Ring Of Fire Research Articles

Development of a tsunami early warning system on the coast of Palu based on maritime wireless communication

Indonesia, located in the “Ring of Fire” zone, is a tsunami-prone area, especially those earthquake-induced. Therefore, a tsunami early warning system is crucial for reducing potential damage. Ina-TEWS is an Indonesian tsunami early warning system that relies on buoys, uses seismic sensors to detect a tsunami, sends out its warning within 5 min. Ina-TEWS requires maintenance and supervision, especially since 22 buoys were declared lost or damaged in 2012–2018. Therefore, Indonesia needs a faster and more reliable backup early warning system. This study proposes a new method by integrating maritime wireless communication between ships on the open sea and ship-to-coastal radio stations in the Palu Port. The ships used are passenger ships equipped with VHF radio communication which is the main working frequency for signal propagation. Numerical modeling of tsunamis was carried out using Delft3D and Delft Dashboard, using earthquake and fault parameters from PUSGEN. The output of this study is the required VHF signal propagation times for each tsunami scenario less than 1 min. Standard operating procedure (SOP) has also been developed based on the worst scenario. The development of this system is expected to enhance tsunami mitigation systems in Indonesia by replacing the buoys in the future.

A macroblock 2D finite element model for assessing the roots of failure of Huaca de la Luna’s main pyramid (Peru) under seismic action

This study contributes to the seismic structural failure analysis of the main pyramid of the archaeological complex Huaca de la Luna, Peru. Built with millions of adobe bricks by the Moche civilization (200–850C.E.), the monument is one of the largest adobe structures in the world. The monument shows signs of severe natural and anthropogenic damage due to its position along the Pacific Ring of Fire and extensive looting since Spanish colonial times. The pyramid was built as a succession of taller and larger platforms, each formed by erecting adjacent but disconnected vertical piers made of adobe masonry. A multiscale 2D nonlinear finite element (FE) model is introduced for assessing the contribution of this pier architecture to the structural response of the pyramid. The time-evolution of elastic strain and plastic dissipation energies is used to quantitatively track structural failure. The instant of structural collapse and attendant lateral capacity can be extracted from the point at which these energies match. Critical regions of a representative cross-section are modelled with individual piers represented by macroblocks and separated by frictional interfaces. A continuous description is adopted for the remaining part of the model. A nonlinear, two-dimensional (2D) plane strain analysis is conducted in Abaqus/CAE Explicit using concrete damaged plasticity and Mohr-Coulomb formulations for adobe construction and soft soil, respectively. A two-stage assessment procedure begins with a quasi-static analysis to predict the stress state due to gravitational load. A dynamic analysis follows to identify lateral capacity and failure mechanisms triggered by monotonically increasing ground acceleration. The development of local damage conditions up to structural collapse is visualized by the nucleation and propagation of maximum principal plastic strains throughout the model. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect on lateral capacity of the contact friction coefficient between macroblocks and the number of macroblocks used to discretize the critical area. Introducing macroblocks to the model produces lateral capacities that are lower than analogous, purely-continuum models. These results are shown to be critically affected by the frictional coefficient that governs contact between the macroblocks. The results of this study offer critical insights on the consolidation strategy for the northwest corner of the pyramid and may find application to similarly-built historical earthen structures in northern Peru.

On-site aerodynamics investigation of speed skating

An aerodynamic assessment is presented of two elite skaters, each in two different skating postures, at the ice-rink Thialf in Heerenveen, the Netherlands, via on-site Ring of Fire (RoF) measurements. This experimental approach adopts stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (Stereo-PIV) to measure the flow upstream and downstream of the skaters. Both skaters transit through the RoF 20 times, 10 in each skating configurations. Athlete A skates with two hands on the back and with one arm on the back and one loose. Athlete B skates with one arm loose in a normal deep sit and in an extreme deep sit. All tests are performed at a nominal skating speed of 11 m/s.Firstly, the wake velocity fields of skater A with two hands on the back are presented throughout five different phases of the skate stroke. Significant variations in the distribution of the velocity deficit downstream of the athlete are observed, which suggest corresponding variations in the skater's aerodynamic drag. These velocity fields are also compared to literature and the similarities and differences are discussed between the flow around a static skater and that in the natural skating motion. Secondly, average streamwise velocity and vorticity fields for all 4 different postures are presented and compared. It is observed that for all cases the maximum velocity deficit in the wake is in the range of 0.45 ≤ ux* ≤ 0.55 and is located behind the lower back and upper legs. Furthermore, a characteristic vortex pair is observed downstream of the skater's hips for all four skating configurations, indicating it is independent of the athlete, the posture, and skating phase.The ensemble average aerodynamic drag is evaluated via a control volume approach along the wake behind the skater, accounting for the non-uniform flow conditions prior to the skater's passage. The uncertainty of the average drag measurements from the present RoF is about 5%. The results show that the optimization of the deep sit, e.g. the trunk and knee angle, yields a reduction by 7.5% of the skater's aerodynamic drag. Conversely, the difference in drag between two arms loose and one arm loose is not statistically significant.

PELATIHAN KESELAMATAN TERHADAP GEMPA DI KELURAHAN BENDUNG KECAMATAN KASEMEN KOTA SERANG

Indonesia is an earthquake-prone country. Almost all of the islands in Indonesia lie in the ring of fire of the world's earthquakes. Earthquake disasters often occur and cause a lot of loss, both property and casualties. However, until now, education for the public to be prepared for earthquake disasters is still inadequate. The community is always unprepared and only resigned to fate in facing the earthquake. Earthquake disaster mitigation is generally the responsibility of the government, but the government itself cannot make effective efforts without the help of experts and the participation of the community itself. The PKM Earthquake Safety Training Program is aimed at the people of Kelurahan Bendung, Kecamatan Kasemen, Serang, Banten because based on the findings of the latest earthquake fault, namely the Baribis Fault, the area has the potential for a large earthquake to occur. This program aims to educate the people there about prevention efforts before an earthquake occurs, what to do when an earthquake occurs, and what to do after an earthquake occurs. It is hoped that the knowledge provided will be useful, and the people there can be prepared for earthquake disasters, so that loss of life and property due to the earthquake can be diminished.

CLUSTERING ZONASI DAERAH RAWAN BENCANA ALAM DI PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA K-MEANS DAN LIBRARY GEOPANDAS

Indonesia is one of the countries that are often affected by natural disasters because it is located on the Asia Pacific Ring of Fire. West Sumatra province is one of the most frequently hit by natural disasters including earthquakes. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics of West Sumatra from 2018-2021, there were 1,148 earthquake cases and 1,503 flood cases. The objective of this study is to reveal areas prone to natural disasters in West Sumatra province using K-Means algorithm and GeoPandas visualization. After doing data processing for the optimal K value, 3 clusters were obtained, namely, cluster 1 is not prone to natural disasters, cluster 2 is prone to natural disasters and cluster 3 is very prone to natural disasters. From this research, it is found that cluster 1 has 7 members of the region, cluster 2 has 11 members of the region, and cluster 3 has 1 member of the region.

Creation of the first regional medical resource map for use in a disaster

BackgroundJapan is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire and experiences frequent earthquakes. In addition, as the climate is changing due to global warming, heavy rains have caused frequent floods recently. Following the occurrence of disasters, citizens often experience confusion regarding access to healthcare services. Moreover, health professionals often face uncertainty regarding the availability of medical services in their local area. The Tokyo Kita city Pharmacist Association (KPA) independently developed the pharmacist safety confirmation (PSC) and pharmacy status confirmation (PSTC) systems to provide information regarding pharmaceutical resources during a disaster. These systems are very useful; however, they only provide information about pharmacies. Using this system as a base, a regional medical resource (RMR) map was created in cooperation with the Medical Association and Dental Association to provide useful medical resource information for clinicians and citizens during a disaster. ObjectivesThe study aimed to assess the effectiveness and reliability of the RMR map. MethodsThe PSC and PSTC systems were originally invented by the KPA. The systems were employed in the event of actual earthquakes and flood damages and have produced positive results. An RMR map was created as a new resource map system by updating the software and platform of PSC and PSTC, and its reliability and efficacy were verified using drills. Drills were conducted seven times from 2018 to 2021. ResultsOut of the 527 member facilities, 450 were registered. The response rate ranged from 49.4% to 73.8% and the system successfully created useful maps. ConclusionThis is the first report on the creation of an effective RMR map that can be used for helping people during disasters in Japan.

Review of Zoning Regulations for Seismic Area on the Southwest Coast of Sumatra, Indonesia

<p>Regional Indonesia is one of the countries with high seismicity as it is located in the Ring of Fire. This article describes and analyzes the regulations concerning the earthquake- prone areas on the southwest coast of Sumatera Island, particularly in Bengkulu. Earthquake and disaster-related data are taken using the library method from several previous research results and<br />disaster reports from government agencies. The research result shows that medium-risk earthquake hazards dominate Bengkulu City. Several policies and regulations concerning urban land use are issued, but they must be further harmonized with earthquake disaster mitigation objectives. Almost all areas are located in the moderate seismic hazard area, so general rules and parameters are required for the classification structure; this is a must to<br />ensure that in case of earthquake, human lives are protected. Detailed spatial plans and zoning regulations become essential documents that can regulate spatial use in detail, accompanied by calculations related to the density and environmental conditions of the area given the spatial provisions.</p>

Breaking the Ring of Fire: How Ridge Collision, Slab Age, and Convergence Rate Narrowed and Terminated the Antarctic Continental Arc

AbstractThe geometry of the Antarctic‐Phoenix Plate system, with the Antarctic Plate forming both the overriding plate and the conjugate to the subducting oceanic plate, allows quantification of slab age and convergence rate back to the Paleocene and direct comparison with the associated magmatic arc. New Ar‐Ar data from Cape Melville (South Shetland Islands, SSI) and collated geochronology shows Antarctic arc magmatism ceased at ∼19 Ma. Since the Cretaceous, the arc front remained ∼100 km from the trench whilst its rear migrated trenchward at 6 km/Myr. South of the SSI, arc magmatism ceased ∼8–5 Myr prior to each ridge‐trench collision, whilst on the SSI (where no collision occurred) the end of arc magmatism predates the end of subduction by ∼16 Myr. Despite the narrowing and successive cessation of the arc, geochemical and dyke orientation data shows the arc remained in a consistently transitional state of compressional continental arc and extensional backarc tectonics. Numerically relating slab age, convergence rate, and slab dip to the Antarctic‐Phoenix Plate system, we conclude that the narrowing of the arc and the cessation of magmatism south of the SSI was primarily in response to the subduction of progressively younger oceanic crust, and secondarily to the decreasing convergence rate. Increased slab dip beneath the SSI migrated the final magmatism offshore. Comparable changes in the geometry and composition are observed on the Andean arc, suggesting slab age and convergence rate may affect magmatic arc geometry and composition in settings currently attributed to slab dip variation.

GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN OIL AND GAS COMPANIES

Indonesia is a country that has the largest geothermal potential in the world because it is in the ring of fire. Indonesia's geothermal energy reserves are 29,4 GW. However, until 2022, geothermal installed capacity in Indonesia is only around 2,175 GW, which is still far from its true potential. Geothermal energy development is needed for Indonesia to empower sustainable energy systems, so as to achieve the target of 3,1 GW based on the 2017 RUEN. To achieve the RUEN target, better development is needed through the role of the oil and gas industry. Geothermal development is seen as a complex dynamic system, with complex challenges to achieve this goal. This paper aims to understand the complexities of geothermal energy development. For this purpose, this paper analyzes geothermal development with a holistic and systematic approach using the conceptual stage of the system dynamics approach. The conceptual model shows that there are many factors that underlie the development ofgeothermal energy in Indonesia.

Earthquake hotspot and coldspot: Where, why and how?

• Global earthquake hotspot and coldspot were identified. • Statistical methods of hotspot analysis and optimized hotspot analysis. • Benioff/subduction zones are the most potential hotspot zone. • Optimized hotspot analysis emerges as the most probabilistic method. Global tectonic activities are playing an important role in the occurrences of devastating earthquakes and related long-term changes in the earth's system surface. However, the plate tectonics processes and their interaction with the earth's crust are very much complex, and it is a subject of unending debate. Therefore, tectonism-induced landslide, tsunami, liquefaction, and fire are significant earthquake-related hazards, which have a larger potential and overwhelming impact on life and infrastructural properties throughout the world. In this study, we have emphasized the identification of earthquake hotspot and coldspot zones considering historical earthquake data across the plate boundary of the world. Here, a total of 7773 historical earthquake points were collected as input parameters with three-moment magnitude (M w ) classes (<4.5, 4.5-6.0, and >6.0). Two statistical methods namely hotspot analysis (Getis-Ord GI*) and optimized hotspot analysis were used in the detection of global earthquake hotspot and coldspot zones using the geographic information system (GIS) platform. Hotspot and coldspot zone are identified under 99%, 95%, and 90% confidence levels. Alongside, here we have also discussed the paradigm, evidence of tectonic, and historical earthquakes, and how and why they are formed with the help of the existing theoretical constraints. The result indicates that the Pacific ring of fire, Peru-Chile Trench, and the mid-Atlantic oceanic ridge is fall in the hotspot zones of 99%, 95%, and 90% confidence levels.

A diagnostic conundrum of a “ring of fire”: a case of tuberculous perimyocarditis

A 36-year-old man presented to our hospital with a 2-week history of palpitations in the context of 3 months of a dry cough, weight loss, and night sweats.

Competency Assessment on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Among Senior High School Students of Um Digos College

The Philippines is geographically located in the Pacific ring of fire, making the country one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters. With this, proper mitigations such as disaster preparedness and awareness among the citizens are essential to minimize the casualties whenever disaster strikes. Thus, this study aimed to assess Senior High School Students' competency level (SHS) on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) topics. A descriptive-comparative quantitative design was used to attain the objectives of the study. Moreover, an adopted questionnaire was used in this study. A total of twohundred twenty-two (222) Senior High School Students from the University of Mindanao - Digos participated in the survey. The study results revealed that Senior High School Students’ DRRM competency level needs improvement and showed no significant differences when analyzed according to their grade level, strand, and age, except for the topic, “Application of DRRM Concepts,” when analyzed by age. In contrast, it was found that there is a significant difference in students’ competency according to their sex. Therefore, the findings of the study implied that there is a need for curriculum enhancement and training programs for teachers to address the gaps pertaining to DRRM.

Builder's Competency Improvement About Simple Earthquake Resistant Houses in Blang Pulo Village, Lhokseumawe City

The Indonesian region has a very high seismic intensity. Its geographic location is on three active tectonic plates, namely Indo Australia, Eurasia and the Pacific and is part of the circum Pacific belt, a series of volcanoes (ring of fire) that reaches 40,000 km in length, causing Indonesia to be frequently hit by tectonic earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. . Incident after incident seemed to alternately hit various regions in Indonesia. An earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1 on the Richter scale followed by a tsunami wave devastated the Aceh region in 2004. Another major earthquake occurred in Jokjakarta in 2006, which was followed by dozens of earthquakes in various regions in Indonesia. The most recent event was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6, 6 on the Richter scale in Banten on January 14 2022 which is reported to have damaged more than 3000 buildings. Simple houses are the group of buildings that most often experience collapse, heavy damage and minor damage.&#x0D; This community service activity will try to improve the ability of builders in five villages around the Malikussaleh University campus on simple earthquake-resistant housing technology. Efforts to increase these competencies will be carried out through theoretical explanations using examples and drawings, which will then be followed up with direct practice of making key components that have a major influence on the ability of buildings to withstand earthquake loads.

Comparison of Regulations and The Role of Officials Making Land Deeds In The Reconstruction of Land Registration After Natural Disasters

Indonesia is a country that is on the equator and most of it is a water area. Indonesia is also a country located on the Asian and Australian continents and is directly adjacent to the pacific and indian oceans. So this is what causes Indonesia to be included in the Ring of Fire or Pacific Circle of Fire which is known as a region with many tectonic activities. This legal writing uses normative research methods so that the approach used is a purely normative approach or what is known as normative juridical. This research raises the issue of positive legal provisions of the role of land deed-making officials in the implementation of land registration reconstruction after natural disasters. The implementation of land registration after the natural disaster that occurred on September 28, 2018, Indonesia was hit by an earthquake and tsunami precisely in the Palu area of Central Sulawesi is certainly inseparable from applicable government regulations which are still carried out with various collaborations with other ministries as a form of land registration and provide certainty to legal protection for victims of natural disasters

Dealing with risks associated with tsunamis using indigenous knowledge approaches

In areas often decimated by natural disasters, indigenous peoples have developed specific knowledge through generations of stories based on their past experiences. This indigenous knowledge has enabled them to reduce the risk associated with natural phenomena, including tsunamis, disasters with highly destructive potential that occurrence is complicated to predict. At the beginning of the 21st century alone, tsunamis claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and caused enormous material damage, but many indigenous communities survived them with minimal human casualties. This study aims to identify, describe and analyze the indigenous knowledge that indigenous peoples use to reduce the risks resulting from the possible effects of tsunamis and earthquakes and reduce their negative impacts. This area is mapped in detail based on the available relevant literature and its analysis. Here, individual findings are linked to specific localities threatened by tsunamis or earthquakes, which are primarily situated in the Ring of Fire. The search results revealed various forms of indigenous knowledge ranging from intangible cultural values and stories to tangible stones or musical instruments. There is an intention to generalize the view of traditional knowledge, especially by analyzing the similarities and dependencies found between the identified knowledge. Some examples of failure to use indigenous knowledge, or ignorance of it on the part of municipalities, are also presented. Acquired results demonstrate that procedures and methods based on indigenous knowledge serve as effective tools in risk management when dealing with the danger of tsunamis or earthquakes and reducing their negative impacts.

Redescribing, But Really, Finally Moving on From Israelite Origins

Abstract Burton Mack’s 1996 article “On Redescribing Christian Origins” was a classic of the discipline. In my view, one of its most enduring contributions is its recognition that the centrality of the New Testament’s view of Christian Origins survives despite a growing recognition that, technically, it ought to be sidelined – that it is protected by a “ring of fire.” Further, he argued that the perseverance of this centrality was a major factor inhibiting the influence of New Testament studies on other disciplines. In this essay, I argue that the centrality of the Hebrew Bible’s vision of Israelite origins as a starting point for contemporary debates, even among those who regard it as a fiction, is characterized by a similar avoidance of certain necessary recognitions and is inhibiting to a similar degree.

Penapisan Hipertensi melalui Pelayanan Pengukuran Tekanan Darah bagi Warga Desa Kampung Baros Ciherang Pacet Paska Bencana Gempa Cianjur

Geographically, the archipelago Indonesia is located on the Ring of Fire which is the meeting point of many tectonic plates. This condition causes Indonesia to be prone to earthquakes. The West Java Cianjur earthquake in November 2022 was a 5.6 MW earthquake with a depth of 10 km, which was caused by the movement of the Cugenang fault. Ciherang Village in the Pacet sub-district, Cianjur is one of the villages affected by the Cianjur earthquake. Victims of natural disasters are physically, psychologically and socially faced with very complex situations and circumstances. These problems cause stress for all residents and can cause hypertension. The purpose of this Community Service activity is to help ease the mental burden of Ciherang villagers who were affected by the earthquake. It is hoped that through this blood pressure measurement activity, the hypertension status of residents can be known. The results of blood pressure measurements showed that 9.7% had high blood pressure (130-139/85-89 mmHg) and 37.1% of residents had hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg).

Unveiling the potential: preliminary result on an AI-based onsite earthquake early warning system deployment in Denpasar City

Due to Indonesia’s geographical location within the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is susceptible to earthquake occurrences. Therefore, the implementation of an Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) System is crucial to mitigate the impact of earthquakes. This study focused on deploying an on-site EEW system on Bali Island, an Indonesian region known for its elevated seismic activity. The study evaluated the system’s performance over five months in 2023. Throughout this observation period, the AI-based on-site EEW system successfully detected the earthquake’s P-wave before the occurrence of stronger seismic waves, such as the peak ground acceleration (PGA). It provided a warning time of up to 75 seconds and accurately predicted the intensity of the impending earthquake. These outcomes meet the fundamental requirements for an effective EEW system. The results obtained from the deployed AI-based on-site EEW system demonstrate the potential for wider implementation of such systems across Indonesia.

Roblox-based tsunami survival game: A tool to stimulate early childhood disaster preparedness skills

Disaster education for early childhood is crucial, especially in Indonesia, which is located within the Ring of Fire, an area prone to various disasters, including tsunamis. Children are a vulnerable group in disaster situations, as they are susceptible to physical and psychological negative impacts. In this context, a game-based approach becomes an attractive alternative as it combines interactive and enjoyable learning experiences. The objective of this study is to explore the effectiveness of using this game as a means of teaching tsunami preparedness. The Tsunami Survival game has visually appealing, child-friendly graphics and easily understandable elements. This study was conducted at Darul Hikmah Kindergarten in Kajhu Village, Aceh Besar District, focusing on the utilization of a game-based approach, specifically the Roblox-based Tsunami Survival game, to educate and stimulate disaster preparedness skills among 20 children aged 4-6 years. The game has equipped children about the actions to be taken during a tsunami through engaging storytelling and gameplay. It incorporates age-appropriate content, interactive gameplay, and virtual scenarios to engage children in learning about evacuation, emergency response, and survival skills. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted to evaluate the impact of the game-based approach on the children's disaster preparedness skills. At the same time, questionnaires and interviews gathered qualitative data on their engagement and perceived learning outcomes. The expected outcomes include improvement knowledge and awareness of tsunami preparedness, as well as insights into the practical implementation of game-based learning in early childhood education. This research contributes to the development of effective strategies for disaster education and resilience-building among young children, leveraging the popularity and accessibility of gaming platforms.

Identification of Potential Fissure Zone in the Hospitality Area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Using Microtremor Data

In order to increase employment, community income, regional income, state income, and foreign exchange profits, efforts to develop and utilize various tourism potentials are one of the core industries that can drive economic activity, including other connected sector activities. Yogyakarta’s various tourism potentials are linked to other tourism accommodations, such as hotel buildings. In December 2019, the number of tourists to Yogyakarta who stayed in hotels reached 9.01 million. Of course, tourists’ water requirements are numerous, causing the groundwater level to drop. The reduction of groundwater levels is coupled with sloping topography, which increases the risk of soil fissures in the Yogyakarta city region. Because it is located in the ring of fire, Yogyakarta is vulnerable to earthquakes. Based on microtremor data, the goal of this study was to identify regions prone to earthquake-induced soil fissures caused by excessive groundwater extraction. Geological investigations and microtremor measurements are used in the research. The findings suggest that most of the study region has the potential for soil fracture due to earthquakes, with ground share strain values on the order of 10-4. However, no liquefaction potential because the most significant value of ground share strain is 0.000141.