Rio Grande Research Articles

Related type 2C protein phosphatases Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate immunity in tomato to Pseudomonas syringae.

Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) constitute a large family in most plant species but relatively few of them have been implicated in immunity. To identify and characterize PP2C phosphatases that affect tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate loss-of-function mutations in 11 PP2C-encoding genes whose expression is altered in response to immune elicitors or pathogens. We report that two closely related PP2C phosphatases, Pic3 (PP2C immunity-associated candidate 3) and Pic12, are involved in regulating resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Loss-of-function mutations in Pic3 led to enhanced resistance to Pst in older but not younger leaves, whereas such mutations in Pic12 resulted in enhanced resistance in both older and younger leaves. Overexpression of Pic3 and Pic12 proteins in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited resistance to Pst, and this effect was dependent on Pic3/12 phosphatase activity and an N-terminal palmitoylation motif associated with localization to the cell periphery. Pic3, but not Pic12, had a slight negative effect on flagellin-associated reactive oxygen species generation, although their involvement in the response to Pst appeared independent of flagellin. RNA-sequencing analysis of Rio Grande (RG)-PtoR wild-type plants and two independent RG-pic3 mutants revealed that the enhanced disease resistance in RG-pic3 older leaves is associated with increased transcript abundance of multiple defense related genes. RG-pic3/RG-pic12 double mutant plants exhibited stronger disease resistance than RG-pic3 or RG-pic12 single mutants. Together, our results reveal that Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate tomato immunity in an additive manner through flagellin-independent pathways.

Influence of successive cycles of water stress on tomato production at fruiting stage

Progressive reduction of water supply was imposed during early period (S1) and late period (S2) interceded by a recovery, with a moderate stress for first case and un intensive stress for second case, at fruiting stage of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rio Grand). The influence of this reduction on fruit production, shoot growth, water content (WC), relative water content (RWC), leaf area (LA), specific leaf weight (SLW), total soluble solids of fruit (T.S.S.) and maturity percentage of fruit were investigated. Repetition of water stress (S1+S2) was obviously reducing the shoot growth, fresh yield, WC, LA and maturity percentage, whereas that was not achieved in dry weight of fruits (FDW), RWC, SLW and T.S.S. Since, a significant difference was founded between the effects of S2 cycle and when that has been preceded by another one S1+S2 on accumulation of dry matter of fruit. Two successive cycles of water stress were doubled of FDW by two times of that registered in control. These results indicate that, during fruiting stage, the effect of gradually exposure of a moderate water stress period, followed by recovery, thereafter by another gradually exposure of un intensive water stress period, contributed to better accumulation of dry matter in fruit by an osmotic adjusting therefore improving water use efficiency, compared to the effect of only one high intensive of water stress applied during the second period. Repetition cycle of water stress may be useful to develop management systems for a reasonable production of tomato and thus reducing the needs of irrigation water in regions facing deficit of water supplies.

Analysis of the evolution of infant mortality rates of children residing in the state of rio grande do sul, brazil

Analysis of the evolution of infant mortality rates of children residing in the state of rio grande do sul, brazil

Agro-Morphological Response of Three Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes to CAFCOOP Products in the Nursery and Field Conditions

Tomatoes are grown using chemical or organic fertilizers, which influence their quality at harvest. The study aimed to evaluate the agro-morphological and germinative characteristics of three tomato genotypes under CAFCOOP products. The Nadira F1, Rio grande and Roma savanna genotypes tested for their reaction to the effect of the CAFCOOP Ltd product were obtained from the Mfoundi market (Yaoundé). Germination time, emergence of seedlings and first leaf outline, number of secondary roots and stem development were counted manually at the nursery. In the field, a caliper was used to measure plant stem, while a graduated ruler was used to measure root length and plant height. The number of secondary roots, branches and plants were counted manually. The results obtained showed significant genotypic variation in all agro-morphological traits. The number of roots varied from 14.15 ± 2.8 to 22.46 ± 3.53 for Roma, from 10.38 ± 1.89 to 24.71 ± 3.69 for Nadira F1 and from 14.62 ± 2.99 to 24.38 ± 3.47 for Rio grande, for chemical and organic treatments respectively. Plant stem diameter ranged from 5.15 ± 1.14 mm to 9 ± 0.46 mm for Nadira F1 and Rio Control, with no significant difference between treatments. The number of branches per plant, with no significant difference between treatments, ranged from 11.50±3.83 to 17.95±2.98 for Nadira F1 and Rio grande. Our study has enabled us to gain a better understanding of the positive effect of organic products on tomato production.

Opportunities for Restoring Environmental Flows in the Rio Grande–Rio Bravo Basin Spanning the US–Mexico Border

Opportunities for Restoring Environmental Flows in the Rio Grande–Rio Bravo Basin Spanning the US–Mexico Border

Tomato varieties superiority assessment under organic and inorganic (granular and foliar) fertilization in sandy clay soil

Tomato is valued for its nutritional importance and contribution to countries' GDP. Despite the importance of tomatoes, tomato cultivation remains a challenge in some cities, particularly Kumba, Cameroon. This results from a vast knowledge gap for a suitable variety and agronomic management practices. Thus this work was set out to investigate the response of three tomato varieties under organic, foliar, and granular inorganic fertilization at the Kumba I subdivision. This work comprised two factors; variety having three levels (Cobra F1, Rio Grande, and Kiara tomato varieties) and fertilization having four levels (control, NPK 20:10:10 granular fertilizer, Foliar NPK 20:10:10 inorganic fertilizer, and Poultry manure) given twelve treatment combinations replicated three times randomly in a factorial design. Data was collected on soil physicochemical properties, plant growth parameters and fruit yield. The results showed that the variety did not significantly affect soil physicochemical properties, but soil physicochemical properties were significantly affected by fertilization. Poultry manure had the best OC (5.22 %), Ntot (1.73 g/kg), and Pavail (14.63 mg/kg), while K was highest (2.93 meq/100g) in NPK 20:10:10 granular fertilization. Rio grande, in combination with poultry manure, had the best plant growth; plant height (77.3 cm), number of branches (17), number of leaves (197), and leaf area (47.1 cm2). Cobra F1, in combination with foliar NPK 20:10:10 granular and poultry manure, had the best fruit yield; 13.42 tha-1 and 13.56 tha-1, respectively while Kiara variety at the control treatment had the lowest yield (8.36 tha-1). Thus Cobra F1 variety in combination with poultry manure yielded the best result from this study and offers the best option for tomato cultivation in the sandy clay soils of Kumba, Cameroon.

Identification and characterization of RNA polymerase II (RNAP) C-Terminal domain phosphatase-like 3 (SlCPL3) in tomato under biotic stress.

Bacterial diseases are a huge threat to the production of tomatoes. During infection intervals, pathogens affect biochemical, oxidant and molecular properties of tomato. Therefore, it is necessary to study the antioxidant enzymes, oxidation state and genes involved during bacterial infection in tomato. Different bioinformatic analyses were performed to conduct homology, gene promoter analysis and determined protein structure. Antioxidant, MDA and H2O2 response was measured in Falcon, Rio grande and Sazlica tomato cultivars. In this study, RNA Polymerase II (RNAP) C-Terminal Domain Phosphatase-like 3 (SlCPL-3) gene was identified and characterized. It contained 11 exons, and encoded for two protein domains i.e., CPDCs and BRCT. SOPMA and Phyre2, online bioinformatic tools were used to predict secondary structure. For the identification of protein pockets CASTp web-based tool was used. Netphos and Pondr was used for prediction of phosphorylation sites and protein disordered regions. Promoter analysis revealed that the SlCPL-3 is involved in defense-related mechanisms. We further amplified two different regions of SlCPL-3 and sequenced them. It showed homology respective to the reference tomato genome. Our results showed that SlCPL-3 gene was triggered during bacterial stress. SlCPL-3 expression was upregulated in response to bacterial stress during different time intervals. Rio grande showed a high level of SICPL-3 gene expression after 72 hpi. Biochemical and gene expression analysis showed that under biotic stress Rio grande cultivar is more sensitive to Pst DC 3000 bacteria. This study lays a solid foundation for the functional characterization of SlCPL-3 gene in tomato cultivars. All these findings would be beneficial for further analysis of SlCPL-3 gene and may be helpful for the development of resilient tomato cultivars.

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Ecotoxicology and geostatistical techniques employed in subtropical reservoirs sediments after decades of copper sulfate application.

Spatial distribution linked to geostatistical techniques contributes to sum up information into an easier-to-comprehend knowledge. This study compares copper spatial distribution in surface sediments and subsequent categorization according to its toxicological potential in two reservoirs, Rio Grande (RG) and Itupararanga (ITU) (São Paulo-Brazil), where copper sulfate is applied and not applied, respectively. Sediments from 47 sites in RG and 52 sites in ITU were collected, and then, copper concentrations were interpolated using geostatistical techniques (kriging). The resulting sediment distributions were classified in categories based on sediment quality guides: threshold effect level and probable effect level; regional reference values (RRVs) and enrichment factor (EF). Copper presented a heterogenic distribution and higher concentrations in RG (2283.00 ± 1308.75mg/kg) especially on the upstream downstream, associated with algicide application as well as the sediment grain size, contrary to ITU (21.81 ± 8.28mg/kg) where a no-clear pattern of distribution was observed. Sediments in RG are predominantly categorized as "Very Bad", whereas sediments in ITU are mainly categorized as "Good", showing values higher than RRV. The classification is supported by the EF categorization, which in RG is primarily categorized as "Very High" contrasting to ITU classified as "Absent/Very Low". Copper total stock in superficial sediment estimated for RG is 4515.35Ton of Cu and for ITU is 27.45Ton of Cu.

Identifying Thresholds, Regime Shifts, and Early Warning Signals Using Long-Term Streamflow Data in the Transboundary Rio Grande–Rio Bravo Basin

As the centerpiece of ecosystems and human societies, river basins are complex social–ecological systems (SESs) that depend on the natural flow regime and the hydrologic variability to adapt to changes and absorb disturbances. Anthropogenic and climate change disturbances destabilize river systems. Therefore, a resilience question arises: What is the carrying capacity of a river basin, i.e., how much disturbance can a river basin take until the system undergoes a regime shift? To answer this question, this study aims to identify regime shifts, thresholds, and the carrying capacity of the transboundary Rio Grande–Rio Bravo (RGB) basin using 110 years of monthly streamflow data. To address this research question, first, gauged (regulated) and naturalized streamflow data is collected; if naturalized flows are not available, they are calculated through streamflow naturalization. Second, streamflow standardization is estimated using the streamflow drought index. Third, a regime shift assessment is performed using Fisher Index, and fourth, the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test is used to assess the Sustainable Regime Hypothesis which evaluates regime shifts and alternative regimes. Results demonstrate that resilience thresholds are surpassed, and regime shifts, including early warning signals, occurred in multiple locations of a transboundary basin. The present study highlights the importance of assessing the carrying capacity of a river basin; hence, evaluating regime transitions, including identifying early warning signals and thresholds, is critical in managing for sustainability and ecological resilience of SESs. Looking ahead, the integration of ecological resilience theory into water management has the potential to recognize the sustainable carrying capacity of river basins at the local, regional, and international scale.

Feed use efficiency on small scale dairy farms in the south of rio grande do Sul, Brazil

Types and amounts of feeds used, milk offtake and body weight changes of cows were monitored during 12 months on farms of cash crop and milk producers (CM) and cash crop producers with surplus milk marketing (Cm). The intake of feed dry matter (DM) and crude protein were different between the two production systems across the seasons. On a yearly basis, cows ingested 97.3g DM/kg0.75 and 100.8g DM/kg0.75 per day, consisting to 48% and 64% of forage from pastures, 33% and 17% silage or cut green forage and 18% mix of concentrates and grains on CM and Cm farms, respectively. The yearly body weight change on CM was 4.5kg as compared to 7.0kg on Cm. Daily milk production per cow was 9.8L on CM and 10L on Cm and varied between seasons for both production systems. In both systems, feed intake was below the recommendations for lactating cows, leading to a very low feed use efficiency of 0.78L/kg feed DM on CM and 0.81L/kg feed DM on Cm. It is concluded that more cautious feeding of cows in both systems might increase use efficiency of fodder resources for milk production, and feed intake on both farms should be improved.

Productivity and quality of tomato submitted to irrigation levels using mulching in economic beds

The objective of this study was to evaluate irrigation levels in tomato crops, using economical beds with mulch. A randomized block design within a split-plot had run in a 2 x 5 factorial treatment scheme structure, with four replications. The plots were the five irrigation levels (50, 75, 100, 125, and 150%) of crop Evapotranspiration (ETc), and subplots were two tomato varieties RASTEIRO RIO GRANDE (RR) (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) and CALINE IPA- 7 (IPA) (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). In the end, 40 experimental units consisting of five plants each were evaluated. The variables assessed were tomato productivity (PROD), fruit mass (FM), volume (VOL), fruit diameter (DIA), titratable acidity (TA), hydrogen potential (pH), soluble solids (° Brix), and soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio (SS/AT). The results showed that the irrigation level of 117.85% of ETc provide greater productivity for a cultivar RASTEIRO RIO GRANDE, while for CALINE IPA-7, it was 150% of ETc. The variety CALINE IPA-7 had higher acidity content and lower soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio. The addition of irrigation levels influenced a decrease in acidity content by applying levels of up to 125% of ETc.

Rocky reef fish biodiversity and conservation in a Brazilian Hope Spot region

Abstract Coastal islands of Grande Rio, located south Rio de Janeiro and Maricá cities have been under multiple anthropogenic impacts. Despite these problems, these insular systems shelter a high diversity of fish species. Reef fishes are essential components of tropical marine coastal communities, also providing food and income for millions of people around the world. In this work, we generated an updated checklist from Cagarras Islands Natural Monument and surrounding areas based on fisheries data, literature records and multiple sampling techniques, including the Submersible Rotating Video technique, used for the first time in Brazil. We present an inventory of 282 fish species representing 91 different families, with 21 new records for the study area, including a non-native species (Heniochus acuminatus). In addition, our results show a moderate endemism level for the Brazilian province (approximately 6.0%), while 10.5% of species are assigned to one of IUCN’s threatened categories. Our efforts show the fish biodiversity scenario and their distribution on coastal islands more than 10 years after the Cagarras Islands Natural Monument establishment, reinforcing the importance of monitoring research programs for the management of this Marine Protected Area and surrounding waters, that play a key role for artisanal fisheries.

BILLINGS RESERVOIR (BRAZIL): CHEMICAL STUDIES ON WATER AND CHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ZEBRAFISH GILLS

Previous study of this research group revealed that water from the Billings reservoir (Brazil) intended for human use (water supply and seafood) has microbiological contamination and causes lethality and brain and behavioral impairments in zebrafish. The objective of this study was to understand what have induced these impairments in the animal model. Chemical analyses on water samples from Rio Pequeno (RP), Rio Grande (RG), and Bororé (BO) rivers, as well as chemical and morphological analyses on zebrafish gills exposed to those waters were performed. Waters samples from RP, RG, and BO presented high levels of phosphorus. BO water and fish gills exposed to this water presented high levels of nitrogen. RG water caused potassium contamination in gills. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium are indicators of anthropogenic pollution. RG water and fish gills exposed to this water presented low levels of calcium, which might be an indication of chemical imbalance that could lead to health problems in aquatic animals. RG and BO waters resulted in zirconium contamination in gills. BO water induced respiratory lamellae thickening in the gills, which may be the underlying mechanism for the observed hypoxia. In conclusion, behavioral, brain, and respiratory defects observed previously were induced by chemical and morphologicalb disturbances due to anthropogenic pollution in the Billings reservoir.

Comparison of life‐history traits and oviposition preferences of Tuta absoluta for 12 common tomato varieties in Burkina Faso

AbstractThe South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an economically important insect pest of tomatoes. Since its discovery in Burkina Faso in 2016, the use of synthetic insecticides was favored, with many cases of treatment failure. To explore alternative control methods, we conducted a screening of the 12 main tomato varieties produced in the country to test two hypotheses: (i) Some tomato varieties are less likely to attract gravid females and be used as oviposition site; (ii) Some varieties are unsuitable host plants as they allow slower development and lead to higher mortality. The varieties tested include RomaVF, KanonF1, Cobra 26 F1, FBT1, FBT2, FBT3, RaissaF1, JampacktF1, Mongal, Rio Grande, Tropimech, and Petomech. T. absoluta fitness was largely impacted by the tomato variety, especially egg incubation time and larval and pupal stage durations. As a result, the total T. absoluta life cycle was slower on Cobra 26 F1 and Kanon F1 (24.6 ± 1.8 and 25.8 ± 3.3 days, respectively) and faster on FBT1 and Rio grande (22.6 ± 3.0 and 22.8 ± 2.6 days, respectively). None of the varieties impacted the adult lifespan. All varieties were accepted as hosts by gravid females during multiple‐choice oviposition assays. The number of eggs laid per female was statistically similar among the varieties. We conclude that two varieties, Kanon F1 and Cobra 26 F1, have better abilities to slow T. absoluta development, limiting the number of generations while increasing the probability that natural enemies find and kill their prey.

Three new microcerberids (Isopoda: Microcerberidae) from subterranean freshwater habitats in Texas, USA

ABSTRACT The stygobiontic genus Texicerberus gen. nov. and the three species T. amistad sp. nov., T. schotteae sp. nov., and T. castilloi sp. nov. are described from freshwater aquifer or hyporheic sites across central and western Texas, USA. The status of the new genus and species is based on morphological characters that distinguish them from all other described Microcerberidae from both marine and freshwater environments. Cephalon without rostral projection, coxae II–IV rounded, medial margin of antenna article 3 angulate but not produced as spine, male pleopod II endopod uniramous, and male pleopod IV biramous are among the characters that distinguish Texicerberus gen. nov. from other genera in the family. Collected from deep karst aquifer wells, karst springs, and the hyporheic zone along the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo del Norte), these three new species represent the first documented occurrences of Microcerberidae in Texas and substantially increase the described diversity in the family in North America and from freshwater environments globally. Additional sampling, especially in the hyporheic zone, is expected to reveal additional diversity in Texas. Future collection and analysis of molecular data will be required to understand the evolutionary relationships among these and other species.

Impact of row spacing on soybean morphological parameters and yield

The variable distribution of soybean seeds in rows can reduce the final stand and compromise grain yield. This article assesses the impact of seed distribution on the morphological characteristics of some plants and on the final yield of soybeans. The study was carried out in the experimental area of ??the federal university of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus, in the state of rio grande do sul, Brazil, in a randomized block design with five treatments and four repetitions. The size of the spacing between plants in the line constituted the variation factor and spaces of 0 (without space); 7.7; 15.4; 30.8 and 61.4 cm were evaluated. The evaluated parameters were plant height; main stem diameter; number of lateral branches; fruit per plant; insertion height of the first legume; number of viable nodes in the main trunk; number of viable nodes in the lateral branches and final grain yield. The spacing between plants in the rows increases the number of side branches, the number of nodes in the side branches and the number of fruits per plant, and spacing of up to 61.6 cm does not compromise the final soybean productivity. Key words: Glycine max L, plant distribution, plant parameters and final grain yield.

INTERVENÇÕES EM CORPOS HÍDRICOS E ALTERAÇÕES NO MEIO GEOGRÁFICO: O DESASSOREAMENTO DO CANAL DO PIATÓ – ASSÚ, RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, BRASIL.

O desassoreamento é uma medida periódica que visa manter a profundidade e o curso do corpo hídrico constante, pois em períodos de baixa pluviosidade o rio pode sofrer por meios antrópicos ou naturais transformações que o torne menos profundo. A deposição de sedimentos ou objetos como lixo em seu leito, contribui para que em momentos de chuvas mais intensas a água que passa pelo canal ultrapasse os limites pré-estabelecidos pelas suas margens. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho busca compreender os impactos socioambientais causados pelo processo de desassoreamento no canal do Piató. O referido canal está sendo debatido na Câmara Municipal de Assú, sendo que o mesmo já passou por outras intervenções de desassoreamentos, segundo relato de moradores locais, porém sem sucesso. Fato ocorrido entre as décadas de 40 e 50, pelo então prefeito Edgar Borges Montenegro, nos anos entre 1948 a 1953. Tendo em vista problemas que por ventura podem ser acarretados a partir da realização do desassoreamento do canal, buscaremos compreender os impactos socioambientais decorrentes da recuperação do Canal do Piató. A equipe técnica da SEMARH (Secretaria do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte), está realizando os estudos topográficos e ambientais in loco para posteriormente, iniciar a reconstrução do sangradouro do Canal do Piató. A SEMARH demonstra preocupação quanto a real possibilidade sobre o abastecimento da Lagoa do Piató pelas águas do canal em períodos chuvosos, ou não, e também qual o melhor local para o início dos trabalhos de desassoreamento dentro do canal do Piató.

Identification of Tomato Seed Pathogens (Fungi) of Different Cultivars and Varieties in Maiduguri Borno State

The experiment was conducted in the pathology of department of crop protection univesity of Maiduguri Borno state. Which is located at latitude 11051N and longitude 13015E to exermine or to isolate and identified the fungi pathogen responsible for damaging same tomatoes cultivars (Solanum lycopersicon) seed in maiduguri Borno state.The result show that the improve variety of tomatoes seed has number of fungal isolation in the sample where the fungal include Aspergillus niger, fusarium spp, penecillium spp .Whereby in the cullum, the Aspergillus were present. Just less in the following treatment T1(Rio grand), T2(Tema), T3(Uc-82B) Compared to that of fungal pathogen isolate in the local sample which are present T1(Seria dan zang), T2(Dan gashua), T3(Roman dan mazar), T4(Dan jino). Whereas in the Fusarium spp in the improved variety sample the fungal are present in T1(Rio grand), T2(Tema), T3(Uc -82B), and T5(Roa savannah) while in local variety sample the fungal pathogen are present in T1(Seria dan zang), T3(Roman dan mazar), T4(Dan jino) and T5(Utc) where in penilluim spp the fungal are present in the improve variety in T1(Rio grand), T2(Tema), T3(Uc-82B), and T5(Roma savannah) compared to that of the local variety sample which are in T2(Dan gashua), T3(Roman dan mazar) and T5(Utc) (Table1).Whereas in the mean disease index recorded on improved cultivars tomatoes. The result shows that T1with (98.14%) are recorded the highest index followed by T2(Tema) with (93.10%) while the least was recorded on T4(Roma vf) with (46.21%). (Table2) compared to that of local variety sample where by the highest disease index was recorded in T3(Roman dan mazar) with (100%) and the least was recorded on T1(Seria dan zang) with (97.23) and the least was recorded T4(Dan jino) with (92.26)(Table3).

O ensino médio politécnico: a pesquisa escolar

O objetivo do presente texto é investigar como o ensino pela pesquisa consistiu em um Princípio Pedagógico da Proposta do Ensino Médio Politécnico no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Oriunda de uma dissertação de Mestrado em Ensino, a investigação tem como aportes teóricos algumas ferramentas foucaultianas, em especial as noções de enunciado e discurso e reflexões acerca da pesquisa escolar, a partir de autores, como Corazza (2013). O material para a análise foi gerado por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, com três docentes que atuavam em cargos administrativos à época da implantação da Proposta, e da técnica de grupo focal com nove docentes de uma escola de Ensino Médio do interior do Vale do Taquari/RS. Aliados a isso, realizaram-se estudos dos documentos base da Proposta da Legislação vigente e pesquisa em dois jornais de circulação. Os resultados mostram que a pesquisa tem sido evidenciada somente na disciplina de Seminário Integrado, mas, segundo a Proposta, as demais também deveriam gerar investigações numa perspectiva interdisciplinar. Ainda, o como “fazer pesquisa” foi sendo constituído entre os professores por meio de um conjunto de formulações realizadas ao longo da história da educação. Por fim, o desafio está na criação e na inovação de uma pesquisa-docência que provoque rupturas nas formas de ensinar e de aprender.