Ring Pack Research Articles

High efficiency laboratory fractionation. II. Glass laboratory stills

AbstractTwo glass fractionating columns for precise laboratory work are described. They have boilers of capacity 200 ml. and 1 litre respectively. Both are capable of fractionating material of boiling point up to 300° c. at atmospheric or reduced pressure.The boiler and column in each case are surrounded by oil jackets which prevent heat losses from the system. Boilers and jackets are electrically heated.Gauze ring packing, fully described in a previous paper,1 is used together with a device which enables the packing to be flooded and it is to these features that the high efficiency of the fractionating columns is ascribed.In a previous paper1 the development and use of gauze ring packing for high efficiency fractionation was described and the importance of proper preflooding was emphasized. This paper describes fractionating apparatus which is easily controlled, in which the operating conditions have been determined, and where gauze ring packing may be used to its full advantage.

High efficiency laboratory fractionation. I. Gauze ring packing and flooding technique for laboratory columns

AbstractThe development of gauze ring random packing for laboratory scale fractionating columns is described. The packing consists of small open‐ended cylinders of wire gauze and the column is operated in such a manner that a thin film of liquid is maintained over the entire surface of these cylinders. This Aim is produced by flooding the packing before the start of a fractionation and a method of doing this is described. This packing shows a high fractionating efficiency, a fractionating performance of 84 theoretical plates per foot of height having been obtained with some columns. It has also a low hold‐up per theoretical plate and a low pressure drop. It may be used in place of other packings in existing columns.High efficiency fractionation has been developed in the Billingham laboratories of the Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited, primarily for the analysis of complex hydrocarbon mixtures. Before 1936, the most common random packings were glass and metal beads,1 Lessing rings of metal or ceramic materials,2 metal eyelets, carding teeth,3 and jack chain.4 The fractionating efficiency of these packings was low, being only equivalent to about four theoretical plates per foot of height.Notable increases in efficiency were later obtained by Fenske5 using single turn wire helices, by Stedman6 who used a regular packing in the form of conical wire gauzes and by Lecky and Ewell7 who produced a spiral packing made from wire gauze.It was found in these laboratories that the gauze packings of Stedman and Lecky and Ewell were difficult to construct, needed precision bore glass tubing to ensure high efficiency, and that a uniform flow of reflux over the gauze surface was not obtainable. To improve the liquid distribution copper gauze cylinders in the form of Lessing rings 1/8 in. × 1/8 in. were introduced into the empty spaces around the cones of the Stedman packing and a great improvement in efficiency was obtained. A further improvement was obtained by removing the gauze cones completely and replacing them with more gauze rings. Since this cylindrical packing was comparatively easy to manufacture and use, the development work on other packings was abandoned and from 1941 to 1943 a study was made of the variables affecting the performance of this packing. The results of this work are summarized in this paper. A mixture of 20% normal heptane and 80% methyl cyclohexane was used throughout for the determination of fractionating efficiency.

高温度に於ける磨耗

From the abrasion test of various metals which are using as cylinder liner and piston packing ring of internal combustion engine in the lubricating oil at 200°C, the author has obtained following result:1. The pair of nitrided steel and 0·5-0·6% C-steel is the best. 2. The pair of cast iron is not good, the loss of weight attains to 10-30 times of former case. 3. There is very few relation between the abrasion at room temperature and the temperature of the cylinder wall. 4. The temperature of the cylinder wall may be lower than 200°C and rather good lubricating condition.

氣密完全なるスタッフィング・ボックスの研究

A new metallic packing for ensuring the tightness of the stuffing box was invented, and some properties of the packing were investigated. Metallic packing alone is not enough to attain the perfect tightness of air at constant high pressure ; but if an oil box, containing some viscous liquid in it, be placed between the packing rings, no leakage of air and only a few drops of the liquid per minute pushed out will be observed. Results of the experiments of our metallic packing without any oil box employed for the 4 stage air compressor were much more satisfactory in comparison with ordinary non metallic packings. Above 40 atms. of the air pressure the frictional resistance of packing becomes considerable and also its wear will not be negligible.

もんてびでお丸機關に就て

On the Engines of the Motoraship “Monte Video Maru” By Y. Mitamura.The paper describes the author's observations on the engines during his trip as a guarantee engineer on the vessel's maiden voyage to South America Sc back. The principal remarks made are : -the break down of the main engine piston packing ring, the erosion and damage given to the compressor H.P. valve, the stickiness of the bush to the main engine fuel-pump plunger, the rub-off of the cylinder liners and piston packing rings, the relation between the sparks from funnels and the fuel oils, the impurities in lubricating oil and its removal, the engine-room temperature and its ventilation.

On the Shape of a Piston Packing Ring

On the Shape of a Piston Packing Ring

Theory and Construction of Piston Packing Ring of Uniform Section

Theory and Construction of Piston Packing Ring of Uniform Section

Some experimental investigation of the Ramsbottom's packing rings

Some experimental investigation of the Ramsbottom's packing rings

Should a Piston Packing Ring Be of the Same Thickness at Every Point?

Should a Piston Packing Ring Be of the Same Thickness at Every Point?

Cylinder condensation in steam engines. An experimental investigation

The tribological performance of piston rings in reciprocating internal combustion engines can only be fully understood when both lubrication and wear are considered in combination. To this end, a numerical model has been developed that predicts the dynamics, lubrication and wear of piston rings interactively for the first time. This paper reports the application of this new model to the piston ring pack of a diesel engine. With the overall aim of evaluating the correlation between theory and experiments, this analysis is divided into two discrete parts. First, the model is used to predict the lubrication performance of measured ring packs before and after periods of running, at constant speed and load, in a Caterpillar 1Y73 single-cylinder diesel engine: the objective being to establish the change in tribological behaviour with observed wear in the engine. Secondly, the model is used interactively to predict the lubrication and wear of the top compression ring from the same engine. This research advances the understanding of piston ring profile evolution with time and its dependence on complex interactions between lubrication and wear.