Rise In Migration Research Articles

Emotion Narratives on the Political Culture of Radical Right Populist Parties in Portugal and Italy

The growth of radical right politics raises concerns about authoritarian and exclusionary scenarios, while populism is understood as a logic that articulates democratic demands and strengthens political engagement. There is a lack of research on the democratic views of radical right populism. Moreover, the burgeoning literature on these phenomena generally examines either the supply or demand side of politics, neglecting the narrative dimension that emerges from the two intertwining. This article aims to fill these gaps by using the heuristic of the “emotion narrative” that circulates between the supply and demand sides of radical right populist parties to examine their political culture. Assuming that populism creates social identities through the affective articulation of popular demands, focusing on the “narrative of emotions” (and not only on the narrative dimension of particular emotions) allows us to analyse how social and political objects, facts, ideas, and scenarios generate political culture. Through a mixed-methods comparative study of Portugal and Italy, this article assesses the emotion narratives of the parties Chega and Fratelli d’Italia. The dataset includes 14 semi-structured interviews with MPs and an original survey with 1,900 responses regarding political realities (on the democratic system, power structures, ethnic diversity, political history, and role of the media) and hypothetical scenarios (on authoritarianism, the rise of migration and diversity, anti-corruption, securitisation of the state, and expanded use of referendums). The emotion narratives of radical right populist political cultures engender democratic visions rooted in exclusionary identities with positive affection for centralism, authoritarianism, and securitisation of the state, as opposed to innovation and participation.

Acculturation Strategies and Their Impact on Psychological Health

The dramatic rise in migration during this decade has sparked many questions regarding migrant’s choices and how these choices determined or altered their lives. This study explores the impact of various acculturation strategies—assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization—on the mental well-being of migrants. Our research strategy involves employing a literature review to synthesize quantitative data from psychological assessments and qualitative insights from migrant interviews. Findings indicate that marginalization, characterized by a lack of engagement with both the host and origin cultures, correlates with the poorest mental health outcomes, including heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Conversely, integration, where migrants maintain their cultural heritage while also participating in the host culture, is associated with the most favorable psychological health, reflecting lower stress levels and higher life satisfaction. While some migrants report a sense of security and identity preservation, others experience isolation and limited social support, leading to mixed mental health outcomes. Ultimately, this research sheds light on how migrants’ approach to cultural ties can be pivotal in their lives by directly impacting their psychological health. We aim for this paper to be a didactic source of information for policy makers, migrants and even citizens to use in order to create societies that promote collectivity and cultural diversity. Keywords: Acculturation, psychological health, mental health, migration

Migrant Deaths in New Mexico: What is Known; What is Unknown

Executive Summary The United States is no stranger to migration across its borders. In 2020, its Southwestern border saw a drastic increase in apprehensions by the Border Patrol. While imperfect and an undercount of the true number of migration events, apprehension data is often used as a proxy to understand migration patterns. The rise in migration was coupled with an increased but unknown number of deaths along migration routes. This article focuses on the New Mexico portion of the El Paso Border Patrol Sector and the increased migrant caseload at New Mexico’s Office of the Medical Investigator (OMI) over the last few years. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first academic study to examine migrant deaths in detail in southern New Mexico. We begin by contextualizing the changing pattern of migrant deaths in New Mexico within the broader framework of border policing strategies that have intentionally pushed migration routes to remote areas. We describe the work of the OMI, highlighting its very recent initiatives to track migrant deaths in its database. We then discuss the changes seen by the OMI in its migrant caseload from fiscal year (FY) 2009 to 2023, with the most drastic increase in cases occurring from 2022 to 2023. For instance, the data indicate that most of the identified migrants that have died in New Mexico were recovered in June and July (45 percent), crossed through Doña Ana County (66 percent), were male (60 percent), and among those identified, were from Mexico (65 percent) and between 20 and 39 years of age (69 percent). Of the 248 cases of migrant deaths, 87 percent have been identified. The most common causes of death were undetermined (46 percent) and environmental exposure (41 percent). We then explore the effects of changing governmental policies and state initiatives to curb/reduce migration in the US on OMI’s increased caseload. We discuss the impact that the rapid shift in migration deaths is having on the OMI and how OMI is working to respond and adjust to the dynamic situation. This work highlights the collateral damage of border security measures, underscored by the increasing number of deaths and challenges faced by the OMI. We consider the need for new and amended policies aimed at mitigating the humanitarian crisis that continues to unfold, emphasizing the need for the humane treatment of migrants. Finally, we suggest allocating resources to death investigating agencies. These resources would provide essential support to find, identify, and repatriate migrants, improve agencies’ abilities to collaborate with governmental agencies and programs such as Border Patrol’s Missing Migrant Program, and improve our understanding of the circumstances along the Southwestern border.

"Climate Change Migrants": Barriers to a Protection Framework and the Requirement for Migration Inclusion

This research paper delves into the critical importance of how miserable climate change has made the life of the people who are continuously migrating from the place of their livelihood. Despite the increasing climate change, there isn’t a framework for international agreement or a plan to address the anticipated sharp rise in migration. Climate change is a major driver of migration, forcing people to leave their homes in search of better livelihoods and safety. Migrants who are displaced by climate change are at increased risk of human rights violations throughout the migration process, including before, during, and after migration. This study looks at the requirements for migration inclusion and the obstacles to a protective framework for climate migrants. It makes the case that the existing international legal frameworks pertaining to human rights and refugees are insufficient to meet the demands of climate migrants. The paper advocates for the creation of a new international legal framework that guarantees the involvement of climate migrants in efforts for climate change adaptation and mitigation, as well as their specific protection. This paper highlights the important but unexplored relationship between ongoing pressures between the migrants and the climate change. It posits that the rise in climate change puts pressure on the migrants to move from one place to another. This uncertainty challenges of climate change achieve effective and equitable change in the lives of the migrants. To aid protection for the people who are displaced or induced to migrate by the impacts of climate change, however the priority cannot remain entirely on barriers. Climate change is a chance for local leaders and the world community to plan for its effects, meet their human rights obligations, and help those who are already being hurt by it and those who will be in the future.

The border as “other space”

Refugees played a central role in public discourse in the past decade, however, self-representations were marginal. In this article, I analyze the documentary My Escape / Meine Flucht, which portrays the flight of 15 people based on footage from their mobile phones on their journey and interviews. Starting from Foucault's concept of the heterotopia, I approach the Mediterranean Sea as a place in which different power regimes intersect, engage and compete. The self-representation of border-crossing makes the enacted power on refugees visible and challenges common framings of refugees and border-crossing. I pick up the argument that the rise in migration in 2015 offers a healing potential which could mirror the reality in the “Global South” to a European Union (EU) public. I argue that self-representations in media reveal the contradictions in the self-imagination of the EU and its reality. Yet their impact remains limited.

World-mindedness of young people during the rise in migration in Europe: a case study of Czechia, Finland, Germany and The Netherlands

During the 2015 sudden rise in migration movements in Europe, approximately 2.4 million refugees arrived in Europe and 1.2 million asylum applications were received in the European Union countries. We were interested in finding out whether these rapid changes and the polarised attitudes represented in the media affected young people’s attitudes towards people with different cultural backgrounds. This study, therefore, examined young people’s global understanding in four European countries: Czechia, Finland, Germany and the Netherlands. The aim was to identify the level of world-mindedness of young people and compare the results with an earlier study (conducted in 2010) with the same research design. The research was targeted at a group of upper-secondary students in these countries. In total, 962 students participated in the study in 2017. Although the context in the observed countries varied, the findings revealed a stable state, or rather a slightly positive change of world-mindedness, to 2010 in all the countries. The results stress the need to remain sensitive to students’ opinions and attitudes towards other people and cultures in geography lessons in general and especially when teaching and learning about current societal issues, inequality, exclusion and solidarity.

Overexpression Prox1 in HemECs resembles Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and cytotoxicity of sirolimus in vitro

BackgroundKaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare vascular tumor that occurs in children. Prox1 is a specific lymphatic marker for KHE. We intended to establish a Prox1 transgenic cell line resembling KHE and investigate the mechanism of sirolimus in treating KHE. MethodsProx1 was stably expressed in infantile hemangioma cell HemECs. RT-qPCR and Western blot were conducted to measure the expression of target genes. CCK-8, EdU assay, and cell cycle analysis were conducted to detect cell proliferation. Wound healing and transwell assay were used to evaluate cell migration and invasion. ResultsBoth mRNA and protein levels of Prox1, LYVE-1, Podoplanin were upregulated in Prox1+ HemECs. An acceleration of cell growth and a rise in migration and invasion were observed with Prox1 overexpression. Sirolimus inhibited cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis and led to G1 phase arrest in Prox1+ HemECs. The expression of p-mTOR, p-4EBP1, and p-P70S6K decreased and the ratio of LC-3 II/LC-3 I elevated after treatment of sirolimus. ConclusionsStable overexpression of Prox1 in HemECs induced a lymphatic endothelial reprogramming, and enhanced aggressive biological effects, partly resembled the invasion of KHE, and could serve as a novel model for KHE. Sirolimus may block mTOR-mediated pathways and induced autophagy in KHE.

Children on the move—a call for active screening in migrants

Paediatricians, general practitioners, and family doctors are increasingly confronted with medical symptoms previously not on their radar, because of a rise in migration. In the past 5 years, an estimated 1 million displaced children and adolescents have entered the EU and European Economic Area (EEA), many of them unaccompanied. This vulnerable group faces great challenges and health risks. Societies should welcome migrant families, and medical professionals should help integrate migrant children into health-care systems to ensure high quality care is delivered sustainably. Besides obvious benefits for the individual, it is in the interest of societies to prevent increased incidence of infectious diseases that are currently well controlled, such as tuberculosis. Three infectious diseases—tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and strongyloidiasis—are particularly relevant and should be seen as priorities for screening and treatment in migrant children.

Migration, instrumental to accomplishing God’s redemptive purpose to humankind: Perspectives from Ruth and Joshua

This article identifies a lack of biblical theological foundation of migration driving the church to respond to migrants’ challenges effectively. This is problematic because the rise in migration and migrants’ challenges globally should challenge the church (as God’s community responsible of caring for the vulnerable) to respond to migration situations in a meaningful way. In view of the aforesaid problem, this article is a quest for a biblical theological foundational status of migration theology that drives the churches’ effective migrant ministries. To accomplish its objective, the article defines a biblical redemptive historical approach as a justified appropriate methodological approach in studying biblical migration, with specific focus on Joshua and Ruth. The article introduces the concepts of mission that emphasise God as the centre of the centrifugal and centripetal concepts of mission, using the books of Joshua and Ruth. The meaning of these concepts (in view of migration in redemptive history) in Joshua and Ruth configurates the notion that God migrates both sinners and his chosen people to advance his kingdom. In this way, migration is not an accident in God’s scheme. Next, the article concludes by challenging the church to develop effective migrant ministries for the physical and spiritual needs of migrants in both church and non-church spaces. God migrates people to fulfil his redemptive purposes and plans. However, in responding to the physical challenges of non-Christian migrants, the article challenges the church to also reach out to non-Christians with the gospel, in advancement of God’s kingdom in centripetal and centrifugal ways through migration.

Awareness of European practitioners toward uncommon tropical diseases: are we prepared to deal with mass migration? Results of an international survey.

The recent rise in migration from Africa through the Mediterranean basin into Europe has resulted in an increased incidence of uncommon diseases such as schistosomiasis and genito-urinary tuberculosis, which were previously largely unknown in this region. This study aimed to evaluate the insight of European urologists into diagnosing and managing these disease conditions and to determine whether they were adequately prepared to deal with the changing disease spectrum in their countries. A survey including specific questions about the diagnosis and management of 'tropical' urological diseases was distributed among urologists working in Europe and Africa. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to detect the continent (African or European) effect on knowledge of and insight into tropical urological diseases. A total of 312 surveys were administered. African and European respondents accounted for 109 (36.09%) and 193 (63.91%) respondents, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant deficiency in the knowledge of tropical urological diseases in the European cohort compared with the African cohort (p < 0.05). Moreover, in the European cohort, markedly superior knowledge of tropical urological diseases was observed for respondents who had previously worked in a developing country. Though European urologists are not required to have the same insight as African urologists, they showed a very unsatisfactory knowledge of tropical urological diseases. The experience of working in a developing country could improve the knowledge of European urologists regarding tropical urological diseases.

The Latent Precariousness of Migrant Workers: a Study of Ukrainians Legally Employed in Poland

The global rise in migration has captured academic attention and spurred discussions around migrants—their living and working conditions, status, relations with the host community, future plans, etc. A significant stream of research explores migrants’ problems using the concept of precariousness. However, such research often becomes complicated as arrivals do not fit the frame of precariousness characterising the host society. Migrants encounter numerous problems, such as access to benefits and pensions, minimal wages, work permits or security and safety, but they do not complain or assess their personal situation as precarious. Based on fifteen in-depth interviews with Ukrainians working in Poland, this paper presents and discusses the problem of latent precariousness as a challenge to such qualitative methods as the in-depth interview. Social comparison theory has been used to explain critical problems related to the extent of precariousness among migrants.

Press Coverage of Rohingya Issue: A Content Analysis of Four Newspapers In Jammu And Kashmir

The aim of this study is to know the coverage of newspapers on the world fastest- growing refugee crisis and an ethnic minority group of Rohingya Muslims of Myanmar. Extreme repercussions of violence caused them to seek refuge in neighboring countries including Bangladesh, Thailand Malaysia and in many states of India. There are around 14,000 Rohingya refugees as per United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNCHR) registered with them in India out of which 7,000 are in Jammu (Abhishek, 2018). The propaganda by some sections of media label Rohingyas as a danger to national security which has created panic among the refugees. The Medecins Sans Frontiers (MSF) report quoted by Aljazeera (2017, December 14) says that 6,700 Rohingyas, including at least 730 children aged below five years, were killed in the fresh outbreak of violence when militants attacked the security forces on August 25, 2017. The incident draws media attention across the globe. The sudden rise in migration of Rohingya people to India including Jammu and Kashmir grabbed the attention of regional and national media of India. The broad objective of the present study is to investigate the framing and characterization of Rohingya issue in a period of one month (26 August to September 24, 2017) by print media of Jammu and Kashmir. This study used purposive sampling and analyzed the content of four newspapers publishing from two regions and explored their treatment whether positive, negative and neutral towards the Rohingya refugees. The study found that Greater Kashmir has published more content on Rohingya issue and most of that has been covered on humanitarian grounds. Although Kashmir based media has treated the Rohingya issue positively, Jammu based newspapers have portrayed the issue negatively.

The effects of European integration and the business cycle on migration flows: a gravity analysis

This paper explores how European integration, economic fluctuations, and the interactions of these factors affect bilateral migration flows. It focuses on how migration flows developed in the wake of the establishment of the European Monetary Union, and whether migration flows became stronger, and more responsive to economic fluctuations, in the euro area. It estimates a gravity equation of bilateral gross migration flows on a global sample and on a sample restricted to the first 12 members of the euro area. It is found that unemployment is a strong and robust determinant of bilateral migration flows both globally and in the euro area. EU accession and the lifting of labour market restrictions on new member states had a large effect on gross migration flows. While mutual euro area membership is not associated with an overall rise in migration, it is associated with increased flows from countries where unemployment is high to those where it is lower. Migration flows among the euro-area 12 have been on an increasing trend since the late 1990s; after falls in 2009 they picked up again in 2010 and 2011. The evidence overall suggests that labour mobility plays an increasing role in the adjustment to asymmetric shocks in the EU and the euro area.

Hegemonic feminism, neoliberalism and womenomics: 'empowerment' instead of liberation?

INTRODUCTIONIn this essay I want to reflect on a sample of a relatively new literature that has emerged in recent years on the growth of 'womenomics' and what Adrienne Roberts has called 'transnational business feminism'.1 If in the 1970s, we saw the growth of official feminism, femocrats, and state machinery for women, and in the 1980s, a surge of activities around women in development, the 1990s and the 2000s seem to have ushered in a new doctrine, that of so-called 'womenomics', meaning that investment in women and girls is now the key to ending poverty, hunger, and disease.I extend the argument first put forth in my book Feminism Seduced.2 In that study I argued that national governments and international financial institutions were making use of a certain kind of 'hegemonic' feminism, to advance the view that the solution to poverty and underdevelopment was the fostering of education, training and jobs for women and girls. I called this substituting women for development. By this I meant that the highly successful path of state-led development, exemplified by China after 1949, Japan after the Second World War, and South Korea in the 1950s (not to mention the United States after the Civil War), was declared by the United States and other powerful industrialised countries to be obsolete. Instead, state-led development was discredited, and replaced by a new paradigm that required the coerced opening of national economies to an unlimited influx of foreign capital and manufacturing.Under the rubric of neoliberalism, previously underdeveloped countries were no longer going to be permitted to govern their own economic development. Rather, they were forced to submit to the dictates of international investors, through so-called Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). The results of these policies in the 1980s were widely viewed as devastating for countries in the Global South, resulting in the decline of public health facilities, schools, and infrastructure, and a renewed rise in poverty and disease.At the time, I argued that international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund had begun to produce an ideological case for SAPs, namely, the great advantages these policies provided for women and girls, from the creation of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) with predominantly female workforces, to the sharp rise in migration by women from countries such as the Philippines, whose provision of remittances was becoming a chief source of government revenues. I called this an ideological sleight of hand, in which women and girls were presented as the key to development. I quoted then UN General Secretary Kofi Annan as saying in 2006 that 'the world is beginning to recognise that empowering women and girls is key to development' (Quoted in Feminism Seduced, pp137-8).Since that time, the claim that women and girls rather than state-led development are the key to ending poverty, has been extended from governments and IFIs to corporations.3 As noted earlier, this set of ideas has been codified in the notion of 'womenomics'. I develop this analysis below. But first, we need to ask: is this mainstream adoption of a certain version of feminist ideas a triumph for the influence of feminist activists around the globe? Or do we see this as yet another classic attempt by the agents of capitalist globalisation to contain the energies of women and turn them to the advantage of the bottom line? Presumably we should be neither surprised nor shocked that a world-wide movement of women, revived in the 1960s, and bringing its energy, idealism and vision of fundamental social change, should have been derailed by the defenders of neoliberal globalised capitalism.Why has the worldwide women's movement been unable to mount a serious challenge to the hegemony of neoliberalism? A movement to seek equality for the women of the world should have been part of the resistance to globalisation, with its attendant shredding of the safety net and devastation of the public sector. …

Differences in all-cause mortality

1. IntroductionMortality is an indicator of health and disease risk (Razum et al. 1998). Studying differences in mortality between migrant and minority groups and the majority population might improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism. Mortality data from migrant groups in Norway could provide us with important insights, as there is a scarcity of data from Nordic countries. Secondly, in contrast to other Nordic welfare societies like Sweden, which has a longer period of immigration, Norway has seen a rapid rise in the migrant population, from negligible a few decades ago to a substantial part of the population being foreign-born today (14%). In an international context, Norway thus has a short immigration history and a comparatively late aging of the immigrant population. Furthermore, immigrant flows have been relatively fragmented, resulting in fluctuating stocks of immigrants, varying over time. This has resulted in large heterogeneity in the immigrant pool. In the past decade a large proportion of migrants have originated from low-income and/or Eastern European countries (Statistics Norway 2016). Given the origins of recent migrants, it might be assumed they are disadvantaged compared to the host population and therefore have poorer health or, on the contrary, that their health potential is better.Besides being dynamic and heterogeneous, until recently the immigrant population has not been sufficiently numerous to warrant studies examining differences in Norwegian mortality. The Norwegian context is particularly interesting due to the country's egalitarian welfare policies, including freely available health care. Furthermore, social and gender equity policies have resulted in lower levels of inequality than elsewhere.1.1 The Norwegian settingThe immigrant population in Norway, comprising immigrants and their descendants, has gradually increased from 1% in the early 1970s to 15% today (Statistics Norway 2016). It is expected to continue to increase quite substantially over the coming years (Cappelen, Skjerpen, and Tonnessen 2015). Norway's immigration policy was fairly liberal post-World War II. In the 1950s, immigrants comprised around 1% of the population and were mostly from Sweden, followed by refugees from Eastern Europe and thereafter by labor immigrants from other parts of the world. The post-1975 freeze on labor migrants meant that majority of migrants to Norway thereafter were refugees from Asia, Africa, South America, and Eastern Europe. However, with the expansion of the European Union (EU) in 2004 there was a marked increase in labor immigration from new EU countries, particularly Poland and Lithuania. The history of migration to Norway shows that the reasons for migration have varied over time, thereby influencing the composition of the immigrant population in Norway. For the study period 1990- 2012, family reunification, employment, education, and refuge from conflict, political oppression, persecution, and natural disasters represented 39%, 31%, 6%, and 22% of the reasons for immigration, respectively.Over the past five years the immigrant population in Norway has increased by almost 50%, from 552,000 to 804,000 (Statistics Norway 2016). Norway's immigrant population is heterogeneous and migrants originate from 221 different countries with the largest groups coming from Poland, Sweden, Somalia, Lithuania, Pakistan, and Iraq. In 2014 the largest groups arrived from Poland, Lithuania, and Eritrea.Despite the dramatic rise in migration, Norway is not the first country of choice for many migrants. As was previously the case, most migrants prefer the UK, Germany, and/or Switzerland (IOM 2015). Norway has not been a colonial power and therefore has no migration from former colonies, as in the Netherlands and the UK. Furthermore, prior to finding oil in 1970 Norway was a relatively poor country, which, together with a cold, harsh climate, may have deterred migration. …

GLOBALISASI MIGRASI DAN PERAN DIASPORA: Suatu Kajian Pustaka

This paper aims to understand how is the globalization of migration and the role of the diaspora to their country of origin. Though it has remained largely untested, it is commonly assumed that international migration has accelerated as part of globalization processes. The broad trend of the globalization of migration assumes to be one of contributing factor to establishment and engagement of diaspora. Globalization of Migration measured by an increase in stock and widening in geographical scope of international migration may occur mainly due revolution of information, communication, and transportation that have significantly reduced the cost of migration. Such situation not only increases in the volume of migration but also generates the shift in global migration pattern. The change to new destination followed by the rise of migration are more likely to connect immigrants into one big community or to join to existing diaspora to ensure their transnational life and also to keep well and strong connection with their homeland. Diaspora that has been long established affects development in countries of origin. Such participation in development is not only in remittances, but also in building bridges between countries of origin and destination which convey in economic activity, transfers of, skills, technological development, and cultural enrichment.Keywords: Globalization, Migration, Diaspora

Role of immigration in the formation of Georgian population

Immigration played a great role in formation of population of Georgia. We are able to establish tendencies of this process from the beginning of XIX century. By that period, the country had been ruined and bled professedly by permanent invasions for centuries. Most of territories were unpopulated or under-populated that made suitable conditions for settlers from other countries. By 1800, P. Gugushvili estimated Georgian population with 675.0 thousand inhabitants. In discussed period – 1800-2015, in formation of population of Georgia immigration was acting as in direction of increasing and reducing the population. In particular: in 1800-1897 rise in migration of Georgia is positive and it was 544,0 thousand people; in 1897-1939 rise in migration of Georgia is positive and it was 314,2 thousand people; in 1939-1950 rise in migration was zero; in 1950-1990 migration reduction was 391,1 thousand; in 1990-2015- reduction was 1839,3 thousand people. Totally, migration balance of population of Georgia in 1800-2015 shows reduction of population, 1378,2 thousand people that comes to historical period after 1950-ies. Keywords: Immigration policy, Formation of population of Georgia, Demographic expansion, Immigration increase, Natural growth.

International migration of health professionals and the marketization and privatization of health education in India: From push–pull to global political economy

Health worker migration theories have tended to focus on labour market conditions as principal push or pull factors. The role of education systems in producing internationally oriented health workers has been less explored. In place of the traditional conceptual approaches to understanding health worker, especially nurse, migration, I advocate global political economy (GPE) as a perspective that can highlight how educational investment and global migration tendencies are increasing interlinked. The Indian case illustrates the globally oriented nature of health care training, and informs a broader understanding of both the process of health worker migration, and how it reflects wider marketization tendencies evident in India's education and health systems. The Indian case also demonstrates how the global orientation of education systems in source regions is increasingly central to comprehending the place of health workers in the global and Asian rise in migration. The paper concludes that Indian corporate health care training systems are increasingly aligned with the production of professionals orientated to globally integrated health human resource labour markets, and our conceptual analysis of such processes must effectively reflect these tendencies.

Impact of organised cervical screening on cervical cancer incidence and mortality in migrant women in Australia

BackgroundOrganised cervical screening, introduced in 1991, appears to have reduced rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality in women in Australia. This study aimed to assess whether cervical cancer rates in migrant women in the state of New South Wales (NSW) showed a similar pattern of change to that in Australian-born women after 1991.MethodsData from the NSW Central Cancer Registry were obtained for females 15+ years diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer from 1973 to 2008 (N=11,485). We used joinpoint regression to assess annual percent changes (APC) in cervical cancer incidence and mortality before and after the introduction of organised cervical screening in 1991.ResultsAPC in incidence fell more rapidly after than before 1991 (p<0.001) amongst women from seven groups defined by country of birth (including Australia). There was only weak evidence that the magnitude of this incidence change varied by country-of-birth (p=0.088). The change in APC in mortality after 1991, however, was heterogeneous by country of birth (p=0.004). For Australian and UK or Ireland-born women the mortality APC fell more rapidly after 1991 than before (p=0.002 and p=0.001 respectively), as it did for New Zealand, Middle East, North Africa and Asian-born (p≥0.05), but in other European-born and women from the ’Rest of the World’ it appeared to rise (p=0.40 and p=0.013 respectively).ConclusionsLike Australian-born women, most, but not all, groups of migrant women experienced an increased rate of fall in incidence of cervical cancer following introduction of organised cervical screening in 1991. An apparent rise in mortality in women in a ‘Rest of the World’ category might be explained by a recent rise in migration from countries with high cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates.

The rise of migration and the fall of self employment in rural China's labor market

Abstract When examining questions regarding the Lewis model, one of the most salient set of facts involves the shift of labor between agricultural and the off farm sectors. The goal of this paper is to answer several questions about the nature of this movement: How has the expansion of the economy after 2000 affected off farm labor market participation? Has off farm labor continued to rise? What is this rise being driven by—migrant wage earners or self employment opportunities? What is, in part, driving these trends? Using a national representative set of data that consists of two waves of surveys done in 2000 and 2008 in six provinces, the paper finds that off farm labor market participation has continued to rise steadily in the early 2000s. However, there has been a structural break in the trends of occupational choice before and after 2000. Unlike before 2000, after 2000 migration's growth accelerated; during this same period the self employed subsector stagnated. The number of wage earning migrants in 2008 was greater than the number of those in the self employed subsector. The data also show that the rise in wage-earning migration is mainly being driven by the younger cohorts. Our analysis also shows that the rise of migration is happening in conjunction with a rising unskilled wage.