Rise In Output Research Articles

A Novel Pulse Compression Diode for Picosecond Pulse Generation

A novel pulse compression diode capable of generating high-voltage, picosecond pulses is introduced. The design concept and technical means of the novel diode based on semi-insulating gallium arsenide (SI-GaAs) materials are described, followed by the presentation of its static characteristics with three unique operating states. Typical output rise time for the novel diode with self-breakdown is limited to a few nanoseconds (1–2 ns). The basic physical mechanism affecting the fast conduction of the device is then analyzed, and the electrode structure is optimized as a consequence. Finally, a test circuit with a MOSFET as a preswitch is used as an example to verify the compression characteristics of the modified device. The experimental results show that the pulse front is sharpened from 32 ns to 853 ps and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) is sharpened from 120 to 2.1 ns by the pulse compression diode without extra triggering. Lifetime measurement experiments were conducted at a pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz, revealing no instances of switch failures or malfunctions. The novel pulse compression diode has great potential for various applications, including in national defense, industrial, and medical sectors, due to its fast response, long lifetime, high reliability, and ease of series–parallel connection.

Growth and Decomposition Analysis: Major Cereal Crops in Uttar Pradesh

"Cereal grains viz., Wheat, rice, and maize are stapled foods across the globe. Given this, the goal of the current study was to estimate the growth in acreage, output, yield, and decomposition analysis of the state’s principal cereal crops. For the period of 30 years, from 1991-1992 to 2020-2021, the secondary data were gathered from the DES, New Delhi, Agricultural statistics yearly data book, etc. These decades were broken further into four sections: Decade I (1991-2000), Decade II (2001-2010), Decade III (2011-2020), and overall (1991-2020). The annual growth rates and proportional contributions of components in the grain harvest output were quantified using exponential trend and decomposition model. The study examined that the growth rate for wheat reported positive, whereas rice and maize show mixed patterns. Rice was one of the crops which reported affirmative and significantly favorable growth at the value of 0.46 per cent throughout the entire study period. Decomposition analysis of wheat, rice, and maize revealed that the rise in output was caused by the yield effect, although the acreage effect for rice and maize was significant and positive for decade II."

#4606 INNOVATIVE METHOD TO EVALUATE MATURATION OF NEWLY CREATED ARTERIO-VENOUS FISTULAS: INSIGHTS FROM A QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Abstract Background and Aims Recently, we introduced central-venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and estimated upper-body blood flow (eUBBF) to monitor the maturation of newly created arterio-venous fistulas (AVF) in hemodialysis (HD) patients [1]. The approach was implemented in a clinical quality improvement project (QIP). Method The QIP involved two Renal Research Institute dialysis centers in New York City that use the Crit-Line monitor (CLM, Fresenius Medical Care, Waltham, MA, USA) as part of the standard of care. CLM measures automatically and non-invasively hematocrit and oxygen saturation (i.e., ScvO2 in patients with central venous catheter as vascular access). eUBBF was computed as described previously [1]. Patients with a with a newly created AVF were included, irrespective of their HD vintage. The QIP team comprised a registered nurse per clinic, two research physicians, and two data analysts. The team met weekly to assess the AVF maturation progress based on eUBBF and ScvO2 data that were displayed on a specific dashboard. Successful AVF maturation is typically accompanied by a rise in cardiac output and eUBBF that starts immediately after AVF creation. However, it is unknown what degree of eUBBF increase indicates a subsequently successful AVF maturation. To identify predictive eUBBF thresholds, we correlated eUBBF changes with the progress of AVF maturation in the six weeks following AVF creation. We defined maturation as unsuccessful when the newly created AVF required an intervention (e.g., angioplasty) or was abandoned. Results We studied 39 patients (age 56 ±18 years; 25 males). Twenty-eight of them were incident patients. Two patients had a second AVF created. In 15 patients AVF maturation was unsuccessful. In these patients, eUBBF increased to an average of 119.2% (SD 35.2) compared to pre-AFV creation. In patients with successful AFV maturation (N = 24), eUBBF increased to an average of 153.7% (SD 31.6) (Figure 1). The difference between the groups is 34.4 percentage points (95% CI: 12.4 to 56.4; p = 0.003). Using eUBBF as a diagnostic measure to discriminate successful vs. failed AVF maturation, an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.824 (95% CI: 0.673 to 0.925; p<0.0001) was obtained. An eUBBF increase of 25% had a sensitivity of 59% and a specificity of 92% to predict AVF maturation outcomes. Conclusion Computation of eUBBF provides a simple and non-invasive means to track AVF maturation and predict its outcomes.

A new synergistic model for simulating exercise incorporating control mechanisms at cellular and organ scales

The physiological response of the cardio-vascular system (CVS) to physical activity is of great importance to those working in sporting research and has profound consequences for the health and well-being of people. Coronary vasodilation and the physiological mechanisms involved in exercise have frequently been the focus of numerical models for simulating exercise. This is partly achieved using the time-varying-elastance (TVE) theory, which prescribes the pressure-volume relationship of the ventricle as a periodic function of time, tuned using empirical data. The empirical foundations of the TVE method however, and its suitability for CVS modelling are frequently questioned. To overcome this challenge, we adopt a different synergistic approach in which a model for the microscale heart muscle (myofibers) activity is embedded within a macro organ-scale CVS model. We developed such a synergistic model by including the coronary flow and various control mechanisms at the circulation level through feedback and feedforward means, and at the microscale (contractile) through the regulation of ATP availability and myofiber force depending on exercise intensity or heart rate. The coronary flow produced by the model displays the well-known 2-phase character of the flow, which is preserved under exercise. The model is tested by simulating reactive hyperemia, which is a transient occlusion of the coronary flow, successfully reproducing the additional coronary flow following the block removal. On-transient exercise results reveal a rise in both cardiac output and mean ventricle pressure as expected. The stroke volume increases initially, but then declines during the latter period of HR rise, corresponding with one of the main physiological responses to exercise. The pressure-volume loop expands during exercise, as systolic pressure rises. The Myocardial oxygen demand increases during exercise and the coronary blood supply increases in response, causing an excess of oxygen supply to the heart. Off-transient exercise recovery is largely a reverse of this response, although the behaviour is slightly more varied, with sudden spikes in coronary resistance. Different levels of fitness and exercise intensity are tested and reveal that the stroke volume rises until a level of myocardial oxygen demand is reached at which point it declines. This level of demand is independent of fitness or exercise intensity. An advantage of our model is demonstrated in the correspondence between the micro and organ scale mechanics so that cellular pathologies can be traced from exercise performance with relatively little computational or experimental expense.

Exploring Carotenoid from Rhodococcus Kroppenstedtii as a Photosensitizer in a Dye Sensitised Solar Cell

A Dye-Sensitised Solar Cell (DSSC) is a low-cost thin film solar cell that works in diffused light and comes in a variety of colors. Most of the investigations on organic dye-based DSSC have used pigments from flowers and fruits as photosensitizers. With the majority of the world's economy reliant on agriculture to meet the food and feed demand, using agricultural resources for color extraction is not a realistic solution. Alternative dye resources, such as microorganisms, must thus be investigated in DSSCs to ensure a long-term future. The present study was a preliminary investigation to explore the potential of carotenoids derived from an actinobacteria Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii as a photosensitizer in a DSSC. The carotenoid extract from R. kroppenstedtii was subjected to stability analysis, to ascertain its potential as a photosensitizer. The extract was found to be stable at varying temperatures (0-80 °C), pH (3-11), and light conditions (dark, white light, sunlight), indicating its potential applicability as a photosensitizer. Further, increasing concentrations (12.5 mg/mL-100 mg/mL) of the extract was used for sensitization of TiO 2 in a DSSC assembly. The extract showed a linear rise in power output (078±0.0001 - 20.75±0.0003 mW), which proposes its scope as a stable and cheap photosensitizer in a DSSC.

Improved performance of Kalina cycle system 11 cycle with new arrangement of ejector cycle

In order to boost the cycles’ thermal efficiency, their power generations and reduce industrial equipment costs the growing need to develop and improve the performance of power generation cycles has provided the basis for research. Currently, there are quite a few investigations aiming to consider Kalina cycles as a power generation system using low-grade heat sources. In this research, firstly KCS-11 (Kalina Cycle System11) as well as Ekalina cycle (enhanced KCS-11 with ejector) has been studied. The SEKalina cycle, which is a modification of Ekalina cycle, is introduced, examined, and simulated by EES software. In the structure of the EKalina, the throttle valve and absorber are removed and the ejector is used instead. The use of the ejector reduces pressure at the turbine’s outlet and augments the difference between the enthalpy of two turbine ends, leading to enhancement of the thermal proficiency and net power output. Including an ejector and benefited from a split configuration, SEKalina cycle proposes a potential for efficiency improvement. Examining the results of the cycles, it is found that by employing the SEKalina cycle, compare to the two previously introduced cycles (EKalina and KCS-11), the thermal efficiency and net power output rise significantly. Moreover, as a result, the net power output in SEKalina cycle is 2% higher than that of EKalina cycle.

Comparative evaluation of high versus low pressure pneumoperitoneum in causing acute kidney injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Objective: Aim of our study is to monitor low- and high-pressure pneumoperitoneum effects and find optimum intra-abdominal pressure that is safe to avoid or minimise acute kidney injury. Material & Methods: This study was conducted at Fatima Memorial hospital from May 2022 to November 2022. A total of 80 patients were segregated into two groups of 40 each. Group A had laparoscopic cholecystectomy with 15 mmHg pneumoperitoneum pressure while Group B had 20 mmHg pneumoperitoneum pressure. Patients were monitored postoperatively for creatinine and urine output changes at 8 hours, 24 hours and 72 hours interval. Results: Post operative creatinine rise and fall in urine output was statistically significant between both group indicating 15 mmHg pneumoperitoneum is safer for laparoscopic cholecystectomy to avoid AKI. Operation time, inflation time and blood loss were statistically significant and remain the key factors in predicting AKI after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusion: AKI is a common but transient condition that can arise after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It can be minimized by keeping intra-abdominal pressure ≤15mmHg. Operation time, inflation time and perioperative blood loss can predict AKI perioperatively.

Exploring the growth of sustainable energy Technologies: A review

The economic growth of the nations is highly dependent on the hydrocarbon fuel, despite limited supplies, demand has been continually increasing, which makes it critical to manage energy resources. It is therefore important to evaluate the current scholarship in the domain of sustainable energy technologies, which are reducing the dependency on carbon fuels and conserve the fast depleting natural resources. This study aims to present a bibliometric analysis by coupling a systematic review of literature of current body of knowledge in the domain of sustainable energy technologies. This study reviews 2766 documents in the field of sustainable energy technologies published in the WoS. A comprehensive material about the growth in research, leading authors, publishers and journals that contribute the literature is presented in the first part. We then present an analysis of major research studies that encapsulates the sustainable energy technologies research, followed by an exhaustive analysis of the contemporary research published during the past five years. The results unveil a phenomenal rise in the research output for 25 studies in 2005 and peaking to 833 in 2021. The future directions of the research have been identified as work on efficient carbon capture, innovative systems for urban heating and cooling. Sustainable technologies which help rural and framing communities as well as technologies to reduce energy consumption in large infrastructural projects are identified as the themes of prospective research. Improving the technologies in construction material, energy storage and advancing the intelligent grid systems aresome of the most desired areas for advancement in the sustainable energy technology.

First test results of the trans-impedance amplifier stage of the ultra-fast HPSoC ASIC

We present the first results from the HPSoC ASIC designed for readout of Ultra-fast Silicon Detectors. The 4-channel ASIC manufactured in 65 nm CMOS by TSMC has been optimized for 50 μm thick AC-LGAD. The evaluation of the analog front end with β-particles impinging on 3 × 3 AC-LGAD arrays (500 μm pitch, 200 × 200 μm2 metal) confirms a fast output rise time of 600 ps and good timing performance with a jitter of 45 ps. Further calibration experiments and TCT laser studies indicate some gain limitations that are being investigated and are driving the design of the second-generation pre-amplification stages to reach a jitter of 15 ps.

Synergistic analysis of wake effect of two cylinders on energy harvesting characteristics of piezoelectric flag

In this study, the effect of asymmetric wake flow regime of two side-by-side cylindrical bluff bodies on power output is experimentally examined by using a piezoelectric flag. Different synchronization modes of the flag with wake flow are observed. It is demonstrated that the streamwise gap between the flag and cylinders (Gx), and the center-to-center gap between cylinders have a significant impact on the flag's dynamical behavior that results in a fluctuation in the power output of the piezoelectric flag. The levels of output power are analyzed by varying the Gx and the cross-stream or lateral gap (N/d) between the two cylinders. N/d values from 1.0 to 2.0 for different values of Gx (2.0 ≤ Gx ≤ 4.0) are experimentally tested. The comparison of the flapping response at each point is made to ascertain the impact of the harvester's dynamic behavior on the output energy. The power generated at each point is recorded for all cases and a comparative analysis is made to find the optimal configuration. Limited research is conducted in the past to enhance the energy output by using the bluff body with the improved wake dynamics. Hence, two cylinders are employed in a uniform flow and crosswise gap between cylinders is varied to change the characteristics of the wake region. The cylinder arrangement with N/d = 1.0, shows continuous oscillations and higher output power persisting for 2.0 ≤ Gx ≤ 4.0. The monotonic rise in power output is observed till Gx = 4.0. The stated configurations with N/d = 1.0 gives a significant advantage over a single-cylinder-based energy harvester as a kinetic source of fluid energy harvester from the flowing fluid. The output power became almost doubled with an increase of 95% approximately using side-by-side arrangement.

Response Surface Methodology Analysis of Pyrolysis Reaction Rate Constants for Predicting Efficient Conversion of Bulk Plastic Waste into Oil and Gaseous Fuels

The growing production of plastic waste and improper dumping after use has become a worldwide challenge. This waste is a substantial source of petroleum and can be effectively converted into pyrolytic oil and other useful products. A statistical prediction of the rate constants is essential for optimizing pyrolysis process parameters, such as activation energy (Ea), frequency factor (Ao), temperature (T), and kinetic rate constants (k). In this research, we utilized Box–Behnken using RSM with Design Expert software to predict statistical rate constants at 500 °C and 550 °C. The efficiency of the predicted rate constants was investigated and compared to the findings of experimental rate constants extracted from the literature. At 500 °C, the estimated rate constants did not reveal a significant rise in the oil output since these constants promoted high gas yield. Compared to the experimental rate constants, statistically predicted rate constants at 550 °C demonstrated substantially high-oil output with only 1% byproducts. The experimental rate constants yielded 32% oil at 550 °C, whereas the predicted rate constants yielded 85% oil. The statistically predicted rate constants at 550 °C could be used to estimate commercial-scale extraction of liquid fuels from the pyrolysis of high-density plastics. It was also concluded that Ea, Ao, and T must be analyzed and optimized according to the reactor type to increase the efficiency of the expected rate constants.

Economic Growth in Germany, 1500–1850

New data are used to construct a time series of real GDP in Germany for the period 1500–1850 using an indirect output estimation technique that relies on wages, prices, and sectoral employment. Until the mid-seventeenth century, real GDP per capita moved inversely with population. The eighteenth century saw a modest rise in output per head. From the late 1810s, economic growth gradually accelerated. The results shed new light on the reversal of fortunes in early modern Europe and the transition from a Malthusian regime to modern economic growth.

Abstract 13228: Cannabis Inhalation Reduces Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Humans

Introduction: Despite widespread use, the neuro-cardiovascular responses associated with cannabis use remain incompletely understood. Acute increases in heart rate, which are abolished under beta-adrenoreceptor blockade, suggest cannabis increases cardiac sympathetic activity; however, its effects on peripheral sympathetic outflow have not been measured. The objective of this work was to quantify direct recordings of efferent post-ganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) following cannabis inhalation. Hypothesis: MSNA would be increased following cannabis inhalation. Methods: Blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and MSNA measured from the fibular nerve, were recorded in seventeen young, healthy participants (22±3y: 8F) for a 10-minute epoch before and after inhalation of aerosolized dry cannabis flower (100mg, 13.6% THC). Cardiac output was estimated from finger photoplethysmography (Modelflow method). Arterial baroreflex control of MSNA was quantified using the slope of the weighted linear regression between diastolic BP and MSNA. Results: Mean BP (79±7 vs. 84±8mmHg), heart rate (61±7 vs. 81±14bpm), cardiac output (4.8±1.1 vs. 6.8±2.5L/min), and total vascular conductance (50±11 vs. 71±26mL/min/mmHg) were increased, while MSNA burst frequency (17±7 vs. 8±6bursts/min), incidence (29±11 vs. 11±9bursts/100hb), and amplitude (38.6±6.4% vs. 23.8±8.3%), and sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity (-3.9±1.8 vs. -1.5±1.5bursts/100hb/mmHg) were decreased following cannabis inhalation (all P <0.01). The rise in cardiac output was negatively associated with the reduction in MSNA burst frequency (r 2 =0.40; P <0.01). Conclusions: These data demonstrate that MSNA is reduced following acute cannabis inhalation in humans and is mediated, in part, through a baroreflex mechanism.

A converging global research system

Abstract We examine the hypothesis that research collaboration has enabled a global research network to evolve, with self-organizing properties transcending national research policy. We examine research output, bilateral and multilateral collaboration, subject diversity, and citation impact over 40 years, in detail for the G7 and BRICK groups of countries and in summary for 26 other nations. We find that the rise in national output was strongly associated with bilateral collaboration until the 2000s but after that by multilateral partnerships, with the shift happening at much the same time across countries. There was a general increase in research subject diversity, with evenness across subjects converging on a similar index value for many countries. Similar diversity is not the same as actual similarity but, in fact, the G7 countries became increasingly similar. National average citation impact (CNCI) rose and groups converged on similar impact values. The impact of the largest economies is above world average, which is a phenomenon we discuss separately. The similarities in patterns and timing occur across countries despite variance in their research policies, such as research assessment. We suggest that the key agent facilitating global network self-organization is a shared concept of best practice in research.

Total factor productivity change in China's grain production sector: 1980–2018

AbstractThis study analyses changes in total factor productivity (TFP) of grains as an aggregate commodity and major grain crops including rice, wheat, and corn, using pooled provincial and time‐series data from 1980 to 2018 for China. Results show that the growth of TFP in the grain sector was driven by technical improvements. Moreover, the grain output and wheat production benefited more from TFP growth, whereas the growth in the usage of inputs drove the growth in rice and corn production. Findings also indicate that the laissez‐faire market‐oriented policy led to a dramatic fall in output while the intervention‐led policy resulted in a substantial rise in output, but neither of them fostered the growth of productivity. Conversely, the incentive‐led policy in a market‐oriented environment that raised the comparative profitability in grain production promoted the growth in both output and productivity in the grain sector. As the comparative advantage shifts away from agriculture in China, an appropriate support is thus necessary to stimulate farmers' incentive in growing grain crops.

Letter: Pressure to Publish-A Precarious Precedent Among Medical Students.

To the Editor: The National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) recently published its biennial report “Charting Outcomes in the Match” for the recent 2021 to 2022 application cycle.1 The goal of this report was to provide characteristics of both matched and unmatched applicants within each specialty. These data, which include measures such as average United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 scores, average number of publications/presentations/abstracts, and average number of volunteer/research/work experiences, are often used by applicants and residency programs to compare an individual's characteristics with the average applicant profile. Neurosurgery is one of the most challenging specialties to match into, with the 2022 match rate being 61%.1 Given the relative scarcity of postgraduate year 1 (PGY-1) positions, several benchmarks have been established to assess applicant competitiveness, with research productivity being a primary measure.2,3 Although neurosurgery applicants have historically reported the highest number of publications, presentations, and abstracts, the NRMP's 2022 report revealed a departure from this trend. From 2020 to 2022, the average number of publications, presentations, and abstracts listed by matched U.S. MD plastic surgery applicants increased from 19.1 to 28.4 while the average number listed by matched U.S. MD neurosurgery applicants increased from 23.4 to 25.5.1,4 However, research productivity by unmatched U.S. MD neurosurgery applicants did not change dramatically between 2020 and 2022 while unmatched U.S. MD plastic surgery applicants saw a modest increase from 11.6 to 13.8.1,4 Not surprisingly, these data support an association between research productivity and likelihood of matching in each of these specialties.5,6 However, concerns over excessive research output by neurosurgery applicants have been raised previously.7 Now, it appears that the research “arms race” is beginning to involve other specialties. What has caused such an increase? As surgical residencies become increasingly competitive, applicants may opt to complete a dedicated research year to boost their research output. This is becoming more common in many surgical specialties, such as neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic surgery.6,8 Although a research year is not necessary for every applicant, students may feel pressure to delay their graduation to achieve research output comparable with what is demonstrated in the 2022 Charting Outcomes data. This pressure is felt by US and international medical graduates alike.9 Indeed, research productivity is a valuable asset for academic residency programs, but there is evidence to suggest that the 2022 Charting Outcomes data may not necessarily represent an increase in high-quality publications. Rather, this rise in research output could be due to nonindexed publications, such as abstracts, book chapters, presentations, and “ghost” or “phantom” publications, which are unverifiable publications listed on residency applications.5,10,11 This presents a dilemma for applicants and residency programs alike. Peer-reviewed research is held to high standards, and medical student research is no exception to this. As applicants face more pressure to publish, they may gravitate away from performing high-quality research, which tends to be more difficult to complete in a timely manner. The value of quantity ought not to supersede that of quality, and a 49% increase in research output by successful plastic surgery applicants over the course of 2 years may threaten this principle. What can be done to address this trend? First, research mentors and residency program directors ought to emphasize the value of meaningful research projects, high-quality methodologies, and ethical principles of research.7 Second, the NRMP should consider reporting research output more granularly and specifically. Currently, publications, abstracts, and presentations are reported as a single number in the biennial Charting Outcomes report. However, these categories of research are not equivalent and should not be treated as such. Third, the Association of American Medical Colleges should consider changes to the formatting of research input in the Electronic Residency Application Service. For example, the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons has developed the Plastic Surgery Common Application, which is an alternative to Electronic Residency Application Service.12 Within the Plastic Surgery Common Application, applicants are required to list up to 3 publications to discuss during interviews and can list no more than 5 research, service, and leadership experiences. Although applicants are still able to list additional publications, this format draws attention to meaningful research endeavors.12 Although neurosurgery, and now plastic surgery, applicants lead all specialties in research output, there is an opportunity to set a new precedent. The value of medical student involvement in research should not be understated because it provides an opportunity to advance the field of medicine and collaborate with peers on a global scale. However, students must maintain a balanced educational experience with focus on patient care, academic excellence, and personal well-being. The 2022 Charting Outcomes data may be a signal that the academic medical community should reassess its current approach to applicant assessment.

The propagation of public health spending shocks

ABSTRACT We study the dynamic response of output to a shock to government health spending. The shock (i) leads to an immediate and persistent rise in output and (ii) has a sizable explanatory power for the long-run variation in output. These findings suggest that the output effects of health spending are propagated in a ‘time-release’ fashion.

Analysing Monetary Policy Shocks by Sign and Parametric Restrictions: The Evidence from Russia

Most, if not all, of the studies in the existing literature that have examined the impacts of monetary policy implications on macroeconomic aggregates suffered from misleading impulse responses. To overcome the limitations in the existing literature and to fill the gap in the literature, this study applies the new Keynesian model by imposing the sign and parametric restrictions to investigate the effects of policy shocks on the economic aggregates for Russia by implementing SVARs, yielding a better understanding of the impacts of monetary policy shocks on the Russian economy and proving superior to other existing methods. Our approach avoids impulse response anomalies such as the price puzzle and eludes implausible overshooting responses to the subjected innovations by using prior information. Our findings indicate that although monetary policy shocks create a significant decrease in inflation in the short run within both median target responses and median responses, they have a tolerable negative effect on the output gap. On the other hand, demand shocks do not generate a significant rise in output but create inflation, while cost–push shocks generate significantly detrimental results in both inflation and output. The results draw a further step towards validating the new Keynesian theory in the Russian case by revealing the short-run nonneutrality of monetary policy intervention. Our findings also showed that the cost–push shocks have significant damaging effects on both inflation and output and that interest rates strongly respond to both cost–push and demand shocks. Our findings successfully solve the price puzzle problem, justify the new Keynesian theory that holds that monetary policy shocks only have a short-run effect, and imply that Volcker–Greenspan’s rule could be a useful guide for policy makers to solve the problem efficiently. In addition, our findings can be used to make important policy recommendations for policy makers as discussed in the conclusion section.

Trend, Growth and Instability Analysis of Wheat Crop in Central India

Information about agricultural trends can help policymakers identify strategies that will result in a sustained rise in food output. The present investigation has been undertaken to study the Growth, Trend and Instability in Area, Production and Productivity of Wheat Crop in Chhattisgarh Plains. Time series data for wheat were collected for the period (1990-91 to 2014-15). The linear, quadratic and exponential functions are fitted in order to analyse the trend in area, production and productivity of wheat crop. Besides these compound growth rate, coefficient of variation, instability index of area, production and productivity of this crop have also been recorded. In the entire Chhattisgarh Plains, the average compound growth rate for wheat area is (0.41%). Dhamtari District has the lowest compound growth rate (-8.22%) while Raigarh District has the highest (3.4%) under wheat-growing areas. The negative growth rate under area of wheat in Dhamtari district is causing a switch from winter wheat to summer rice. The average compound growth rate of wheat production across the entire Chhattisgarh Plains is positive (2.42%), which is a good indicator of the rising trend in wheat production in the Chhattisgarh Plains. The highest compound growth rate of wheat production is found in Kawardha District (7.62%), while the lowest is in Dhamtari District (-4.33%).The average compound growth rate for wheat productivity across the entire Chhattisgarh Plains is (1.51%), with Kawardha District having the highest rate (5.00%) and Raigarh District having the lowest (0.60%).

Analysis of Output and Employment of Trade and Finance in India: A Case of Disproportional Rise in Output than Employment for Service Sector

Purpose of the study: The study aims to analyse why the service sector in India has not generated employment in the proportion of output when the sector has geared up its share in national income since 1980.
 Methodology: It's based on a simple comparative empirical analysis of data on output and employment of trade and finance in India. Quantitative analysis of output is based on data collected from National Accounts Statistics (NAS). The analysis used data from the base year 2004-05 and back series. On the 2004-05 back series, data is available till the year 2011-12. Therefore, to explain long periods, 1950 to 2012, we used 2004-05 data. However, for the latest analysis of output along with employment, we prefer to use the 2011-12 series GDP data of KLEMS India (published by RBI).
 Employment data is collected primarily from two sources- NSS and KLEMS India. Principal status and subsidiary status (PS+SS) are used for analysis. 
 Main Findings: Trade being a labour-intensive sector has shown proportionate employment generation between 1980 to 2004. After 2004, the story changed. Despite the same pace of growth, employment generation is proportionately lower. The reason is the growing rise in the capital intensity of trade. In the case of finance, capital-intensive is just the opposite of trade- the rise in output is greater in the period, 1980 to 2004 than the concomitant rise in employment. 2004 onwards, rise in employment is greater. The reason is no significant rise in capital intensity in the sector.
 Applications of the study:In macroeconomics, output and employment believed to go hand in hand. However, services defy the dictum- higher rise in GDP share but no corresponding rise in employment share. It helps understand ‘jobless growth’ of Indian economy after reforms of 1991.
 Novelty/Originality of the study: Trade being labour-intensive has changed its nature after 2004, the sector’s capital intensity has grown faster than finance. Further, finance is capital-intensive sector but no significant rise in capital intensity.