnerability, provided socioeconomic agents with simple and clear messages about how their activities could suffer or benefit from climate change in the future.

Percepção de riscos e benefícios em medicamentos e procedimentos médicos: O que pensam homens e mulheres?

Abstract Purpose: Are men more inclined to assume risks than women? The answer to this question is immediately relevant to various economic issues, including human behavior concerning medical remedies and procedures consumption. This paper aims to identify the perceived benefits of the consumption of medications centered on pharmaceutical risk assessment. Originality/value: The literature documents that risks and benefits can be considered the main trade-offs in consumer decision-making, including the pharmaceutical industry. It is a current theme with a high potential for social impact due to the many identified cases of Covid-19. In developing countries, most medication is used by self-medicating individuals, as access to health care can be insufficient. Self-medication is a potentially greater problem, as in this case, medication usage often follows advice from friends, relatives, and neighbors. Yet, there is little empirical evidence regarding this problem in the context of emerging countries. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of over 1,000 subjects using an extended regression model (ERM) in one of the biggest countries in the world, Brazil. Findings: The results reported that women perceive more risks and benefits from medication usage and medical procedures. The perception of the benefits of medications can be explained by the following dimensions: risk (personal injury, risk alertness, and risk awareness), gender, regular usage, and the benefits of medical procedures. Regarding risk dimensions, the lower the perceptions of personal injury and the higher the perceptions of risk alertness and risk awareness, the greater the perceived benefits of medication usage.

Construction of Comprehensive Evaluation Model for Financial Risk Management in Colleges and Universities Based on Fuzzy Logic

Abstract Among the many risks faced by colleges and universities, financial risk is one of the most important risks and has a large complexity. This paper evaluates the financial risk management level of colleges and universities using the fuzzy logic method based on the four dimensions of financial risk. The affiliation function is used to quantitatively describe fuzzy logic, and weighted summation is used to ensure the accuracy of fuzzy propositions. After selecting the evaluation indexes, the weights of the evaluation index system are determined, and a comprehensive evaluation system for financial risk management of colleges and universities is constructed. Taking Q colleges and universities in G city as the research object, the comprehensive evaluation coefficient of financial risk management of the subject colleges and universities is calculated, and the average value of the extensive risk coefficient of the subject colleges and universities in 2015–2017 is between 0 and 0.4, which belongs to the level of significant risk. The test university ranked second among 7 universities, but the comprehensive score index coefficient is 0.4898. However, there is still a large financial risk possibility. We need to formulate a corresponding risk management policy slightly.

The Missing Dimension of Risk: Evidence from Inside Debt Maturity and Acquisition Choices *

The Missing Dimension of Risk: Evidence from Inside Debt Maturity and Acquisition Choices *

Effect of Solution Focus Therapy on Drugs Abuse Tendency among Addicts of Ndlea Rehabilitation Center, Kano Command, Nigeria

The study assessed the effect of solution focus therapy on drugs abuse tendency among addicts in NDLEA Rehabilitation Center, Kano Command, Nigeria. The objectives of the study are to find out effect of Solution Focused Counselling Technique (SFCT) treatment on psychosocial dimensions, Cognitive dimensions and psychological risk dimensions of drugs addicts in NDLEA Rehabilitation Center, Kano Command. Based on these objectives three correspondents research questions and null hypotheses were formulated as there is no significant effect of Solution Focused Counselling Technique (SFCT) on psychosocial dimensions, Cognitive dimensions and psychological risk dimensions of drugs addicts in NDLEA Rehabilitation Center, Kano Command to guide the study. Quasi experimental design in form of pretest posttest only design was employed in the study. The population of this study comprised 191 Addicts in NDLEA Rehabilitation Center, Kano Command, Nigeria and out of the identified addicts 30 were selected to participate in the study. The data collection instrument used for identification, pretesting and post-testing of addicts with Substance Abuse Tendency is a researcher developed instrument: “Substance Abuse Tendency Scale”. The data obtained were analysed using t-test for related sample. The study found out that, there is significant effect of Solution Focused Counselling Technique (SFCT) treatment on psychosocial dimensions of drugs addicts in NDLEA Rehabilitation Center, Kano Command, there is significant effect of Solution Focused Counselling Technique (SFCT) treatment on Cognitive dimensions of drugs addicts in NDLEA Rehabilitation Center, Kano Command and here is significant effect of Solution Focused Counselling Technique (SFCT) treatment on psychological risk dimensions of drugs addicts in NDLEA Rehabilitation Center, Kano Command. The study recommends among others; structured Solution Focus Counselling Technique should be designed and make it available to personal in counselling unit of NDLE for tackling the menace of drug abuse and addiction.

An identification method of digital economy security risk dimension based on Bayesian network

An identification method of digital economy security risk dimension based on Bayesian network

Multidimensional Risk Assessment of China’s Grain Supply Chain with Entropy Weight TOPSIS Method

As an important part of agricultural products, the stability and reliability of the grain supply chain plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth operation of the national economy and the harmony and stability of the society. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth assessment of grain supply chain risks from a multi-dimensional perspective. This paper follows the principle of indicator selection to construct a set of perfect evaluation index system. Based on the sample data from 2008 to 2022, the entropy weight TOPSIS model is used to obtain weights and assessment results, and further application of gray correlation analysis for risk dimension analysis. The following conclusions are finally drawn: the overall decreasing trend of China’s grain supply chain risk is more significant. In addition, this paper finds that planting, operation and delivery risks are the main dimensions affecting the stability of the grain supply chain.

Money never sleeps: Capital flows under global risk and uncertainty

We employ various indexes, namely the geopolitical risk (GPR) index, economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index, and world uncertainty index (WUI), to comprehensively capture multiple dimensions of risk and uncertainty and investigate their influence on capital flows measured by different categories of mutual fund flows and IMF intercountry transaction flows. We find that GPR harms aggregate capital flows of both equity and bond funds, whereas rising EPU only significantly reduces the capital flows of equity funds. Additionally, WUI increases capital flowing into active bond funds, indicating a flight-to-safety effect. Besides, high GPR environments amplify the negative influence of EPU on capital flows of equity funds. Meanwhile, in more geopolitically stable conditions, bond markets may serve as a preferred shelter for navigating EPU. However, we find that the impacts of risk and uncertainty on transaction flows are marginal. Furthermore, we demonstrate that global risk or uncertainty (EPU and WUI) plays a more dominant role than country-specific ones in shaping capital flows. Therefore, this study offers novel insights into how different dimensions of risk and uncertainty can shape capital flows differently and whether the compounding effect of risk and uncertainty differs from that of a single risk or uncertainty.

Perceived Risk and Food Tourism: Pursuing Sustainable Food Tourism Experiences

While food can function as a component product of tourism, there remains a need for food tourism to become more sustainable. This study sought to discover what risk dimensions tourists perceive in food tourism and to enhance understanding of what actions and coping behaviors tourists take to lower levels of perceived risk in a food tourism setting. Data were collected in March 2023 for two weeks from Chinese tourists who considered traveling to Jeju Island, South Korea. A total of 303 responses were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling to test 13 hypotheses. Results identified physical risk, communication risk, and food-related risk as concerns for tourists, and the results confirmed support for 11 of the hypotheses tested. This study has theoretical implications for supplementing insufficient prior research by examining the risk factors perceived by tourists when participating in food tourism. Practical implications from this study include ways to reduce the level of perceived risk dimensions for sustainable food tourism experiences.