Ring Resonator Antenna Research Articles

An ultra-thin high-efficiency plasmonic metalens with symmetric split ring transmitarray metasurfaces

Metasurface lenses (or metalenses) have aroused great attentions and efforts in the community of metamaterials or metasurfaces due to its ultrathin device dimension and superior focusing performances. High-efficiency transmissive metalenses with an ultra-thin device thickness are an important aspect especially in the low frequency by using plasmonic transmitarray antennas. In this paper, an ultra-thin plasmonic metalens with only 0.1λ (λ is working wavelength, the aperture size is 7λ) device thickness is designed by changing the radius of the proposed symmetric complementary split ring resonator antenna metasurfaces. Thanks to its high transmittance and large phase shift of the plasmonic meta-atoms, the designed metalens achieves both high transmissive efficiency of 80% and high focusing efficiency of 50% on the focal plane of F = 4.6λ in the simulations. The designed ultra-thin plasmonic metalens has a moderate large numerical aperture of 0.67 (NA = 0.67). In order to verify its high working efficiency of the proposed plasmonic metalens, a sample is also fabricated and a much higher focusing efficiency of 65% is realized in the measurements. The influence of the open angles of the symmetric split ring transmitarray metasurface on the focusing performances such as working efficiency and NA of the designed metalens is also studied and analyzed finally, which can add new degree of freedoms to optimize its focusing performance. The presented studies can facilitate the development of high-efficiency metalenses in the low frequency and have significant potential applications in high-resolution microwave imaging, high-gain metalens antennas and others.

A Low-Profile, Electrically Small Ferrite Core-Loaded Grounded Split Ring Resonator Antenna for Military VHF/UHF Communication

A Low-Profile, Electrically Small Ferrite Core-Loaded Grounded Split Ring Resonator Antenna for Military VHF/UHF Communication

Multi-band orbital angular momentum mode-division multiplexing by a compact set of microstrip ring-shaped resonator antenna.

Optical beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have received much attention due to the prospects of their use in terahertz communications, biomedical engineering, and imaging. Here we propose an antenna design for the generation of multiple beams carrying OAM with different topological states at the same frequency. The proposed OAM generator is based on a compact set of microstrip ring-shaped resonators. An analytical solution for the radiated field of a single circular ring resonator antenna is derived involving the cavity model and the magnetic current approach. To verify our theoretical description, the numerical full-wave simulation is performed for an actual size OAM generator with the use of the ANSYS HFSS electromagnetic solver, and an antenna prototype operating in the microwave band is fabricated and tested. Conditions of the antenna operation in the combined OAM and mode-division multiplexing (OAM-MDM) regimes are discussed. Obtained results prove that the proposed antenna can be used as a compact and low-cost generator of multiple beams with different OAM states.

A Novel Ultrawideband Gear-Shaped Dielectric Ring Resonator Antenna

In this study, a novel ultrawideband (UWB) dielectric ring resonator (DRR) antenna has been proposed. DRR antennas include a single monopole antenna in the center of a ground plane and a dielectric with a symmetric structure around the monopole. This structure will lead to ultrawide band antenna. However, it is still possible to enhance the antenna bandwidth. In this study, we combine the DRR structure with an array antenna. The proposed antenna includes a circular array of four triangle resonators, which is rotated around the center of the triangle base to form a gear-shaped ring resonator antenna. In this design, characteristics of all these antennas are combined to enhance the antenna bandwidth including triangular dielectric resonator, circular array antenna, dielectric ring resonator structure, and a quarter-wave electric monopole. Triangular dielectric resonator antennas are wideband and in small size. Ring resonator antennas are inherently ultrawideband. Quarter-wave electric monopole and circular array structure can also enhance antenna bandwidth. This novel shape of the DRR antenna possesses the wider impedance bandwidth compared to similar works. Impedance bandwidth is 150% (5.2–36.1 GHz), and the bandwidth ratio is 1 : 6.9, which is much greater than earlier reports.

Estimation of Glucose Levels in Blood Sample using A Biosensor

This paper discusses about estimation of glucose concentration in blood using a Triple pole Complementary split ring resonator (TP-CSRR) antenna. Glucose concentration in blood is the direct indicator of Diabetes disease. The designed microstrip antenna operates in range of 2-5 Ghz and has a resonance frequency of 3.35 Ghz when simulated. When the antenna is excited, blood acts as dielectric load to it. Hence the glucose concentration of blood affects the resonant frequency and amplitude at resonant frequency of the s21 parameter of the antenna. Using this information, we can estimate the glucose concentration of blood sample. Debye model was used to model the blood. It is effective in detecting glucose concentration of Type-2 diabetes (70-120 mg/dL). The amplitude sensitivity is 0.58 dB(mg/ml) and frequency sensitivity is 583 Mhz/(mg/ml).

Three-Stacked Dielectric Ring Resonator Loaded Hybrid Monopole Antenna for Improved Ultrawide Bandwidth

In this paper, a new wide-band and compact three-segment composite dielectric ring resonator (DRR) antenna excited by an axi-symmetric coaxial monopole has been introduced. The proposed antenna has been investigated numerically and experimentally for enhanced impedance bandwidth. At the lowest operating frequency, the presented antenna has a footprint area of just 0.16 x 0.16 . According to the measurement results, the antenna offers a fractional impedance bandwidth equal to 15 % with 8dBi peak gain. The antenna provides symmetrical and stable monopole like radiation pattern over the entire impedance bandwidth. With such performance, the suggested antenna can be usefully employed in different wide-band applications such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) and defense applications.

Comparison of Wearable E-Textile Split Ring Resonator and Slotted Patch RFID Reader Antennas Embedded in Work Gloves

We present a glove-integrated slotted patch and split ring resonator (SRR) antennas for a wearable UHF RFID reader operating at 866 MHz. The prototype antennas are made of adhesive electro-textile on low-permittivity foam material. To characterize the antennas, we tested them wirelessly in communication with a common dipole type RFID tag to estimate its reflection coefficient, realized gain, maximum power transmission according to specific absorption rate (SAR) limitations, and maximum read range. We also analyze the effects of variable separation between the human hand and the antenna to confirm stable operation required by the application. The results showed that both—slotted patch and SRR—antennas are feasible for the work glove applications providing the read range up to 300 cm and 180 cm respectively.

Metamaterial Inspired Microstrip Offset Feed Truncated Antenna for Automotive Radar Application

A state-of-the-art design of microstrip offset feed truncated antenna for automotive radar applications operating at 24 GHz UWB band is proposed. The rectangular patch is truncated and ring shaped co directional complementary split ring resonator is imprinted on edge truncated rectangular patch to radiate in the short-range radar UWB band. The proposed antenna with Co-directional complementary split ring resonator antenna is having measurement of 5.1 x 4.65 x1.6 mm3 with operating frequency ranges from 24.6 to 30.3 GHz.This work comprises the thorough inquiries such as return loss, distribution of surface current, gain and radiation pattern. With the help of parametric analysis width of slit (z), width of feed (Wf) and length of feed (lf) the dimension of the proposed antenna is obtained. Simulation have shown decent fairness which proves the feasibility of the projected antenna for the automotive short-range RADAR application.

A compact energy harvesting multiband rectenna based on metamaterial complementary split ring resonator antenna and modified hybrid junction ring rectifier

This article presents an improved wireless energy harvesting multiband rectifying antenna. The proposed design is based on an original optimized bidirectional complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) metamaterial multiband antenna and a modified hybrid junction ring rectifier with four rectifying branches. It harvests the ambient radiofrequency radiations at GSM, 1.8 GHz; UMTS, 2.1 GHz; WiFi, 2.45 GHz; and 4G-2.6 GHz GSM bands. The created prototypes are printed on a 1.57-mm-thickness FR4 substrate and achieve the needed dimensional optimization in both antenna and rectifier. The CSRR antenna accomplished a maximum harvesting realized gain of 2.41, 2.26, 1.58, and 2.69 dB on the aforementioned frequency bands, respectively, 63.75% of antenna size reduction, and 23.62% rectifier size reduction regarding the conventional designs. The hybrid ring junction is used to independently match the subrectifiers at each frequency band. The realized rectenna has been accurately tested in both controlled and outdoor environments, achieving a 67.6% peak efficiency at 1.8 GHz frequency band for an input power level of 10 dBm. It powered up a digital batteryless watch in the outdoor experiment.

Textile split ring resonator antenna integrated by embroidery

A split ring resonator (SRR) antenna integrated in textile by embroidery is reported. The antenna was designed and produced by targeting two goals. First, a size reduction of the antenna was achieved by means of an SRR. Secondly, the connection loss was reduced by using a copper wire dipole fixed by embroidery. On the basis of numerical simulations, three operating modes are evidenced depending on the individual resonance frequency either of the dipole or resonator-related. Especially, a balanced mode is confirmed by experiments with two resonances measured at 1.8 and 2.2 GHz with a return loss greater than 31 dB. Finally, the textile antenna exhibits a radiation pattern similar to the radiation pattern of a dipole antenna.

In brief

PAGE 558 Two researchers from India have devised an oil-spill detection method using hybrid-pol data carried out through a reconstruction technique. The novel method tested on two different datasets demonstrated improved detection over competing state-of-the methods, utilising Oil Spill Index (OSI) as a new parameter. PAGE 525 The current correlation pattern recognition (CPR) paradigm does not account for the negative impact of clusters on correlation output. A team of researchers from Pakistan has proposed a clutter defiance strategy based on object segmentation through an active contour approach, with consistent improvement across a range of challenging distorted images. An annotated RGB decomposed AIRSAR image. PAGE 548 A team of researchers from China have developed a compact substrate integrated waveguide three-state diplexer which operates at three frequency bands by integrating three diplexers in three different states on a single circuit. A ‘+’ shaped slot etched onto the waveguide cavity further improves design flexibility and can be used to independently control the resonant frequencies. Added complexity cluttered test images. PAGE 540 In cloud systems, malicious users can initiate side channel attacks to steal private information through virtualisation. Researchers from India present a multi-objective load balancing framework to minimise attack likelihood by reducing the number of shared servers, with this approach drastically improving resource and power usage. TE102 mode current distribution in cavity. PAGE 508 A collaboration of researchers from France have designed and fabricated a split ring resonator antenna integrated in textiles by embroidery. The textile antenna exhibited a radiation pattern similar to that of a dipole antenna and evidenced three operating modes dependent on the individual resonance frequency of either the dipole or resonator. Chromosome encoding and mutation operation. Schematic and image views of embroidered antenna.

Long Range Multilayer Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide Components and Integrated Circuit

In this work, CMOS compatible hybrid insulator metal insulator (HIMI) planar plasmonic waveguide based components such as, racetrack ring resonator, y-splitter, coupler and dual parabolic profile nano antenna have been proposed and investigated at 1.55 μm operating wavelength for the first time. The proposed components are analyzed at various parametric variations using CST microwave studio. The proposed racetrack ring resonator offers 153.88 nm free spectral range, 0.3232 nm FWHM and 46.57 dB extinction ratio at 0.40 μm radius and 0.49 μm separation length. Y-splitter divides equal power of 46.85% in both output arms and coupler couples till 86.5% power in coupled arm. The dual parabolic profile nano antenna offers a gain, bandwidth and efficiency of 7.99 dB, 203 THz and 84.56 % respectively. Using all the components, HIMI plasmonic integrated circuits have also been designed and investigated for on chip applications. Proposed components work very efficiently in chip scale integrated circuit. This investigation provides groundwork for future chip scale applications.

Design of a compact size tag antenna based on split ring resonator for UHF RFID application

In this article, a new design of miniaturized split-ring resonator antenna using a meander line technique with a simple impedance matching method applicable to UHF-RFID tags is presented. The new approach is based on the integration of a meander line into the radiating element of SRR to reduce the electrical tag size and a theoretical demonstration to calculate the conjugate impedance matching and directly attach the antenna with the chip. The new SRR antenna, which is printed on the flexible substrate Arlon CuClad 250LX, is designed using Alien Higgs 3 RFID ASIC whose input impedance is 25-j190. The prototype antenna has a low-cost compact size (18.28 mm × 18.28 mm) with a read range higher than 4 m within the RFID UHF band and with a roughly 4.2-m peak range at 915 MHz. As a proof of behavior, a tag prototype is fabricated and measured to operate at a UHF RFID band. Based on some works' results, an optimized design is obtained with a 48% size reduction compared with the classic split ring resonator antenna and with a good impedance matching the antenna with RFID ASIC without the need for any external matching network.

Novel D SRR‐based dual band antenna for WiMAX/C applications

AbstractA novel miniaturized D shape split ring resonator (SRR) antenna is proposed for dual band (3.6 GHz and 4.7 GHz) applications. This proposed antenna structure has dimensions of 18 × 20 × 0.8 mm3 which is built on FR4 dielectric constant ( ε r=4.4). This antenna consists of top and bottom side dual SRR creating dual band resonant frequency which is excited from microstrip line as monopole and slotted partial ground plane for better impedance matching. The microstrip line (monopole) is creating a resonance frequency at 4.7 GHz and the SRR is responsible for creating resonance frequency at the frequency of 3.6 GHz. The parametric study of microstrip line and the position of SRR has been analyzed. The D shape SRR in the monopole is generating another resonating frequency at 3.6 GHz. The metamaterial property of proposed D shape SRR is also verified to validate the resonance frequency. The antenna radiation measurement is carried out in Antenna Research Centre (ARC) FKE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. Both simulated and measured results agreed well. Measured gain achieved with this dual band antenna is around 2‐3 dB.

Gain enhancement of truncated conical dielectric ring resonator antenna based on metasurface walls

A physically accomplished truncated conical dielectric ring resonator (DRR) is designed and experimented to validate the performance parameters. The DRR loaded on brass ground plane fed by coaxial probe resonates in three frequencies: 12.5, 19.7, and 23.5 GHz. Among three resonances, the first one is radiating and shows reasonable broadside gain of 4.3 dBi. The higher resonances are nonradiating and offer very low gain. The frequency selective metasurface walls are realized by complementary split Ring resonators and positioned sensitively near the conical DRR. The gain performance at 12.5 GHz has been improved to 18 dBi with -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 900 MHz (12.2-13.1 GHz) by incorporation of lateral frequency selective surface wall with suppression of higher nonradiating modes. The proposed antenna structure has been designed, simulated with the commercially available HFSS software to achieve the optimized dimension and validated with the measurement results.

Design and adaptation of a folded split ring resonator antenna for use in an animal-borne sensor

We present the design, optimisation and practical evaluation of a folded split ring resonator (FSRR) antenna for the purpose of radio communication with an animal-borne sensor. We show that the measurements agree with the simulated results and that we are able to produce an electrically small antenna with low mismatch, high radiation efficiency and a quasi-isotropic radiation pattern. We then adapt the topology of the design from a circular to a rectangular shape, to completely fit inside the sensor enclosure. A quasi-isotropic pattern is maintained as well as low mismatch by appropriate tuning. There is a decrease in radiation efficiency which may be countered by a thinner substrate and retuning. We conclude that the adapted FSRR antenna is a suitable design for our application.

A Multifunctional Antenna with a Small Form Factor: Designing a Novel Series-Fed Compact Triangular Microstrip Ring Resonator Antenna Array

This article examines a noval series-fed triangular microstrip ring resonator (TMRR) antenna array. Each radiating element is made up of a wavelength-long microstrip line with the two ends joined together to form an isosceles triangle. The antenna array is fed by an N-shaped microstrip feed line and excited by a coaxial feed probe. The operational mechanism of the proposed feed system in terms of its electrodynamics is examined with respect to its relative size occupancy, dispersion along the feed line, and the feed effect on the spatial orientation of the propagated radio waves. The size occupancy of the antenna array is 45 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> × 60 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with a measured reflection coefficient S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> of -27.5 dB at a resonant frequency of 5.76 GHz. The simulated S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> is -29.2 dB at a resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz. The measured gain is roughly 10.46 dBi using the absolute gain method. The resulting antenna array is compact in size and exhibits reasonable performance in terms of gain, reflection coefficient, low mass/volume, and weight.

A Metamaterial Inspired Compact Open Split Ring Resonator Antenna for Multiband Operation

In this work, a metamaterial inspired compact open split ring resonator (OSRR) antenna is investigated for multiband operation. The proposed antenna uses closely employed open split rings as a radiating element which provides efficient size reduction and broader bandwidth performance. The proposed antenna with the overall size of 27.5 ? 16.08 ? 1.6 mm3 is fabricated and tested. The measured results indicate that it covers 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz (Wireless LAN), 5.5 GHz (WiMAX) and 7.4 GHz (X-band downlink) applications. The OSRR antenna has achieved size reduction of 38.83% and 52.83% compared to the split ring resonator and ring antennas respectively. It is observed that the proposed antenna produces better performance than the existing antennas in the literature.

Study of harmonic suppression using defected ground structure for OSRR antenna

In this study, a co-planar waveguide (CPW) fed open split ring resonator (OSRR) antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed to achieve harmonics suppression. The proposed antenna consists of OSRR structure and two modified F-shaped DGS (MFDGS), which is responsible for miniaturization and wide-band stop characteristics respectively. From the results of measured reflection coefficient, we observe that the proposed antenna structure is able to suppress higher frequencies between 3 GHz and 8 GHz. Particularly in the second frequency, suppression is attained up to 19 dB. Further analysis shows, the peak gain and radiation pattern of proposed structure is suppressed up to 20 and 30 dB respectively at second harmonic frequency. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:1353–1358, 2016

Analysis of the Split Ring Resonator (SRR) Antenna Applied to Passive UHF-RFID Tag Design

An electrically small planar passive UHF-RFID tag based on an edge-coupled split ring resonator (EC-SRR) antenna is presented in this work. In order to explore the potentiality and limitations of the SRR antenna and to aid the tag design, an analytical study of the SRR radiation properties at its fundamental resonance is presented for the first time. Radiation resistance, efficiency, polarization, bandwidth, and impedance matching with the radio-frequency identification (RFID) application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) are treated in the study. Based on such analysis, the tag design process is presented, and a tag prototype of size $30\;\text{mm}\times30\;\text{mm} (\lambda_{0}/11\times\lambda_{0}/11)$ is designed to operate in the North-American UHF-RFID band (902–928 MHz) and manufactured. The measured read range is in good agreement with the simulation and reaches 9.3 m at 911 MHz. The tag also features a mitigation of the blind spots, providing a minimum measured read range of 4.2 m.