Rinse Time Research Articles

Performance of Two Egg Collector Designs for Use with Mummichogs

AbstractThe Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus is a popular marine baitfish in the species’ natural range along the east coast of North America from Florida to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Interest in commercial culture of Mummichogs has grown over the last two decades, but little research has been conducted to examine species‐specific culture techniques; thus, Mummichog culture has not advanced. Our objectives were to evaluate the performance of two egg collectors designed to mimic the structures of natural substrates and to maximize labor efficiency. A tray‐style collector (TSC) and a disk‐style collector (DSC) were both placed in each of six 5,000‐L tanks stocked with approximately 700 adult Mummichogs of both sexes. The numbers of eggs collected, fertilized eggs, and viable larvae that hatched as well as the time required to rinse collectors during each biweekly collection were compared between the two designs. Over the 8‐week study, there was no significant difference between designs in terms of the number of eggs collected or the total rinse time. However, the percentage of unfertilized eggs collected was twice as high for TSCs (mean ± SD = 8.53 ± 0.59%) than for DSCs (4.42 ± 0.36%). Additionally, larval yield was significantly higher for DSCs (79.10 ± 12.93%) than for TSCs (72.63 ± 13.95%). Based on these results, we conclude that both designs are efficient at collecting Mummichog eggs and that the DSC is the more advantageous design for maximizing fertilization rate and larval yield.

Comparison of a continuous flow dipper well and a reduced water dipper well combined with ultraviolet radiation for control of microbial contamination

Continuous flow (CF) dipper wells, or small countertop sinks, are used in the foodservice industry for rinsing utensils such as stirring spoons and dishers. In addition, these dipper wells are designed as continuous flow not only to rinse and clean but to also control for the buildup of microorganisms. Here, we evaluate a reduced water (RW) dipper well – with and without ultraviolet subtype C (UV-C) disinfection – for control and inactivation of Escherichia coli present on a stainless steel utensil. Overall, the RW dipper well (with and without UV-C) performed significantly better than the CF dipper well for removal of E. coli in 10% skim milk medium at various exposure and rinse times. More specifically, at 5, 10, and 30 s, the RW dipper well without UV-C achieved 1.04, 1.72, and 2.03 greater log10 (CFU/ml) reduction in E. coli compared to the CF dipper well at the same treatment times, respectively. When combined with UV-C, the RW dipper well increased reduction of E. coli by 0.36–1.68 log10 (CFU/ml) over prolonged use (i.e. 2 h continuous use). Moreover, the RW dipper well combined with UV-C may provide a preventative step to reduce the growth and/or persistence of bacteria on the utensil as well as the dipper well reservoir, especially for E. coli in 10% skim milk medium. To our knowledge this is the first study to evaluate the efficacy of dipper wells – both RW and CF systems – in the removal of E. coli on a stainless steel utensil.

Production of High-Purity Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide Capture by Sorption Enhanced WGS Reaction Process

Global warming has become more and more serious, which is caused by greenhouse gases. Cutting down the emission of CO2 has already become one of the major research target in the world. This study is numerically investigating Thermal Swing Sorption Enhanced Reaction Process on water gas shift (WGS) reaction by Na2O-promoted alumina. According to Le Chateliers law, the forward reaction rates and conversion can be increased by removing some products selected. Therefore, this concept can be used to generate product of high-purity hydrogen. The purified H2 can be sent to gas turbine for generating electrical power or can be used for other energy source. Carbon dioxide can also be recovered and sequestrated to reduce greenhouse gas effects. The method of lines is utilized in simulation, combined with upwind differences, cubic spline approximation and LSODE of ODEPACK software to solve the problem. The concentration, temperature, and adsorption quantity in the bed are integrated with respect to time by LSODE of ODEPACK software. The simulation is stopped when the system reaches a cyclic steady state. In this study, we first simulate breakthrough curve of Na2O-promoted alumina cited from literatures to prove the accuracy of simulation program. The optimal operating conditions of the WGS TSA (temperature swing adsorption) single-bed six-process is obtained by varying operating variables, such as feed time and rinse time. Furthermore, WGS TSA single-bed six-process could achieve 99.89% purity of H2 (dry-basis) as the top product and 90.95% purity and 98.22% recovery of CO2 (dry-basis) as the bottom product.

Impact of cleanser, water temperature, and rinse time on skin condition

Impact of cleanser, water temperature, and rinse time on skin condition

Aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces as an antimicrobial rinse on hot dogs against Listeria monocytogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Contamination of ready-to-eat meat products by foodborne pathogens is a major concern in the food industry. Novel methods to control foodborne pathogens are made necessary by continuing outbreaks as well as the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts could be useful as a natural source of antimicrobial rinse on ready-to-eat products to control pathogens. In this study, lyophilized Hibiscus flower extracts were examined for their antimicrobial activity as a rinse on all-beef hot dogs against Listeria monocytogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Beef hot dogs were dip inoculated in overnight cultures of 1:1 mixtures of L. monocytogenes strains Scott A and 101 or MRSA strains ATCC 33591 and ATCC 33593 and were placed at 4°C overnight to allow for bacterial attachment. Hot dogs were rinsed with extracts (120, 240mg/mL) or water (control) for 5, 15, 30, or 60min and then plated immediately (0h; no storage) or stored at 4°C overnight and plated at 24h. Serial dilutions were plated in duplicate on both TSA and selection media, Modified Oxford (Listeria) or Baird Parker (MRSA), and the entire experiment was replicated 3 times. Higher extract concentrations, longer rinse times, and longer storage times were the most effective at inhibiting and/or killing L. monocytogenes and MRSA on hot dogs. L. monocytogenes was reduced to ca. 1.5logCFU/g while MRSA was reduced to undetectable levels following rinsing of hot dogs with extracts at 240mg/mL for 60min and stored for 24h. Both L. monocytogenes and MRSA were reduced ca. 2logCFU/g following rinsing of hot dogs with extracts at 120mg/mL for 60min and stored for 24h. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of Hibiscus extracts against L. monocytogenes and MRSA as an antimicrobial rinse on ready-to-eat meat products.

On the development of Vacuum Swing adsorption (VSA) technology for post-combustion CO2 capture

A metal-organic framework, UiO-66, has been evaluated as adsorbent in a post-combustion vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) process. Equilibrium isotherms of the most relevant gases (CO2 and N2) as well as breakthrough curves measured using synthetic flue gas containing 15 mol% CO2 without and with 9 mol% water vapor are reported. Based on the breakthrough data, a six step one-column VSA cycle is designed and the effects of adsorption and CO2 rinse times used on the CO2 recovery and CO2 purity are examined. With the chosen process configuration and cycle design CO2 purities around 60% and CO2 recoveries up to 70% are achieved. 50 cycle adsorption-desorption experiments show that the cyclic CO2 capacity is reduced by approximately 25% in the presence of water vapor. No reduction in cyclic capacity is observed with increased cycle number; there is rather a slight increase in cyclic capacity with cycle number indicating that a cyclic steady state still not has been reached after 50 cycles.

Effect of De-ionized Water Rinse in AlCu Line Post Etch Asher Residue Removal Process Using Fluoride Containing Stripper

Compared with hydroxylamine-based stripper process, De-ionized water rinse becomes more critical due to intermediate solvent rinse elimination in the fluoride containing stripper process. In this paper, an integrated AlCu line photoresist strip de-ionized water rinse process utilizing a fluoride containing stripper is studied systematically in following aspects: a. CO2 bubble flow rate effects to metal galvanic corrosion, metal sidewall roughness and electromigration; b. de-ionized water rinse time effects to metal post-corrosion in wet box and metal electromigration; c. de-ionized water dump time effects to metal resistivity and electromigration. The data show de-ionized water rinse optimization along with CO2 bubble flow rate fine-tuning is essential to provide effective metal corrosion prevention, smooth metal sidewall and good electro-migration.

CO2 recovery from mixtures with nitrogen in a vacuum swing adsorber using metal organic framework adsorbent: A comparative study

CO2–N2 separation by single column Vacuum Swing Adsorption was compared between a commercially available MOF (CuBTC) and a Zeolite X based adsorbent. A six-step heavy reflux VSA cycle configuration was employed in this study. For each adsorbent effect of different VSA parameters such as adsorption time, CO2 rinse time, evacuation time and evacuation with N2 purge time on CO2–N2 separation performance were studied. Results indicate that at low pressures, performance of Zeolite in terms of CO2 purity obtained was better than MOF for all the parameters studied. However, CO2 recoveries obtained with MOF were consistently more than obtained with Zeolite, which clearly indicates better regenerability of MOF.

Effect of Rinse Process on Removal of Crown Type Defects during Photoresist Development

Defect reduction is one of the most important factors to improve the process stability and yield in the wafer fabrication process. Reduction of defects after development process is a critical issue in photolithography. A special category of post development defects is the “crown defect” which is formed on large exposed or unexposed areas. In this work, the process was developed to remove crown defects from gate and hole patterns by optimizing the deionized water (DIW) rinse time and applying the sling effect. After testing at various conditions, it was found that 80 and 40 s DIW rinse combined with sling effect could completely remove the crown defects from gate and hole patterns, respectively, which would improve the product quality and yield.

A comparative evaluation of fluoridated and non-fluoridated mouthrinses using a 5-day cycling enamel erosion model

Objectives To assess the relative protective effect of commercial mouthrinses containing 0-450ppm fluoride on erosion progression in enamel using a simulated 5-day in vitro cycling model with concurrent monitoring of surface microhardness (SMH) and bulk tissue loss. Methods Specimens were randomly assigned to six treatment groups (n=6). The model mimicked morning and evening use with rinse times (30 or 60s) reflecting those prescribed on pack, interspersed with three cycles of demineralisation/remineralisation per simulated day. The latter comprised 1.0% citric acid monohydrate pH3.2 for 300s, with subsequent remineralisation in mucin-free artificial saliva pH7.0 for 120min. SMH was determined by Vickers microindentation and bulk tissue loss using white-light interferometry. Results From the end of day 1, fluoride-containing mouthrinses conferred statistically significant reductions in bulk tissue loss versus fluoride-free rinses (p<0.05), with lesion depth inversely proportional to fluoride concentration. From day 3, the mean lesion depth of specimens treated with the 450 ppm rinse were statistically significantly lower than all comparator treatment groups (p<0.05). Two distinct trends were apparent when comparing SMH changes in groups treated with fluoride-free versus fluoride-containing mouthrinses. In the latter, SMH levelled out over the final three simulated days in contrast to the former whose SMH continued to fall; differences were statistically significant at day 5 (p< 0.05). Conclusions Bulk tissue loss is inversely proportional to fluoride concentration in this cycling model. The plateau in SMH reflects stabilisation of mineral density as the study progresses and the number of fluoride binding sites and consequently uptake increases, in turn leading to enhanced lesion remineralisation.

FeS-coated sand for removal of arsenic(III) under anaerobic conditions in permeable reactive barriers

Iron sulfide (as mackinawite, FeS) has shown considerable promise as a material for the removal of As(III) under anoxic conditions. However, as a nanoparticulate material, synthetic FeS is not suitable for use in conventional permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). This study developed a methodology for coating a natural silica sand to produce a material of an appropriate diameter for a PRB. Aging time, pH, rinse time, and volume ratios were varied, with a maximum coating of 4.0 mg FeS/g sand achieved using a pH 5.5 solution at a 1:4 volume ratio (sand: 2 g/L FeS suspension), three days of aging and no rinsing. Comparing the mass deposited on the sand, which had a natural iron-oxide coating, with and without chemical washing showed that the iron-oxide coating was essential to the formation of a stable FeS coating. Scanning electron microscopy images of the FeS-coated sand showed a patchwise FeS surface coating. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a partial oxidation of the Fe(II) to Fe(III) during the coating process, and some oxidation of S to polysulfides. Removal of As(III) by FeS-coated sand was 30% of that by nanoparticulate FeS at pH 5 and 7. At pH 9, the relative removal was 400%, perhaps due to the natural oxide coating of the sand or a secondary mineral phase from mackinawite oxidation. Although many studies have investigated the coating of sands with iron oxides, little prior work reports coating with iron sulfides. The results suggest that a suitable PRB material for the removal of As(III) under anoxic conditions can be produced through the deposition of a coating of FeS onto natural silica sand with an iron-oxide coating.

Effects of DI Rinse and Oxide HF Wet Etch Processes on Silicon Substrate During Photolithography

This study shows the effects of deionized (DI) rinse and oxide HF wet etch processes on silicon substrate during a photolithography process. We found a fail at the wafer center after DI rinse step, called Si pits, during the fabrication of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device. We tried to find out the mechanism of the Si pits by using the silicon wafer on CMOS fabrication and analyzing the effects of the friction charge induced by the DI rinsing. The key parameters of this experiment were revolution per minute (rpm) and time. An incubation time of above 10 sec was observed for the formation of Si pits and the rinsing time was more effective than rpm on the formation of the Si pits. The formation mechanism of the Si pits and optimized rinsing process parameters were investigated by measuring the charging level using a plasma density monitor. The DI rinse could affect the oxide substrate by a friction charging phenomenon on the photolithography process. Si pits were found to be formed on the micro structural defective site on the Si substrate under acceleration by developed and accumulated charges during DI rinsing. The optimum process conditions of DI rinse time and rpm could be established through a systematic study of various rinsing conditions.

Synthesis and characterization of nanosized-silica gels formed under controlled conditions

Silica gel has been synthesized by the refluxing of rice husk ash with 1 M NaOH and subsequently adjusting the pH using 1 M H 2SO 4. The high purity of the silica gel has been found to be dependent on: (i) reflux time, (ii) water loading by addition of boiling DI water to the silica gel prior to titration with 1 M H 2SO 4 and (iii) rinse time on removal of impurities prior to drying. The surface area, pore size and volume of the silica gel were measured; XRD peaks of Na 2SO 4 impurity were absent after rinsing > 4 times. FTIR spectra showed that all the silica gels made by different schedules had a similar functional composition. The advantages of the present synthesis route are (i) a cost reduction due to the absence of pre-treatment for the rice husks before calcination below 700 °C, and (ii) the formation of a pure high surface area mesoporous amorphous silica gel.

Stable silicon isotope analysis on nanomole quantities using MC-ICP-MS with a hexapole gas-collision cell

We demonstrate in this study that a single focusing multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) equipped with a hexapole gas-collision cell (GV-instrument®Isoprobe) can precisely determine the δ29Si (2S.D., 0.2‰) using a total Si consumption of less than 14 nmole (390 ng Si). Testing and evaluation of background, rinse time, and major matrix effects have been performed in a systematic way to establish a procedure to measure δ29Si in small quantities. Chemical purification prior to analysis is required to remove potential interferences. For data collected during a four-year period, the average δ29Si value of IRMM-018 relative to NBS-28 was found to be −0.95‰ (n = 23, 2S.D. 0.16‰) with a 95% confidence interval (−0.95 ± 0.028‰). The mean δ29Si value of the Big-Batch standard was found to be −5.50‰ (n = 6, 2S.D. 0.26‰). Although determination of the δ30Si measurements is not possible, with our current instrument we demonstrate that this system provides a fast and long-term reliable method for the analysis of δ29Si in purified samples with low Si concentration (18 µM Si).

Sampling methods for NMR‐based metabolomics of Staphylococcus aureus

To select an appropriate sampling method for comparison of metabolite profiles between planktonic and biofilm Staphylococcus aureus using NMR techniques, we evaluated three methods: quenching-centrifugation (QC), filtration-quenching (FQ) and filtration-quenching-lyophilization (FQL). We found differences in metabolite loss, yield, reproducibility and metabolite profile. QC caused severe metabolite leakage and possible decomposition of nucleotides. FQ achieved high yields and reproducibility, although it had the disadvantages of long filtration and rinse times before quenching. FQL resulted in a loss of a few metabolites and a lower yield due to lyophilization. Although the biomarkers discovered by each method were nearly the same and seemed insensitive to technical variances, we conclude that FQ is the most appropriate sampling method because of its high yield and reproducibility.

Cleaning Process in Single Wafer Tool: Impact of Dispersion Phenomena on Rinsing Time

Silicon wafers fabrication involves many wet processes in which liquids are distributed across the wafer surface. In single wafer tools, the fluid dispense is crucial and determines how homogeneous the cleaning process will be achieved. The fluid dynamics and chemical transport in the rinsing flow are studied and it is shown that dispersion phenomena in the radial direction due to non homogeneous velocities across the fluid layer have to be taken into account in the general analysis of rinsing time.

Cleaning Process in Single Wafer Tool: Impact of Dispersion Phenomena on Rinsing Time

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An Analytical Model to Describe the Efficiency of an Immersion Rinsing Process

In this paper, a simple model is presented, describing an immersion rinsing process for flat solid substrates (e.g., semiconductor wafers). It is assumed that together with the solid a layer of processing liquid is transferred into a tank filled with rinsing liquid. The model calculates the replacement of the processing liquid with rinsing liquid as a function of the rinse time and the position in the tank. For static rinsing systems an analytical expression is readily obtained. For dynamic systems (where liquid convection plays a role) the concept of a convective boundary layer is introduced. It is assumed that within this boundary layer diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism while outside the boundary layer convection is dominant. Under these assumptions an analytical expression can also be obtained for dynamic rinsing with the thickness of the convective boundary layer as a process parameter. The resulting analytical expressions can be readily used to calculate the concentration of remaining processing liquid in the vicinity of the solid substrate as a function of rinse time. This provides a good way to determine the efficiency of the rinsing process. Moreover, these expressions allow us to assess the effect of changes in boundary layer thickness and thus can help with the optimization of existing rinsing processes.

Experimental Investigation of Buried Tritium in Plant and Animal Tissues

Buried exchangeable tritium appears as part of organically bound tritium (OBT) in the traditional experimental determination of OBT. Since buried tritium quickly exchanges with hydrogen atoms in the body following ingestion, assuming that it is part of OBT rather than part of tritiated water (HTO) could result in a significant overestimate of the ingestion dose. This paper documents an experimental investigation into the existence, amount and significance of buried tritium in plant and fish samples. OBT concentrations in the samples were determined in the traditional way and also following denaturing with five chemical solutions that break down large molecules and expose buried tritium to exchange with free hydrogen atoms. A comparison of the OBT concentrations before and after denaturing, together with the concentration of HTO in the supernatant obtained after denaturing, suggests that buried OBT may exist but makes up less than 5% of the OBT concentration in plants and at most 20% of the OBT concentration in fish. The effects of rinse time and rinse water volumes were investigated to optimize the removal of exchangeable OBT from the samples.

Preparation and characterization of polymer–carbon composite membranes for the removal of the dissolved salts from dye wastewater

Polymer–carbon composite membranes (PCC membranes here after) were prepared and used for the removal of the dissolved salts from dye wastewater. The dye wastewater used in this study was prepared by filtering with a membrane of MWCO 3500 the solution coming out of the synthetic process of Reactive Red 195. The PCC membrane system turned out to remove effectively the salts dissolved in the dye wastewater. The TDS removal efficiency increased with decreasing flow rate of the wastewater. As the flow rate was 0.5 LPM, it appeared to be about 98%. With increasing rinse time, the adsorption–desorption efficiency of the ions by the PCC membrane was improved, showing better efficiency for the TDS removal. As the TDS concentration of the wastewater decreased, its removal efficiency increased and reached about 99% at the TDS concentration of less than 2000 ppm.