Rio Doce Research Articles

A new species of Rhodospatha (Araceae), with a key to species from the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil

A new species of Araceae, Rhodospatha arborescens, was found in two preservation areas in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, Caratinga Biological Station and Rio Doce State Park, both located in a semideciduous seasonal forest (Interior Atlantic Rainforest). The new species is helophytic and arborescent. It is described, illustrated, and compared with Rhodospatha species that occur in the Atlantic Rainforest, using a dichotomous key. Information is also presented on the geographic distribution, ecology, and phenology these species.

Radiação solar estimada com base na temperatura do ar para três regiões de Minas Gerais

A radiação solar incidente (Rs) é uma variável importante em estudos agrícolas, particularmente para a estimativa da evapotranspiração e em modelos para produtividade. Entretanto, sua medição não é, em geral, realizada em estações meteorológicas convencionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar nove modelos empíricos de estimativa de Rs, a partir da temperatura, para as regiões Metropolitana, Vale do Rio Doce e Zona da Mata em Minas Gerais. Dados de Rs diários foram obtidos por estações meteorológicas automáticas instaladas nessas regiões e pertencentes ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Para todos os modelos foram gerados coeficientes locais de calibração. O desempenho de cada método foi avaliado através dos seguintes indicadores: coeficiente de determinação (R²), raiz quadrada do quadrado médio do erro (RQME), erro médio (EM) e teste t. A pequena diferença entre os modelos avaliados indica que qualquer um desses modelos é passível de utilização mas, dado à simplicidade, desempenho e significância, o modelo de Hargreaves, calibrado e com dois coeficientes, é o mais aplicável para estimar a radiação solar incidente.

Water quality and diversity of yeasts from tropical lakes and rivers from the Rio Doce basin in Southeastern Brazil.

Yeast communities were assessed in 14 rivers and four lakes from the Doce River basin in Brazil, during the rainy and dry seasons of the years 2000 and 2001. Water samples were collected at the subsurface in all sites. The following physical and chemical parameters were measured: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, ortho-phosphate, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and total nitrogen and the counts of faecal coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria were carried out to characterize the aquatic environmental sampled. The yeast counts were higher in aquatic environments with the highest counts of coliform and heterotrophic bacteria. These environments receive a high influx of domestic and industrial waste. A total of 317 isolates identified in forty eight yeast species were recorded in the sites sampled and the specie Aureobasidium pullulans were found in eleven out of eighteen sites sampled and some opportunistic pathogens such as the yeast species Candida krusei were isolated only in the polluted rivers with a positive correlation with the biotic and abiotic parameters that indicate sewage contamination.

Enterprise Risk Disclosed in Initial Public Offering in Brazil

The current legislation in Brazil requires that companies wishing to raise funds in capital markets through issuance of shares shall prepare a prospectus for Initial Public Offering (IPO) in which they inform, among other things, all risks that may affect the business. The aim of this paper is to investigate the level of disclosure of business risks reported in these prospectuses. The methodological design was a descriptive qualitative approach. The object of analysis consisted of the final prospectus for IPO listed in the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM) in 2008. The sample consisted of 10 companies from various segments. We have adopted a criterion score by which it was found that the average percentage score achieved was 59% of disclosure. We have also defined indicators of the level of disclosure by risk category and by company. Within these categories, this percentage ranged from 42% of the category “risks of issuing” up to 85% in category “risks related to the shareholder”. As for the scores of companies, the lowest score was obtained by Le Lis Blanc, 51%, while the Vale do Rio Doce has obtained the highest score, 66% of the total possible. In conclusion, it was found that the level of disclosure of risks in stock offering prospectus is not yet satisfactory. Possible causes for this phenomenon are analyzed.Key words: Risk. Disclosure. IPO. Initial public offering.

Estoque e crescimento em volume, biomassa, carbono e dióxido de carbono em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o estoque e o crescimento em volume (V), biomassa (B), carbono (C) e dióxido de carbono (CO2) em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no Vale do Rio Doce, em Minas Gerais. Foram utilizados dados de inventários do estrato arbóreo (DAP > 5,0 cm), cujas parcelas permanentes foram medidas em 2002 e 2007, em estágios médio (Mata 1) e avançado (Mata 2) de regeneração da vegetação secundária. Com base no inventário de 2002, foram selecionadas espécies que apresentavam maiores percentuais em volume e no mínimo cinco indivíduos para determinar as densidades básicas da madeira e da casca. A média da densidade básica da madeira foi de 0,65 g.cm-3 e da casca, igual a 0,49 g.cm-3. Os estoques e os crescimentos em V, B, C e CO2 foram estimados nos dois estágios, Mata 1 e Mata 2. Pelo fato de as matas se encontrarem em estágios médio e avançado de regeneração, respectivamente, elas apresentavam estruturas, estoques e crescimentos distintos.

A POLÍTICA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL DA VALE

This work, from a critical point of view, identified with political ecology, aims to contribute to the theme of environmental conflicts considering the necessity to understand the actions of certain particular agents that interfere in the socio-economic and political-environment fields. As the object of this study, were selected the Valley of the Rio Doce Company (CVRD), currently Valley SA, for its action in over 30 countries which has caused many environmental impacts. Thus, we analyzed the document entitled Sustainable Development Policy, decomposing the elements that constitute it and seeking, when it is possible, to reprove the present affirmations in the document with concrete cases.

Annual and Seasonal Changes in the Structure of Litter-Dwelling Ant Assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Atlantic Semideciduous Forests

We surveyed ant fauna in the leaf litter in an Atlantic Semideciduous forest in the State Park of Rio Doce (PERD). The work aimed to produce basic information about habitat effects on diversity, as well as about how the ant fauna in a such buffered forest habitat, as the litter layer, could respond the climate variation in a short and long term. We sampled two years in two distinct forest physiognomies, which respond to different geomorphologic backgrounds, in dry and rainy seasons. Species composition, richness and abundance of these forests were distinct. However, both forests hosted similar numbers of rare and specialized, habitat demanding species, thus suggesting both are similarly well preserved, despite distinct physiognomies. However, the lower and more open forest was, more susceptible to dry season effects, showing a steeper decline in species numbers in such season, but similar numbers in the wet seasons. The pattern varied between years, which corroborates the hypothesis of a strongly variable community in response to subtle climatic variation among years. The present results are baselines for future long term monitoring projects, and could support protocols for early warnings of global climatic changes effects on biodiversity.

AN ANALYSIS OF SPECIES DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN THE ATLANTIC FORESTS OF SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

This study analysed phytogeographic patterns of several Atlantic Forest areas in southeastern Brazil, including forest areas in the Espinhaço Range, to identify species with congruent distribution patterns and possible environmental factors that might influence these. A total of 54 floristic surveys, predominantly from semideciduous woodland sites but also including some rainforest areas, were compared using UPGMA and DCA methods as well as Jaccard analyses. The former identified four main groupings: group 1 included forests located throughout the Espinhaço Range; group 2 was formed by forest areas in the Rio Jequitinhonha basin; group 3 was formed by three distinct subgroups, one (3.1) predominantly of forest areas pertaining to the Alto Rio Grande basin, another (3.2) of upland forests of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, and a third subgroup (3.3) of upland forests of the Serra da Mantiqueira; and group 4 encompassed forest areas in the Rio Doce, Rio Paraíba do Sul, Rio Itanhém and Rio Itapemirim basins. The prevailing relief in these basins has influenced rainfall and seasonality in these areas which, in turn, have exerted a major influence on the composition of the semideciduous forests. Geographic proximity and altitude, although important factors, play a minor role in the phytogeographic patterns analysed. Despite the floristic heterogeneity of the Espinhaço Range forests, there are physiognomic and floristic affinities among the forests within the campos rupestre vegetation. These are due to the high altitude and features of the soil.

Epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian spotted fever in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2000-2008

Brazilian spotted fever is the most common rickettsiosis in Brazil, most prevalent in the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian spotted fever in Minas Gerais from 2000 to 2008. Of the 132 cases of Brazilian spotted fever, 53 patients died, representing a case-fatality rate of 40.2%. Males predominated, with 78.8% of confirmed cases, and median age was 26.5 years. Absence of rash was associated with increased risk of death (p = 0.005). Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Rio Doce Valley, and Zona da Mata accounted for 70.6% of the cases, which occurred mainly from May to November. There was an increase in the number of cases, which could suggest an expansion of the disease, but probably resulted from an increase in the health system's diagnostic capacity and sensitivity. Despite this improvement, the case-fatality rate remains high and with no apparent tendency to decrease, thus indicating the need for improved prevention and patient care.

Estoque de carbono na biomassa de plantações de eucalipto na região centro-leste do estado de Minas Gerais

Os ecossistemas florestais representam alternativa viável para mitigar o aumento da concentração de CO2 na atmosfera, via fixação do carbono (C) pelas árvores e seu armazenamento na biomassa e no solo, mas tais informações são escassas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea, de raízes e da manta orgânica depositada sobre o solo e o estoque de C de árvores em plantações de eucalipto com diferentes idades na região Centro-Leste do Estado de Minas Gerais, abrangendo cinco regiões: Cocais (CO), Rio Doce (RD), Sabinópolis (SA), Santa Bárbara (SB) e Virginópolis (VI). Quanto à produção de matéria seca, a região mais produtiva, aos 84 meses de idade, foi SA, com 32,80 t ha-1 ano-1 de parte aérea e raízes, decrescendo nos anos seguintes até atingir 31,18 t ha-1 ano-1 aos 120 meses de idade. Para essa mesma comparação, nas regiões de RD e SB observaram-se produtividades de 29,92 e 29,70 t ha-1 ano-1 aos 84 meses e 21,09 e 25,21 t ha-1 ano-1 aos 120 meses de idade, respectivamente. Constatou-se que a estabilização da produtividade ocorreu após 96 meses de idade em SA e aos 84 meses para as regiões de RD e SB. No tocante às regiões de CO e VI, a produtividade e o estoque de C médio anuais mantiveram taxas crescentes até 120 meses de idade, indicando que a maior produtividade ocorre em idades mais avançadas. A produtividade e o estoque de C médio dessas plantações foram, respectivamente, de 26,96 t ha-1 ano-1 de biomassa e 13,64 t ha-1 ano-1 de C.

Pleistocene karyotypic divergence in Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) (Teleostei: Erythrinidae) populations in southeastern Brazil

The lacustrine system of the middle rio Doce basin is considered a paradigm of Pleistocene geomorphology. In these lakes, two Hoplias malabaricus karyomorphs (2n = 42A and 2n = 42B) live in sintopy in Carioca Lake. Cytogenetic analyses were performed on 65 specimens from 8 lakes (including Carioca Lake) to determine the distribution and relative frequency of these karyomorphs and the degree of cytogenetic divergence caused putatively by recent geographic isolation. All fish were 2n = 42B karyomorphs, except for 1 specimen from the Marola Lake, which was 2n = 42A. Among-population variation was especially high for C-banding patterns. Other characters such as X chromosome size and CMA3/DAPI also varied among populations. Our results suggested that the karyotype of H. malabaricus is able to respond rapidly to geographic isolation, and revealed that heterochromatic variation may represent the lowest hierarchical level of chromosomal evolution.

Modeling changes in organic carbon stocks for distinct soils in southeastern brazil after four eucalyptus rotations using the century model

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in carbon (C) cycle and soil quality. Considering the complexity of factors that control SOM cycling and the long time it usually takes to observe changes in SOM stocks, modeling constitutes a very important tool to understand SOM cycling in forest soils. The following hypotheses were tested: (i) soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks would be higher after several rotations of eucalyptus than in low-productivity pastures; (ii) SOC values simulated by the Century model would describe the data better than the mean of observations. So, the aims of the current study were: (i) to evaluate the SOM dynamics using the Century model to simulate the changes of C stocks for two eucalyptus chronosequences in the Rio Doce Valley, Minas Gerais State, Brazil; and (ii) to compare the C stocks simulated by Century with the C stocks measured in soils of different Orders and regions of the Rio Doce Valley growing eucalyptus. In Belo Oriente (BO), short-rotation eucalyptus plantations had been cultivated for 4.0; 13.0, 22.0, 32.0 and 34.0 years, at a lower elevation and in a warmer climate, while in Virginópolis (VG), these time periods were 8.0, 19.0 and 33.0 years, at a higher elevation and in a milder climate. Soil samples were collected from the 0-20 cm layer to estimate C stocks. Results indicate that the C stocks simulated by the Century model decreased after 37 years of poorly managed pastures in areas previously covered by native forest in the regions of BO and VG. The substitution of poorly managed pastures by eucalyptus in the early 1970´s led to an average increase of C of 0.28 and 0.42 t ha-1 year-1 in BO and VG, respectively. The measured C stocks under eucalyptus in distinct soil Orders and independent regions with variable edapho-climate conditions were not far from the values estimated by the Century model (root mean square error - RMSE = 20.9; model efficiency - EF = 0.29) despite the opposite result obtained with the statistical procedure to test the identity of analytical methods. Only for lower soil C stocks, the model over-estimated the C stock in the 0-20 cm layer. Thus, the Century model is highly promising to detect changes in C stocks in distinct soil orders under eucalyptus, as well as to indicate the impact of harvest residue management on SOM in future rotations.

Determinação da densidade básica da madeiras de Eucalyptus por diferentes métodos não destrutivos

Os métodos não destrutivos vêm se tornando importante alternativa para predições das características da madeira. A facilidade e precisão das predições têm feito com que muitas empresas adotem estes novos métodos. A avaliação da qualidade da madeira por técnicas mais simples e rápidas é uma necessidade fundamental na qualificação de florestas de Eucalyptus. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar diferentes métodos de avaliação não destrutiva da madeira, a saber: (1) Resistógrafo, (2) Pilodyn e (3) Espectroscopia de Infravermelho Próximo-NIRS para predição da densidade básica da madeira. Neste estudo foram utilizados seis clones de eucalipto, com 3 anos de idade, plantados comercialmente com espaçamentos de 3,0 x 3,3m. As amostras foram coletadas no Estado de Minas Gerais, em diferentes regiões (Cocais, Guanhães, Rio Doce e Santa Bárbara). Foram utilizadas cinco árvores por clone. A técnica para estimativa da densidade básica que apresentou maior precisão foi a resistografia, seguida do NIR e, finalmente, do Pilodyn.

Spatio-temporal segregation and size distribution of fish assemblages as related to non-native species occurrence in the middle rio Doce Valley, MG, Brazil

The lakes in the middle rio Doce Valley (MG) are suffering impacts due to the introduction of invasive fish species, mainly piscivorous species like red piranha Pygocentrus nattereri and peacock bass Cichla kelberi. Fishes were collected in bimonthly samples conducted at ten lakes along a year. The present study showed that the composition of native fish assemblages is significantly related to the presence and type of non-native species. Fish species distribution among lakes can be explained by differences in species body size: smaller native species are less concentrated in lakes with invasive piscivores, which is in accordance with the hypothesis that they have greater susceptibility to predation by invaders. Another probable cause for this correlation is the proximity of lakes to the drainage system, which could explain both the non-native incidence and the turnover of native species composition. Furthermore, temporal variability in species composition was significantly higher in invaded lakes. This last factor may be linked to seasonal flood pulses, which carry immigrant fishes from streams in the vicinity. The metacommunity framework can bring insights for future studies in such spatially structured systems, and the approach should improve our understanding of processes underlying species composition as well as help direct conservation-focused management plans.

Descriptive study of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the urban area of the Municipality of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

ABSTRACT To understand the emergence and re-emergence pattern of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), the clinical and epidemiological profiles and the spatial distribution of the disease were evaluated between 2001 and 2006 in an endemic area located in the Rio Doce valley in the north-eastern part of the Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The number of reported cases increased from six in the first year to 111 in the last year during this period. Disease cases predominated in the urban area (75.9%) and affected males and females equally in all age groups. The transmission of ATL occurred within dwellings and the surrounding areas, with the largest number of reported cases originating from poor areas, particularly those located on the margins of the Rio Doce lacking suitable sanitary infrastructure. Diagnosis was based on clinical criteria and the Montenegro skin test, with most patients (93.8%) exhibiting the cutaneous form of ATL. First-line treatment involved administration of pentavalent antimonial drugs (99.1%), and these provided a cure for > 75% of patients. The prevalence of ATL varied between 11.38 and 15.99 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, which is high in comparison with the national average. Urgent measures, including improved means of diagnosis at the local health units, education of schoolchildren and motivation of the general population, are required to decrease transmission and control the disease.

Diet of margay, Leopardus wiedii, and jaguarundi, Puma yagouaroundi, (Carnivora: Felidae) in Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil

This study identifies the food habits of the margay, Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821), and the jaguarundi, Puma yagouaroundi (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilare, 1803), in the Vale do Rio Doce Natural Reserve and in the Sooretama Biological Reserve, Espirito Santo, Brazil. We determined the diet of both species by the analysis of scats. Fecal samples were collected from April 1995 to September 2000 and identified based on the presence of hairs that were ingested during self-grooming. Scats were oven-dried and washed on a sieve, and the screened material was identified using a reference collection. Of the 59 fecal samples examined, 30 were confirmed to be from the margay and nine of them from the jaguarundi. Mammals were the most consumed items in the diet of the margay, occurring in 77% of the fecal samples, followed by birds (53%) and reptiles (20%). Among the mammals consumed, marsupials (Didelphimorphia) were the most common item (66%). In the diet of the jaguarundi, birds were the most consumed items and occurred in 55% of the fecal samples; mammals and reptiles occurred in 41% and in 17% of the fecal samples, respectively. From this work we conclude that the margay and jaguarundi fed mainly upon small vertebrates in the Vale do Rio Doce Natural Reserve and in the Sooretama Biological Reserve. Although sample sizes are therefore insufficient for quantitative comparisons, margays prey more frequently upon arboricolous mammals than jaguarundis, which in turn prey more frequently upon birds and reptiles than margays. This seems to reflect a larger pattern throughout their geographic range

Food habits of the ocelot, Leopardus pardalis, in two areas in southeast Brazil

The objective of this study was to compare the diet of the ocelot at two sites in southeastern Brazil: the small (957 ha), isolated Caratinga Biological Station (CBS), Minas Gerais and the large (>44,000 ha) contiguous area, comprised of the Vale do Rio Doce Natural Reserve (VRDNR) and the Sooretama Biological Reserve (SBR). We collected 60 scats in CBS from January 1997 to July 2000. Small rodents, small marsupials and primates were the most important items in terms of frequency of occurrence. In terms of biomass consumed, the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) was the most important item. In the VRDNR/SBR we collected 77 scats from April 1995 to September 1996 and from January 1999 to September 2000. The main food items were armadillo (Dasypus sp.), small rodents, teju (Tupinambis merianae), and small marsupials. In VRDNR/SBR the ocelot had a more diverse diet, probably reflecting the diversity of prey species found in this area. The occurrence of ocelots in CBS indicates the adaptive flexibility of this felid to forests fragments, probably facilitated by the high biomass of potential prey – in this case, the primate Alouatta guariba.

Aplicabilidade do método de simulação de Monte Carlo na previsão dos custos de produção de companhias industriais: o caso da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce

The need for qualified decisions in business environment creates demands for the use of mathematical and statistical methods to assist the decisional process. In this context, this article aims to test the applicability of the method of Monte Carlo simulation to predict changes in production costs in a post-privatization period. To perform the experiment Companhia Vale do Rio Doce - CVRD was chosen, considering its privatization that occurred in 1997. The analyzed variables data were extracted from published financial statements between 1990 and 2004. Production costs (CPV) are simulated in two applications of the method: an application that ignores the effects of privatization and implementation that considers the period after privatization, the reduction of variable costs and the income operating increase. In a privatization process, these effects are expected and were estimated by linear regressions in a previous study by Lustosa and Oliveira (2007). To verify the predictive ability of the method comparative analysis are performed, using statistical tests of means between the real samples and the post-privatization period simulated samples. The results show the suitability of the method in predicting the production costs and consequently assisting the decisional process.

Amostragem de formigas-cortadeiras (Hymenoptera: formicidae) em eucaliptais pelos métodos de transectos em faixa e em linha

Este trabalho foi realizado em eucaliptais localizados em áreas de relevo acidentado da Mata Atlântica, no Município de Belo Oriente, Vale do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, no período de janeiro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2005, em cinco talhões de Eucalyptus spp., totalizando 160,22 ha. Os objetivos foram desenvolver planos de amostragem para formigas-cortadeiras pelo método de transectos em faixas; determinar o melhor estimador de densidade populacional de formigueiros para os métodos de transectos em faixa e em linha; e validar o melhor plano de amostragem. Em cada entrelinha de plantio de cada talhão, os ninhos de formigas-cortadeiras foram localizados, georreferenciados e medidos. Foram gerados mapas com a localização dos ninhos e das árvores nos talhões, que serviram para a simulação dos planos. Concluiu-se que qualquer uma das linhas testadas para o lançamento de primeiro transecto pode ser utilizada no monitoramento de formigas-cortadeiras na área de estudo. A distância ótima entre os transectos em faixa foi de 96 m. A estimativa da densidade de ninhos de formigas-cortadeiras pelo estimador de área proporcional, usando transectos em faixa, é mais precisa do que pelo estimador Cottam & Curtis, com a utilização de transectos em linha, pois o primeiro produz resultados iguais aos do censo. O uso operacional dos transectos em faixa, com o estimador de área proporcional, lançados a cada 96 m a partir da terceira linha de plantio é valido para estimar a área total de formigueiros na região.

Fluxo tectônico subparalelo ao Cinturão Ribeira no sul do Espírito Santo: análise das estruturas na seção Marechal Floriano-Ibatiba

This paper discusses geometric and kinematic data obtained on the Marechal Floriano – Ibatiba section on southern State of Espirito Santo, based on the characterization of four structural domains. Domain I consists aluminous gneisses and presents NNE-trending, moderately-to-steeply, ESE-dipping foliations with subhorizontal NNE lineations and open folded pattern of planar structures. The domains II, II and IV consist of plutonic foliated rocks, commonly with steeply-dipping foliations where positive flower structures are described. In these domains, shear zones contain shallowly or even moderately plunging lineations parallel to fold axis. Shear sense indicators (S-C foliations and assimetric porfiroclasts) are consistent with top-to-SSW tectonics in all domains, suggesting the importance of a transpressive regime on this direction, like other structures described on the Rio Doce Valley and southern Rio de Janeiro.