Water Level Rise Research Articles

Analisis Spasial Kenaikan Tinggi Permukaan Air Batang Sumani Menggunakan Model Permukaan Digital

The occurrence of flooding in the Batang Sumani area of ​​Solok Regency is caused by several things, including the low slope of the river, the river cross-section which is not wide enough, the topography of the plains, heavy bends along the river and silting due to sedimentation and the vulnerability to flood hazards which is quite high in the watershed area. The influence of the topography of the plains causes inundation on land managed and used by the community. In accordance with technological developments in digital mapping of the earth's surface, the earth's surface can be presented in the form of a three-dimensional map called a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). This DEM is used as a model, analysis and representation of conditions related to the earth's surface. The use of DEM in the process of analyzing inundation caused by surface runoff will help in identifying the coverage of inundation areas and water catchment areas. By using the Simulate water level rise / flooding analysis from the Global Mapper application it is possible to simulate water level rise / flooding which makes it possible to simulate the coverage or spread of water/flooding by increasing the water level to a certain depth and spatial analysis using the Geographic Information System can see the influence of the inundation area on land use managed by the community around the inundation area. So that the location and coverage of the inundation on land use can be obtained. Most of the inundation areas are in garden areas at 37.56%, rice fields at 23.83%, fields at 24.03% and residential areas at 13.67%. There was a significant increase in the water level rise of 2 meters.

A numerical simulation study on the evolutionary characteristics of the damage process of karst soil cavity under positive pressure effect

Positive pressure effect is the result of rapid urban development in recent years, which leads to over-exploitation of karst groundwater, coupled with the emergence of extreme weather (such as heavy rainfall, the increase in the duration of heavy rainfall), leading to the sharp rise of karst water level, the gas in the karst cavity can not be discharged in time to form a high positive pressure in the soil cavity and promote the destruction of the soil layer, which then induces a series of phenomena, such as karst subsidence. As a new collapse mechanism, the positive pressure effect causes geological disasters that seriously affect the safety of people's lives and properties in karst regions. In order to study the damage characteristics and evolution characteristics of karst soil cavities under positive pressure effect, this study is based on the ASCII text provided by FLAC itself, and the orthotropic simulation computation compilation program, which realizes the finite element analysis in FLAC3D, and focuses on the inhomogeneous change of soil displacement, redistribution of stresses, and plastic damage of karst soil cavities in different evolution stages under the action of positive pressure, and summarizes the characteristics and laws of stress, strain and damage in plastic zone of karst soil cave at different stages of evolution. The results will play a positive role in further investigating the potential mechanical effects, development mechanism and critical warning conditions during the evolution of covered karst soil caves, and also have important scientific research value in deepening the theory of prevention and control of collapse disasters in covered karst soil caves.

Characteristics of Flow Hydrophysics Variables and Flood Potential Around Kuala Jengki Estuary Manado City

Flood disasters along the river resulted from damage to flood barrier construction along the river bank. The damage to the flood retaining wall is technically caused by the very large hydrophysical parameters of the river flow. In theory, the flow mass density parameter shows the concentration of sediment transported through one cross-section. As a result of changes in the volume of sediment transport, there will be an increase in flow energy, followed by changes in large water masses, and this is seen as a destructive force component in some equivalent places or riverbanks, which can physically be formulated in the form of a model function. It is important to do a map of the hydrophysical character variable flow and flood potential along Kuala Jengki estuary Manado City, it is important to do because the estuary is often flooded. Measurement of the hydrophysical variable mass flow density was carried out at a depth of 0.6 rivers at high and low tides. The mass density of the flow is the mass of water containing transport sediment divided by its volume. The mass of water (sample) is measured using a scale, while the volume is measured using a measuring cup or another container that has a volume measurement. For the presentation of density data profiles and other analytical purposes, the measured data were reproduced using linear interpolation techniques. The mass density data modeling was carried out using an experimental function iteration technique containing constants. The results of the research at high tide, the position which is approximately 275 meters at measurement points 10 to 13 at a distance of 675 meters to 950 meters becomes a location that is very prone to river lip damage if there is a rise in water level due to high rainfall, or a position where it becomes flood-prone when the flow density increases, along with an increase in the volume of river water, which is followed by changes in river flow velocity carrying various types of sediment. At a distance of 165 meters at low tide, the measurement position is between 10 and 13, there is an increase in large flow discharge accompanied by an increase in flow velocity that carries flow mass (mass density) with various types of sediment transport. In this condition, the location which is 165 meters away according to the model map becomes prone to river lip damage, which means that it is a location that has the potential for flooding. In contrast to measurement positions 5 and 6 at high tide, there is a significant increase in the low mass density, while at low tide this condition does not occur, this is because the flow velocity at low tide does not change significantly, causing the mass flow density to be relatively the same.

Zooplankton as an indicator of hydrological connectivity of the main channel and the floodplain in a large river system

AbstractThe connectivity of the river–floodplain system during floods plays a decisive role in organisms/matter contribution to the ecosystems of large lowland rivers. We hypothesized that the direction of water-level trends during flood was crucial for zooplankton release from the floodplain into the river channel. The seven-year study of zooplankton in the large plain Ob river suggest that at the inundated floodplain even a slight water level fall brings to plankton release from the floodplain into the river thus causing its abundance boom in the main channel. At water-level stabilization or rise, zooplankton communities of floodplain become isolated from the channel that ceases the recruits’ inflow from the floodplain and brings to a sharp drop in number of river zooplankton. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account dynamics trends (i.e., fall or rise) in river water level when assessing zooplankton density in large lowland rivers. The analysis of such trends should become the basis for predicting of river zooplankton abundance and assessing changes in feeding conditions of fish during the growing season.

Out of-plane failure analysis of masonry walls subjected to hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads induced by flash floods

Damage surveys from past flash flood events show that the combined hydrodynamic impulsive loading and the subsequent hydrostatic loading due to rising water levels caused the failure of masonry walls/buildings. However, limited studies have been conducted to understand the responses of masonry walls to these loading states. To bridge this knowledge gap, an explicit 3D shell element based finite element modelling method that incorporates a homogenised anisotropic masonry material model was developed and applied to analyse the out-of-plane collapse behaviour of masonry walls under flash flooding conditions. The developed modelling method was validated with an available experimental study of masonry wall subjected to hydrostatic loading conditions. It was then extended to comprehend the behaviour of masonry walls under hydrodynamic impulsive water pressures. Results reveal that the effect of hydrodynamic impulsive loading generated by the first hit of the flash flood water is significant in reducing the stiffness of the masonry. This reduction in stiffness can result in an early collapse of the wall, even with a gradual rise of hydrostatic water level. This study has also evaluated the behaviour and damage patterns of masonry walls with two different slenderness ratios (single brick/24.5 and double brick/11.7) under flash flooding and prescribed the maximum percentage of surface area of inundation that the walls can resist. The importance of considering hydrodynamic impulsive loading in designing masonry buildings vulnerable to flash flooding and the capability of the modelling technique developed in this research for evaluating their vulnerability under these flooding scenarios are highlighted.

The behaviour of recently-hatched caddis larvae from temporary water bodies in the British Isles

Caddisflies use four basic methods to ensure that newly-hatched larvae become aquatic insects. One is to lay the eggs underwater so larvae can start a free life immediately after hatching. Another method is to lay the eggs above water and the hatched larvae fall or wriggle into the water. Caddisflies from waters that dry out in summer often have a female diapause gradually becoming sexually mature and often do not lay their clutches until late summer or autumn, when rising water levels flood the eggs. The hatched larvae develop into pupae by March-May, from which adult caddisflies hatch again emergence beginning in spring. Some caddisflies from waters that dry out lay in summer and those eggs hatch soon after laying so it is as a larva that they survive the dry period.

Coastal archaeological site visibility problems and underwater prospects in the Northern Lake Superior Basin

AbstractThe early to middle Holocene was marked by considerable variability in lake levels in the Lake Superior Basin due to a combination of meltwater runoff, isostatic adjustment, shifting glacial margins, and climate change. These processes likely had a large impact on the preservation and visibility of coastal archaeological sites dating from the Early Period (Paleoindian) to the Middle Period (Shield Archaic). Of particular interest is the brief interval after 9300 cal. B.P. when ancestral Lake Superior dropped to its lowest level (Houghton) and human populations may have made incursions deeper into the basin. Elsewhere in the Upper Great Lakes, this period is associated with offshore archaeological sites submerged by rising water levels later in the Holocene. New geological data from the Thunder Bay, ON, region yield exceptional insight into the paleohydrology of the Houghton phase and, hence, the underwater archaeological prospects of this low water phase in the northern Lake Superior Basin. These data indicate that the lake reached its lowest level by at least ~9100 cal. B.P. but was highly unstable, at least initially, due to a combination of climate and meltwater runoff. Early underwater sites may be confined to two short, hydrologically closed, lowstands between ~9100 and 8700 cal. B.P. and would have been impacted by at least one lake transgression. Such sites, however, may still hold better potential for organic preservation and the visibility of large cultural features compared to their terrestrial counterparts. Coastal sites occupied when the lake was hydrologically closed may be especially well‐preserved due to rapid inundation before the gradual, and generally erosional, Nipissing transgression occurred.

Assessing coastal bathymetry and climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems using Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery

Coastal ecosystems are facing heightened risks due to human-induced climate change, including rising water levels and intensified storm events. Accurate bathymetry data is crucial for assessing the impacts of these threats. Traditional data collection methods can be cost-prohibitive. This study investigates the feasibility of using freely accessible Landsat and Sentinel satellite imagery to estimate bathymetry and its correlation with hydrographic chart soundings in Port Klang, Malaysia. Through analysis of the blue and green spectral bands from the Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 datasets, a bathymetry map of Port Klang's seabed is generated. The precision of this derived bathymetry is evaluated using statistical metrics like Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination. The results reveal a strong statistical connection (R2 = 0.9411) and correlation (R2 = 0.7958) between bathymetry data derived from hydrographic chart soundings and satellite imagery. This research not only advances our understanding of employing Landsat imagery for bathymetry assessment but also underscores the significance of such assessments in the context of climate change's impact on coastal ecosystems. The primary goal of this research is to contribute to the comprehension of Landsat imagery's utility in bathymetry evaluation, with the potential to enhance safety protocols in seaport terminals and provide valuable insights for decision-making concerning the management of coastal ecosystems amidst climate-related challenges. The findings of this research have practical implications for a wide range of stakeholders involved in coastal management, environmental protection, climate adaptation and disaster preparedness.

Assessing nutrient concentrations and field-scale seepage load under an automated drainage water management system in Ohio

Automated drainage water management (ADWM) leverages technological advancements to control flow volumes and nutrient loads leaving farm fields through the ADWM system outlet while also promoting lateral groundwater seepage through the edge of the field (EOF). The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of ADWM on nutrient concentrations, namely total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), in groundwater and soil water sampled within and across the EOF for an agricultural field located in northcentral Ohio. Water samples collected from shallow groundwater wells showed that TP and TN concentrations were higher at the EOF relative to in the field while water samples collected from suction lysimeters showed that TP and TN concentrations were higher in the field relative to at the EOF. Further, seasonal nutrient loads across the EOF as lateral groundwater seepage were estimated using an application of the Riparian Flow-Concentration Integration method. We found that the maximum contribution of flow volume and nutrient load across the EOF as lateral groundwater seepage occurred in Spring while minimum contributions occurred in the Winter compared to other seasons of the year. The ADWM system considered in this study, which was programmed to automatically open based on water level rise in the outlet structure, appears to achieve the greatest potential for reductions in nutrient load during Winter by altering flow pathways from the drainage system through the EOF.

Effects of Surface Water on Artificial Recharge of Coastal Aquifers by GIS Zoning Maps: A Case Study in Ghaemshahr, Iran

Background: The study aimed to assess surface water resources for potential use during non-irrigation seasons to boost groundwater aquifers. This method also helps reduce aquifer depletion, mitigate land subsidence, and enhance groundwater quality. Methods: In this study, artificial feeding methods were used to determine the appropriate location for the Ghaemshahr plain. Water resources were tested in terms of quantity and quality through field and laboratory studies. Based on the findings, geographic information system (GIS) mapping was utilized to create maps and select the best location and feeding method. Results: The most important source of nutrition for recharging the aquifer in terms of quantity and quality was the Talar River. The study area’s conditions like aquifer thickness, permeability, topographic slope, and land use were analyzed using GIS and thematic maps. The results indicated that by using these methods, it is possible to store 5 million cubic meters of surface water in the aquifer for 6 months. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of using surface waters in the area for artificial feeding, employing the pond method1. Additionally, it is recommended to dig measuring wells to monitor the water level rise at the bottom of the pond 1. It also suggests the use of simulation software like PMVIN, Mod flow, and GMS to optimize the artificial replenishment process and select the most suitable approach from the defined scenarios before taking any actions.

The application of Knothe’s theory for the planning of mining exploitation under the threat of discontinuous deformation of the surface and for the prediction of ground surface movements with rising water levels in the post-mining phase

The application of Knothe’s theory for the planning of mining exploitation under the threat of discontinuous deformation of the surface and for the prediction of ground surface movements with rising water levels in the post-mining phase

Impact of Hydrological Changes on Wetland Landscape Dynamics and Implications for Ecohydrological Restoration in Honghe National Nature Reserve, Northeast China

Marsh wetlands are significant ecosystems located between land and water bodies which can both protect species diversity and provide habitats. Changes in the hydrological situation of marsh wetlands as a result of climate change and human activities have led to the degradation of wetland landscapes. Taking the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR) in Heilongjiang Province, China, as an example, this paper gathered information on the reserve’s wetland landscape before and after dam construction. The information was obtained using field survey data and a random forest classification method based on Landsat data powered by the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. Then, on the basis of the water level data and the digital elevation model, the wetland landscape dynamics of HNNR under three water level conditions were simulated. The findings were as follows: (1) From 1998 to 2008, the area of marsh and meadow had a downward trend, while the area of forest, farmland and water showed a gradual and upward trend; a marked rise in the area of marsh and a continued rise in the area of forest, farmland and water, and a sharp decline in the area of meadow during 2008 to 2018 was observed. (2) There was a significant increase in the area of marsh under the 20 and 40 cm water level simulation scenarios, with a decrease in the number of patches, and an increase in the aggregation index with rising water levels; in contrast, when the water level rose to 60 cm, the area of marsh and the number of patches decreased, but the aggregation index continued to increase. (3) The correlation between wetland landscape and the water level was a nonlinear one. The area of marsh increased and then decreased with increasing water level, reaching a maximum at the 40 cm water level; therefore, 40 cm was the optimal water level regulation scenario. Hydrological processes are the most fundamental ecological processes in marsh wetlands. Understanding the scientific pattern of the spatial pattern characteristics of species as a function of water level environment is important for scientifically guiding the restoration of marsh vegetation.

Effect of Large Dams on Groundwater Sources Down Stream of Dadinkowa and Balanga Dams, Gombe State Nigeria

In Gombe State, Nigeria, two concrete dams were constructed in Balanga and Dadinkowa and completed in 1987 and 1988 respectively. Balanga dam with a capacity of 63 mcm, and Dadinkowa dam, 1,770 mcm, were to be both used for irrigation and provision of hydroelectric power supply. Since the completion of the two dams, they have not been commissioned for the intended use. The effects of these large dams on water table rise downstream of Dadinkowa and Balanga dams were determined using various groundwater potentials study methods. Ten wells from earlier sources of water before the construction of the dams down streams were selected and subjected to wells depth to water level measurement during the peaks of dry season (March and April) and rainy season (August and September). In Dadinkowa wells (W1-W10), water depth to ground level ranged from 1.39 - 4.12 m in the dry season, with a mean water depth range from 1.42 - 3.91m. In the peak of rainy season, water depth to ground level ranged from 2.45 - 5.96 m. In Balanga dam area, the water depth during dry season ranged from 2.15 - 2.87 m and a mean depth range from 2.16 - 2.81 m, in the rainy season, water depths ranged from 2.65 - 4.32 m and mean depths ranged from 2.96 - 4.85 m. During dry season, water depths in Dadinkowa wells entire site mean (E.S.M) was 2.46 m, and 4.28 m, in the rainy season. In Balanga, the E.S.M for dry season was 2.44 m and 3.80 m during rainy season. By comparison, the depth to water levels of the entire seasonal mean in Dadinkowa wells during dry season which is 2.46 m, to that of rainy season, 4.28 m, indicated that the level of water table increase due to rainfall influence was just by 1.82 m; while E.S.M for Balanga in the dry season (2.44 m) and rainy season (3.80 m) had rainfall infiltration influence by 1.36 m depth only. This means the hand dug wells maintenance of a steady depth to water level rise throughout the dry season comes from the replenishment of the ground.

The Influence of the Main Factors on the Accuracy of Hydrological Modelling of Flooded Lands

This paper proposes a general methodological approach to hydrological modeling for determining the areas of flooded land in the plain part of the Dniester riverbed, the second largest river in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is the selection of parameters for modeling flooded zones in the plain section of the Dniester riverbed, taking into account the rising water level caused by the freshet that occurred in the western part of Ukraine on 22–24 June 2020. The proposed study examines the workflow of hydrological modeling of the flooded land zone and the main components of this scheme: the construction of the DTM, considering the roughness of the riparian territory by Manning’s coefficients, and indications of water rise. In the experiment, the influence of DTM reproduction resolution and Manning coefficients was analyzed, and their optimal values were selected, which allowed obtaining the parameters of hydrological modeling with a higher probability. The identified flooding areas were tested using a high-resolution space image during the flood in June 2020. The distance between the profiles affects not only the value of the modeling area but also their detail. The accuracy of the modeled flooded area is 5.1% for a 5 m interval between the profiles, 6.9% for 50 m, 8.2% for 100 m, and 10.8% for 200 m. These results allow determining the degree of influence of the distance between intervals on the modeling accuracy. Using different values of Manning’s coefficients for individual sections with different bedding surfaces and the selected spacing between profiles, which was 50 m, the accuracy of the modeling was investigated. After the modelling, the simulated flood areas were obtained in vector form, which allows for determining their areas and comparing them with the test flooded area. In the presented research, the RMSE of determining the flooded areas is about 5%. The test area of 600.6 hectares was determined with an accuracy of 0.8%.

Cascading hazards from two recent glacial lake outburst floods in the Nyainqêntanglha range, Tibetan Plateau

Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are a major natural hazard in high mountain regions and have caused significant loss and damage. In the past decade, two lakes (Ranzeria Co in 2013 and Jiweng Co in 2020) burst out within a single river basin in the Nyainqêntanglha range of the Tibetan Plateau. These GLOFs destroyed local infrastructure and vegetation, and eroded river banks. In this study, field measurements, satellite remote sensing, and hydrodynamic modelling were used to reveal the causes, mechanisms, and flow dynamics of both events. Field surveys in 2020 and 2022 including lake bathymetry, lake shorelines, high-resolution aerial photographs, geomorphological data, and downstream damage provided evidence to analyze the triggers and mechanisms involved in both cases. The results show that Ranzeria Co expanded by 123% in area between 1976 and 2012, and contracted by 53% in 2013 due to the outburst. The area of Jiweng Co grew by 54% from 1976 to 2020, and shrank by 57% after the dam breach. Lake levels decreased by 20.2 ± 0.3 m in 2013 for Ranzeria Co and by 25.8 ± 0.3 m in 2020 for Jiweng Co, corresponding to water volume losses of about 7.9 × 106 (68%) and 1.1 × 107 m3 (87%), respectively. Using the hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS, it was found that the GLOFs reached peak discharges of about 7,500 m3/s with an average velocity of 8.8 m/s at Ranzeria Co, and 5,100 m3/s with 3.7 m/s at Jiweng Co. The Ranzeria Co outburst involved a cascade of processes, including the collapse of the parent glacier, a displacement wave in the lake, and the overtopping of the moraine dam. The processes of the Jiweng Co outburst flood were more complex, including an unstable lateral moraine, landslides entering the lake, rising water level, dam erosion, and finally dam failure. The study provides important insights into the mechanisms of two GLOFs, which are key to assessing and managing the hazards of critical glacial lakes in the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings.

Artisanal Inland Water Fishing and Challenges of Livelihood Sustainability in Ibi Local Government Area, Taraba State Nigeria

This study examined challenges of livelihood sustainability from artisanal inland water fishing activities in Ibi LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was adopted. Purposive sampling was used in selecting 406 respondents from 12 communities in 6 political wards of the LGA. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse 401 questionnaires retrieved. Findings of the study reveal decline in daily fish catch from three baskets 10 years ago to only one basket presently. Also, income from fishing has declined from ₦150,000 ($192) monthly 10 years ago to less than ₦50,000 ($64) presently. Factors responsible for decline in fish catch include rising water level, temperature increase, pollution, climate change, seasonality and unsustainable fishing practices. The unsustainable fishing practices include use of chemicals, small size nets and mosquito nets in fishing. The results reveal that fishermen engaged in non-fishing activities, fish farming and construction of fishing ponds along the floodplain as a way of achieving livelihood sustainability. Challenges of livelihood sustainability include seasonality of fishing activities, decline in fish stocks, use of traditional fishing methods and unsustainable fishing practices among others. The study recommend the need to enforce extant laws on fishery protection, enlightenment campaign, and government support to fishing cooperatives.

Emergency intervention modes for ice jam events in large-scale water diversion projects

Abstract The formation of ice jams is sudden, and they will cause abnormal water level fluctuations in water diversion projects, affecting the water supply and even causing severe flood disasters. Based on the characteristics of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, this paper uses the numerical simulation method to establish an emergency intervention effect simulation model for ice jam events. The hydraulic response characteristics of the project under gate group scheduling and taking different emergency measures are analyzed with the water level deviation and stabilization time consumption of the pool as indicators. Moreover, this paper proposes an emergency intervention mode for ice jam events. The results show that using the gate group scheduling after ice jam events will cause a sharp rise in the upstream water level of the pool where the ice jams are located. Also, compared with other emergency measures, the electric heating ice melting measure has less influence on water level, and the de-icing effect is better. Finally, the emergency intervention mode can significantly reduce the maximum water level deviation and shorten the time required to stabilize the water level.

What Drives the Morphological Traits of Stress-Tolerant Plant Cynodon dactylon in a Riparian Zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The cyclical process of water storage and recession in the regular operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir creates a unique habitat stress that alters the structural and functional attributes of vegetation ecology within the riparian zone. The stress-tolerant plant Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers is the dominant plant species in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. In this study, the riparian zone of the Daning River, a tributary located in the center of the Three Gorges Reservoir, was selected as our study area. To identify the drivers of the morphological traits of C. dactylon in the riparian zone of Daning River, we examined plant biomass and plant characteristics across different elevation gradients, with reference to abiotic factors to determine the distribution patterns of plant morphological traits. Results indicated that in the two main soil types of the riparian zone, plant biomass showed a consistent trend along the elevation gradient, with a “middle-height expansion” pattern; biomass increased and then decreased with rising water levels. Plant biomass positively correlated with soil total nitrogen and negatively correlated with soil pH, electrical conductivity, and total phosphorus. C. dactylon adapted to prolonged flooding in the riparian zone by having a significant negative correlation between plant height and erect stem length with soil moisture content to facilitate root respiration.

SHORT TERM SPATIALLY DENSE PREDICTION OF STORM SURGE ALONG THE NEW ZEALAND COASTLINE

Storm surge is the rise in water level generated by wind and atmospheric pressure changes associated with tropical or mid-latitude storms. In conjunction with tides, it is one major driver of coastal flooding associated with storms events. Because local inundation is strongly modulated by the local shape of the coastline and the bathymetric slope, accurate storm surge prediction by the mean of traditional numerical models requires the use of very fine grids and is hence very resource intensive. This means that the performance of a live prediction system based on such methods will likely be subject to a trade-off between prediction accuracy, prediction speed and cost (Wang et al., 2009). Several publications have demonstrated the potential of machine learning approaches for the prediction of storm surge (e.g. (Tiggeloven et al., 2021), (Cagigal et al, 2020)). However, the developed methods often focus on local predictors and aim at predicting storm surge at a single location at a time. In this study, we explore the use of several data driven methods as an alternative to numerical methods to predict storm surge along the coast of New Zealand.

Typization of Lakes of the East Antarctica Oases

The urgency of creating a new complex typization of lakes of the East Antarctica oases is dictated not only by the desire to summarize accumulated Antarctic lakes’ data but also by the need to obtain the most informative characteristics of lake hydrological regime in the region for solving a wide applied problems’ range. Features of lake water level changes were used as a criterion in developing the complex typization of lakes of the East Antarctica oases for the first time, in contrast to existing classifications. The study was based on the analysis of literary and archive materials (the Larsemann Hills, the Schirmacher oasis, the Banger Hills, the Molodezhnyi oasis, the Vestfold Hills, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys), as well as our own expeditionary data (field seasons of 2017–2022, the Larsemann Hills). A group of indirect criteria (presence and type of natural dam, position in the cascade, flowage type, etc.) is proposed in addition to a group of direct criteria (duration of the lake filling phase, water level rise, etc. requiring organization of field observations) to obtain a holistic view of the water level regime of lakes. It is important that characteristics of the most indirect criteria can be obtained by visual reconnaissance surveys or by maps and remote sensing data. The identified 4 types (outbursting, tendentious, transit, and tidal) and 8 subtypes of lakes were illustrated by generalized graphs of water level changes, which objectively characterize the features of the lake hydrological regime. The openness of the typization suggests the opportunities for actualization with the accumulation of new scientific knowledge and data.