Risk Assessment Of Intake Research Articles

Risk Assessment of Dietary Intake of Pesticide Residues in Pitaya

Risk Assessment of Dietary Intake of Pesticide Residues in Pitaya

Risk Assessment of Trace Metal Intake through Consumption of Four Fish Species from Upper Region of Barrier Lagoon Coast Waters, Southwest, Nigeria

This study assessed trace metals (Pb, Cr, Zn and Cu) content in the muscle tissues of four fish species (Sarotherodon melanotheron, Sardinella maderensis, Ethmalosa fimbriata and Cynoglossus senegalensis) collected bi-monthly from fishermen in the upper region of Barrier Lagoon coast waters, Nigeria. Trace metals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Spectra AA-240, Agilent Technologies). Human health risk due to fish species consumption was assessed using non-carcinogenic (hazard quotient) and carcinogenic (cancer risk) health risk models. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, Zn and Cu in the fish species were 3.46 to 7.36, 6.72 to 15.02, 7.28 to 10.04 and 0.38 to 1.02 mg kg−1 wet weight, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Pb in Ethmalosa fimbriata exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI). The hazard quotient (HQ) for Pb in Ethmalosa fimbriata and for Cr in all fish species were > 1, indicating consumption of those fish species may pose a risk to human health. Nevertheless, the carcinogenic risk for Pb was within acceptable level (value in between 10-6 and 10-4). Although, the investigated fish species might be safe for consumption at the current rate of ingestion of fish in Nigeria, high consumption of Ethmalosa fimbriata from upper region of barrier lagoon coast waters may pose a potential health risk due to elevated Pb in the fish.

Distributing and assessing fluoride health risk in urban drinking water resources in Fars Province, Iran, using the geographical information system.

Excessive fluoride intake has been reported in many studies, which can lead to diseases such as autism, mental retardation, low birth weight, reproductive disorder, as well as dental and bone fluorosis. The potential risk assessment of fluoride intake for the health of people living in Fars Province, Iran, is investigated. Hence, 1700 drinking water samples were taken from April 2018 to March 2020 in four seasons in 29 cities of Fars Province and were analyzed. Non-carcinogenic health risks of exposure to fluoride through drinking water were evaluated. Moreover, the spatial distribution maps of fluoride and hazard quotient (HQ) risk index were prepared using GIS software. The results showed that the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water of the studied area was in the range of 0.086 to 2.61mg/L. Accordingly, in 48.27% of the cities, fluoride was in the range below the national and international standards, 34.48% of the cities were in the permissible range of 0.5 to 1.5mg/L, and 17.24% of the urban areas of the province had fluoride contents above the permissible range. Hazard quotient index had the health risk of HQ > 1 in 27.58% of children, 17.24% of teenagers, and 10.34% of adults in the urban areas of Fars Province. In the cities with HQ > 1, there was risk of diseases associated with excessive fluoride intake. Therefore, it is necessary to replace water supply sources in these cities.

Pesticide residues in foods and water in Qatar and their impact on food exposure risk assessment

PurposeThe purposes of this study were to analyze fruits, vegetables, water and soil for organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues and to assess the food exposure of these pesticides in Qatar.Design/methodology/approachPesticides were quantified in dates, leafy vegetables, fruiting vegetables, water and soil samples using a gas chromatography-electron capture detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These pesticides were α-benzene hexachloride (BHC), ß-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, g-chlordane, endosulfan I, α-chlordane, dieldrin, endrin and methoxychlor. Additionally, food exposure risk assessment was performed by estimating daily intakes of OCP.FindingsMost analyzed samples contained at least one OCP residue. Endosulfan was the only pesticide that was not detected. The concentrations of OCP in samples were below the maximum residue level (MRL) except endosulfan. Among all the samples analyzed, ˜18% of those exceeded the MRL with respect to the concentrations of methoxychlor and heptachlor. Only intake of methoxychlor (0.018 mg/day) exceeded the MRL (0.01 mg/day). Dates and fruiting vegetables were likely to pose a higher risk than leafy vegetables because they contained heptachlor, endrin and methoxychlor. Leafy vegetables might pose a greater risk than dates and fruiting vegetables because of the presence of β-BHC and dieldrin.Originality/valueEight out of ten OCPs that were measured were found to be below the MRL. These pesticides should be eliminated from the food supply based on the Qatar National Implementation Plan of the Stockholm Convention in 2010. Based on the intake risk assessment, overall, the intake of OCP may not pose a major risk to human health as the concentrations of OCP were below MRL, except methoxychlor. Water and soil are the potential sources of contamination of OCP in foods that were tested in Qatar. To limit the health risks associated with OCPs, there is a need for close monitoring of food and agricultural practices and the types of pesticides imported into Qatar.

Residue and dissipation of two formulations of emamectin benzoate in tender cowpea and old cowpea and a risk assessment of dietary intake

The dissipation and residue levels of emamectin benzoate emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and microemulsion (ME) formulations in tender cowpeas and old cowpeas were investigated under field conditions. The decline curves of emamectin benzoate residues in cowpea corresponded to first-order kinetics. The dissipation rate of emamectin benzoate in tender cowpeas was faster than that in old cowpeas. The half-lives of the EC were 1.34–1.39 d and 1.74–2.31 d in tender cowpea and old cowpea, respectively. For the ME, the half-lives were 1.39–1.51 d and 2.08–2.67 d, respectively. The risk of adult intake of emamectin benzoate from cowpea is within the acceptable limits of the human body. Compared to tender cowpeas, the risk of eating old cowpeas is higher. Emamectin benzoate (EC) is recommended for cowpeas when the intention is to harvest tender cowpeas, while both formulations are acceptable for cowpeas when the intention is to harvest old cowpeas.

Human health risk assessment of toxic heavy metal and metalloid intake via consumption of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) from rice-crayfish co-culture fields in China

The food safety of a popular aquatic product, red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), has caused widespread public concern. Rice-crayfish mixed farming currently takes advantage of crayfish production and is becoming the dominant farming method. It is still unknown whether this new aquaculture model produces crayfish with safe accumulated doses of toxic heavy metals and metalloids. In the current study, eleven farms in the Hubei and Hunan provinces, which account for more than 60% of the crayfish production in China, were selected to sample crayfish and their culture environment background (sediment and water), and determine their As, Cr, Cd, and Pb levels. The estimated daily intake (EDI) risk model was used to evaluate the human health risk of consuming crayfish. The concentrations of the four toxic elements were lower in the abdominal muscle than in the exoskeleton and hepatopancreas that is not suggested to be consumed. As the edible part, abdominal muscle did not exceed the national safety threshold for toxic elements. The geographic environmental background had little impact on the accumulation of toxic elements in the abdominal muscle of crayfish. The EDI results suggest that neither children nor adults exceed the provisional tolerable daily intake threshold, and the target hazard quotient (THQ) and cancer health risk (CR) for both children and adults were less than 0.12 and 1.5 × 10−9, respectively, which are far less than the thresholds (THQ < 1 and CR < 10−6). Furthermore, 139 and 488 kg crayfish were the critical values for the annual consumption by children (20 kg) and adults (70 kg), respectively.

Terminal residue and dietary intake risk assessment of prothioconazole-desthio and fluoxastrobin in wheat field ecosystem.

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide, and use of fungicides is an essential part of wheat production. Both prothioconazole and fluoxastrobin give excellent control of important seed and soilborne pathogens. The combination of these two fungicides shows a complementary mode of action and has a wide usage around the world. But the residue levels of these fungicides in the wheat matrix are still unknown. In the current study, a simple, low-cost and highly sensitive method using modified QuECHERS procedure combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed to simultaneously quantify E- and Z-fluoxastrobin and the main metabolite prothioconazole-desthio of prothioconazole in the wheat matrix. The recoveries of prothioconazole-desthio, E-fluoxastrobin and Z-fluoxastrobin ranged from 84% to 101%, with relative standard deviation of less than 13.2%. The terminal residues of prothioconazole-desthio and E- and Z-fluoxastrobin were studied in wheat grain and straw under field conditions. The results showed that the terminal residue of the target compounds ranged from <0.01 to 0.029 mg kg-1 and <0.05 to 7.6mg kg-1 in wheat grain and straw (expressed as dry weight), respectively. The risk quotients of prothioconazole-desthio and fluoxastrobin were 0.2% and 3.2%. The residue levels of the target analytes in wheat grain were lower than the maximum residue limits recommended by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. And the calculated risk quotient values were far below 100%, indicating a low dietary intake health risk to consumers. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu Intake by Consuming Herbal Tea Thyme

One of the most important public- health tasks is to provide hygienic and healthy food and water, which will not have harmful consequences for the health of consumers, and in this way a safe food trade is ensured, therefore protecting everyone in the chain from the producer to the consumer. This paper presents the concentrations of heavy metals Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), from 5 samples of thyme infusion (lat. Thymus serpyllum), which can be found on the market of Travnik. Sample infusions were prepared by holding the filter bags in boiling deionized water for 10 minutes. Mean values of concentrations of these heavy metals were for Fe 0.0508 ± 0.0139 mg/kg, Mn 0.06 ± 0.0069 mg/kg, Zn 0.0436 ± 0.0147 mg/kg, while the Cu content was not detected in any infusion of the said tea. The risk assessment of the intake of tested heavy metals for the health of consumers, expressed through the Hazard Index (HI), which was &lt;1, shows that the samples of analyzed teas are safe for consumption.

Residual behavior and dietary intake risk assessment of flonicamid, dinotefuran and its metabolites on peach trees.

Flonicamid and dinotefuran are widely applied to control pests and diseases in various economic crops arousing much public concerns about the potential risk to human health. In this study, the multi-determination and residual behavior of flonicamid-dinotefuran mixture on peach trees were investigated. The chronic risk of long-term dietary intake for Chinese consumers was evaluated. An optimized QuEChERS method combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis for simultaneous determination of flonicamid, dinotefuran and its metabolites was established to analyze the residual dissipation and terminal residues in peach matrices. The results demonstrated that (i) a satisfactory linearity relationship with the detector response and the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.999, the average recoveries of these four analytes ranged from 94 to 108%, the relative standard deviation was between 1.0% and 8.8%, and the limit of the quantitation was 0.02 mg kg-1 ; (ii) the dissipation behaviors of flonicamid and dinotefuran followed with the first-order dynamic kinetics model, and the half-lives were 6.9-12.4 days and 8.1-15.1 days, respectively; (iii) the recommended preharvest interval (PHI) was 21 days, the risk quotient (RQ) values of flonicamid and dinotefuran were 16.6 and 20.7%, respectively, which were significantly less than 100%. The established analytical method met the detection requirement in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Additionally, the results indicated that the potential dietary intake risk of the flonicamid-dinotefuran mixture on peach trees was negligible. This work can be utilized in the safe and responsible use of flonicamid-dinotefuran mixture and provide guidance for establishing its maximum residue limit (MRL) in China. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phthalate acid esters in pickled vegetables packaged in polyethylene terephthalate container: Occurrence, migration, and estrogenic activity-associated risk assessment

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in plastic products such as plastic-based containers are not chemically bonded. The migration of these compounds from the wall of the plastic containers into the water and food packaged is a health concern. The current work investigates the aspects leading to PAEs migration from the wall of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers into pickled vegetables and their estrogenic–based risk evaluation. Six PAEs compounds with control priority (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-n-octyl phthalate) were characterized and analyzed using 40 samples of pickles packaged in PET containers. It was found that the concentration of diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate exceeded the EU limits (1.5 and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively). A positive and significant relation between PAEs concentration in pickles and storage temperature, storage time, and exposure to sunlight has been observed (P-value < 0.05). In contrast, a negative and significant relationship between pH and PAEs concentration has been detected (P-value < 0.05). The risk assessment of human daily intake indicated a diethyl phthalate safety factor lower than 1 (0.63 for adults and 0.39 for children), suggesting an increased health risk. Also, indexes of estrogenic activity associated-risk assessment were significantly high, indicating a high probability of adverse effects for human health.

Determination and dietary intake risk assessment of 14 pesticide residues in apples of China

The presence of pesticide residues in apples raises serious health concerns. In this study, a novel, sensitive, high-performance method was developed to simultaneously analyze the residues of 14 pesticides in apples using modified QuEChERS sample pretreatment coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The optimized purification procedure demonstrated satisfactory recovery and precision for all the tested pesticides. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values of 14 pesticides in the apple matrix ranged from 0.03 μg/kg to 0.3 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg to 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. The proposed method detected six pesticides in the apple samples collected from 20 counties in China's major apple-producing regions. Furthermore, the risk quotient (RQ, %) of the detected pesticides was evaluated by the national estimated acceptable daily intake. The RQs of six pesticides in Chinese people of different age groups were less than 100%.

Risk Assessment of Wild Game Meat Intake in the Context of the Prospective Development of the Venison Market in Poland

Risk Assessment of Wild Game Meat Intake in the Context of the Prospective Development of the Venison Market in Poland

Environmental risk assessment of the intake of contaminants in aquifers in the vicinity of a reclaimed waste dumpsite in Owerri municipal, Southeastern Nigeria

The study investigated groundwater sources within reclaimed municipal waste dumpsites around Akachi road in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria. The research evaluated the pollution and risk inherent in the consumption of groundwater in the vicinity of the reclaimed waste dumpsite using standard procedures. Results showed acidic pH values for some groundwater samples within the reclaimed waste dumpsite. Elevated nitrate (NO3−), aluminium (Al) and chromium (Cr) concentrations above the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking water samples were recorded in some of the groundwater samples from the study area. The observed strong positive correlations between the metallic contaminants indicated that the distribution of the pollutants has a strong relationship with organic contaminants in the reclaimed waste dumpsite. Low contamination factor was exhibited by all metals for the individual samples except for Cr in sample A and Al in sample A and D. The pollution load index for all the samples was low, except for sample C with a pollution load index of unity. Elevated hazard quotient > 1 and hazard index > 1 were observed for both adults and children due to high Cr levels. The chronic daily intake risk assessment revealed values < 1, while carcinogenic risk values greater than 10−6 and 10−4 were observed for the samples suggesting potential health risk for children and adults. The water quality index of samples from the reclaimed waste dumpsite calls for concern due to elevated levels of Al and Cr. These findings, therefore, suggest the need to treat the groundwater from the reclaimed dumpsite before consumption to avert serious health risks. Finally, waste dumpsites should be remediated or allow to undergo natural remediation before reclamation, erecting residential structures, and sinking of boreholes for water supply within such areas.

Residue dissipation and dietary intake risk assessment of thiophanate-methyl and its metabolite carbendazim in watercress under Chinese field conditions

ABSTRACT In this study,the QuEChERSand high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)was applied to determine thiophanate-methyl and its metabolite carbendazim residue in watercress. The average recoveries of both analytes in watercress ranged from 96.2% to 102.9% with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 8.2%. The limit of quantification (LOQ)of method for both analytes was 0.01 mg/kg. The field trials were carried out in 2018 to monitor the residues of thiophanate-methyl and its metabolite in six main cultivation areas inwatercressof China. Thiophanate-methylrapidly dissipated and transformed to carbendazim under watercress field conditions with half-lives less than 2.12 d.Carbendazim also rapidly dissipated with half-lives of 2.76 and 3.77d at two experiment sites. The terminal residue of thiophanate-methyl,carbendazim and total thiophanate-methyl were lower than 14.5 mg/kg, 5.26 mg/kg and 13.3 mg/kg, respectively. In order to ensure the safety, the acute and chronic dietary intake risks were evaluated. The ADI%of thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim and total thiophanate-methyl ranged from 21.1% to 84.9% and their%ARfDranged from 2.1% to 19.2%, which suggested that thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim has a low risk for Chinese populations caused by application of thiophanate-methyl.

Heavy Metals Content of Common Tubers from Selected Farm Locations in Enugu North District, South East, Nigeria

The concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Cr, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), yam (Dioscorea ssp), and cassava (Manihot esculenta) in four farm locations in some local government areas of Enugu North District was determined. Samples were prepared following standard procedure and digested with a 5:1:1 mixture of trioxonitrate (V) acid, tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid, and perchloric acid as previously reported. Metal concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer 1100B model). The range of heavy metals concentration recorded for sweet potato in the four farm locations were 60.26±2.30-312.66±31.24 mg/kg, 20.06±1.27-40.55±4.08 mg/kg, 12.60±2.00-32.06±3.20 mg/kg, 8.20±3.00-15.00±1.07 mg/kg, 0.05±0.07-0.80±1.27 mg/kg, 0.07±0.42-0.18±0.42 mg/kg, 0.01±0.20-0.09±0.03 mg/kg and 0.02±0.07-0.03±0.08 mg/kg respectively for Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, As and Cd while the range in yam was 18.46±2.05-380.20±10.97 mg/kg, 44.20±4.99-66.30±3.87 mg/kg, 17.80±2.18-56.08±6.73 mg/kg, 12.00±2.00-42.30±0.06 mg/kg, 0.01±0.32-0.42±0.27 mg/kg, 0.02±0.07-0.20±0.12 mg/kg, 0.04±2.03-0.10±0.00 mg/kg and 0.01±0.07-0.08±0.47 mg/kg for Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, As and Cd respectively. In cassava, the concentration range was 74.20±10.97-312.20±31.20 mg/kg, 14.20±1.29-38.22±6.07 mg/kg, 10.88±3.03-32.00±0.70 mg/kg, 3.20±0.20-11.20±1.09 mg/kg, 0.01±0.20-0.18±1.27 mg/kg, 0.02±0.03-0.12±0.07 mg/kg, 0.01±0.03-0.10±0.07 mg/kg and 0.03±0.00-0.05±0.42 mg/kg for Mn, Ni, Zn,Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd and As respectively. While Cd was not detected in farm location B and D in all the tuber samples, arsenic was detected in all the samples except in cassava cultivated in farm location B. All the heavy metals analyzed were each below the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible concentration except chromium which was slightly higher than the recommended limit of 0.05 mg/kg. Apart from 0.80±1.27 mg/kg Cr recorded for sweet potato cultivated in location C, the concentration of chromium in all the tubers were below the China’s State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) permissible limit of 0.5 mg/kg. Hence, risk assessment of Cr intake was recommended to ascertain the level of human exposure to Cr through the consumption of these tubers in the study area

Monitoring Arsenic Species Content in Seaweeds Produced off the Southern Coast of Korea and Its Risk Assessment

Seaweed, a popular seafood in South Korea, has abundant dietary fiber and minerals. The toxicity of arsenic compounds is known to be related to their chemical speciation, and inorganic arsenic (iAs) is more detrimental than other species. Due to the different toxicities of the various chemical forms, speciation analysis is important for evaluating arsenic exposure. In this study, total arsenic (tAs) and six arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine) were analyzed in 180 seaweed samples. Although there were differences between seaweed species, the concentration of tAs was detected at levels ranging from 1 to 100 µg/g, and the distribution of six arsenic species differed depending on the seaweed species. No correlation between the concentration of iAs and tAs was found in most seaweed species. Through statistical clustering, hijiki and gulfweed were seen to be the seaweeds with the highest ratios of iAs to tAs. Using the iAs concentration data from the arsenic speciation analysis, a risk assessment of seaweed intake in South Korea was conducted. The margin of exposure values showed no meaningful risk for the general population, but low levels of risk were identified for seaweed consumers, with high intakes of gulfweed and hijiki.

Determination and Dietary Intake Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbs and Cultivated Soils.

Pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicines pose a potential risk to human health. However, little is known about the characteristics of pesticide residues in the fritillariae thunbergii bulbs (FTB). This study aims to establish a method for the determination of pesticide multi-residues in FTB and then measured their residual levels in the FTB collected from nine cultivation regions. A modified QuEChERS method coupled with GC/UPLC was used to determine the residues of 24 pesticides in the FTB and soil samples. The recoveries of these pesticides at three concentrations were 72.17-112.48% in the FTB and 70.92-113.74% in the soil with RSD < 11.83%, and the LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.005-10 μg/kg and 0.011-22 μg/kg, respectively. A total of 13 pesticide residues were detected in the FTB samples with the residual levels of 0.0011-509.63 μg/kg, which were all below the referred MRLs in other Chinese herbs or food. Meanwhile, dietary intake risk assessment showed that the risk of pesticide residues in the FTB was acceptable to consumers. This study developed a method for the determination of pesticide multi-residues in the FTB and cultivated soil samples, and furthermore the dietary intake risk of pesticide residues in the FTB is safe. A modified QuEChERS method was established for the determination of 24 pesticides in the FTB with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision.

Risk assessment of iodine intake from the consumption of red seaweeds (Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus).

Seaweeds are a basic food in the Asian diet. The search for functional and healthy foods has increased the seaweed consumption in Europe and the USA. Seaweeds are a source of essential elements such as iodine. However, high intake levels of iodine can cause damages to human health. Red seaweeds like dulse (Palmaria palmata) and Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) are common in shops and large stores. The iodine level in 30 samples of red seaweeds (dulse and Irish moss) has been determined by redox volumetry with sodium thiosulfate to determine the iodine content of both species and to assess the iodine dietary exposure from dulse and Irish moss consumption. Irish moss (3.86 ± 1.49 mg/kg dry weight) has the highest average iodine content. Four grams per day of dehydrated Irish moss seaweeds contributes greatly to the iodine recommended daily intake (DRI) for children (25.7%). The consumption of analyzed seaweeds (4 g/day) does not pose a health risk. However, the consumption of 286 g/day of Irish moss would lead to exceeding the UL for the adult population set at 1100 μg/day. It is necessary that the consumer respects the consumption guidelines of the seaweed packers.

Dissipation and distribution of pyraclostrobin in bananas at different temperature and a risk assessment of dietary intake

ABSTRACT In this study, the safety and risk of pyraclostrobin as an indoor fungicide against banana anthracnose were evaluated for the first time. The dissipation and distribution of pyraclostrobin for 14 days in banana peel and pulp were determined and studied by HPLC after simple, rapid pre-treatment at different indoor temperatures. The mean recovery was 83.46 ~ 95.67%, and the relative standard deviation was 4.01 ~ 10.99%. Results showed that the half-lives of pyraclostrobin in peel and pulp were 8.1 days (25°C), 12.4 days (12°C) and 12.8 days (25°C), 16.1 days (12°C). During the whole storage period of banana after application of pesticide, the residue of banana pulp was lower than the maximum residue level established in China. The potential risk of pyraclostrobin exposure through the dietary intake of bananas to different populations was also studied. According to the results of dietary risk assessment, the residual level of pyraclostrobin was within the acceptable range of chronic and acute dietary risk in different populations in China at 150 mg/kg. Our results show that pyraclostrobin as a fungicide in the indoor control of banana anthracnose has high safety and low risk, and can provide a reference for the safe and reasonable use of pyraclostrobin as an indoor fungicide and risk assessment.

Dissipation, residues and risk assessment of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin in cucumber under field conditions.

Pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin are two representative pesticides of strobilurins used to treat cucumber downy mildew, which have raised issues of food safety and human health. A new formulation containing these two compounds is being prepared for marketing in China. The dissipation and residual levels of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin in cucumbers under field conditions were determined simultaneously by a validated method via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The dissipation rules were described by first-order kinetics and the half-lives of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin were less than 8.2 days and 3.4 days. The highest terminal residue of pyraclostrobin was 0.014 mg kg-1 which was lower than maximum residue limit (MRL) in China (0.5 mg kg-1 ) and of picoxystrobin was 0.029 mg kg-1 , respectively. In the long-term intake risk assessment of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin for general population (18-79 years), the chronic risk quotient (RQc ) varied from 5.64% to 21.97%. The assessment of short-term risks included children (1-6 years) and adults (18-79 years) and in which the RQa values were 0.38% and 2.85%. Both results showed the intake risks of cucumber were acceptable. Pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin degraded easily in cucumbers under open field conditions. The long-term and short-term risks caused by final residues of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin were insignificant. The recommended pre-harvest interval of 3 days was safe. The article will be helpful in rational use of these pesticides and MRL formulation of picoxystrobin on cucumber. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.