Ring Of Fire Research Articles

Disaster preparedness: The role of spatial disaster learning using geospatial technology

Preparedness for natural disasters is crucial for people living in high-risk areas along the Ring of Fire, such as people in Indonesia. Although Spatial Disaster Learning using Geospatial Technology (SDL-GeoTech) has been developed, its effectiveness in enhancing students’ preparedness remains unproven. This study examines the impact of SDL-GeoTech on junior high school students’ readiness using a quasi-experimental, time-series, single-group pre-post-test design. The research involved students from three schools: SMA 1 Grati Pasuruan (flood-prone), SMA 1 Puncu Kediri (volcanic eruption-prone), and SMA 3 Mataram Lombok (earthquake-prone). Data were collected through tests on knowledge, skills, and attitudes, followed by t-test analysis at a 0.05 significance level. The results of this study show SDL-GeoTech was significantly able to improve students’ preparedness, including their knowledge, skills, and attitudes. These findings highlight SDL-GeoTech as an innovative tool for disaster education, with the potential to enhance curricula and teaching strategies, especially in vulnerable areas.Contribution: This research teaches students to use techno-geospatial learning through SDL-GeoTech, equipping those in the Ring of Fire region to be better prepared for potential natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. The proven analysis of SDL-GeoTech has shown that it enhances students’ knowledge, skills and attitude in preparedness in dealing with disasters.

Systematic Review on Seismic Hazards in the Coastal Regions of the Pacific Ring of Fire

Systematic Review on Seismic Hazards in the Coastal Regions of the Pacific Ring of Fire

Spatiotemporal evolution of post-seismic deformation caused by large earthquakes around the Pacific and its impact on plate movement

SUMMARY The fully relaxed deformation caused by an earthquake refers to the total deformation of the earth caused by the earthquake, including the coseismic deformation and the total effect of post-seismic stress relaxation in the mantle on crustal deformation. An in-depth investigation into post-seismic and fully relaxed deformation resulting from large earthquakes is conducive to comprehending the feedback effect of earthquakes on plate motion. In this paper, we first calculated theoretically the coseimic, post-seicmic and fully relaxed deformations caused by the Tohoku-Oki Mw9.0 earthquake using the spherical dislocation theory. The post-seismic displacement caused by the great earthquake leads to the continuous convergence of plates on both sides of the seismogenic fault, which will certainly facilitate the downward insertion of the subduction plate. As time goes by the influence range of seismic deformations becomes larger and larger. The Tohoku-Oki Mw9.0 earthquake can produce >5 cm of cumulative post-seismic horizontal displacement at a far place like the East Pacific Rise over 100 millenniums. Then, we built slip models of 375 earthquakes with Mw7.0 and above in the circum-Pacific seismic belt, calculated the cumulative post-seismic deformations of them, and found that significant post-seismic horizontal displacements covered the entire Pacific Ocean. The post-seismic deformation field caused by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Mw9.0 earthquake, the 2010 Chile Mw8.8 earthquake, the 1964 Prince William Sound Mw9.1 earthquake and the 1960 Chile Mw(9.3–9.4) earthquake determines the overall distribution pattern of the deformation field in the Pacific region. Those large earthquakes around the Pacific make the total Pacific Plate present a tension strain in the northwest–southeast direction. The one at the East Pacific Rise reaches 300–400 nstr, with orientation of principle strain approximately perpendicular to the Rise. This tensile strain is bound to encourage transverse expansion of the mid-ocean ridge. By a logical extension, the post-seismic stress relaxation in the mantle caused by past earthquakes should be an important driving force for the current plate movement, in addition to the classic driving force like negative buoyancy and plate material phase transition. This study proves theoretically that there is a two-way relationship between great earthquakes and plate movement, and the viscous structure of mantle plays a key role in the relationship.

ASEAN, and Indonesia’s Rising Influence In The Region

When one looks at the world map, Indonesia is not really visible in a very obvious manner, due to it being an archipelago, scattered over thousands of islands in South East Asia. However, when one reads into it, they realize that it is actually the fourth most populous country on earth, and holds quite a bit of diplomatic power as well. Indonesia is one of the founding members of ASEAN, the Association of South-East Asian Nations. ASEAN houses major natural resources, a huge chunk of Earth’s population, and together, the 10 ASEAN member states form one of the busiest trade routes in the world. To keep it simple, ASEAN is a really important organisation, and Indonesia, being one of the founding members, as well as the largest country in it, acts as the de-facto leader. Unfortunately, Indonesia is prone to many natural disasters due to its unfortunate geographic location, smack in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Recent major disasters have weakened Indonesia’s position, and many countries now do not consider Indonesia as the de-facto leader of ASEAN. This research focuses on Indonesia’s rise and fall as the undisputed leader of ASEAN, and what the future holds in store for Indonesia. To conduct this research, numerous research papers have been referred to and cited, as well as fresh information has been collected on a primary data basis. The primary data is collected by interviewing 15 Indonesian citizens, as well as senior officials at the Consulate General of Indonesia, Mumbai. Thus, the research presents the observations derived from interviewing two sides, the perspective of the Indonesian citizens, as well as the perspective of the Indonesian government. The research aims to answer some questions such as if Indonesia is prepared to tackle the current and future issues arising in ASEAN, being the leader. The research goes a step further to figure out if the Pacific Ring of Fire affects the geopolitics of Indonesia, and finally, the research looks at if the Indonesian government, and their people, the citizens look eye to eye? All of the interviews of the Indonesian citizens have been conducted virtually via Google Forms, and a meeting at the Consulate was set up in Mumbai to get the government’s perspective.

Detection of near- and far-field traveling ionospheric disturbances during Tsunami Events over South Pacific

Large earthquakes and tsunamis often occur around the Pacific Ring of Fire, in which Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) have been observed after these events. Sometimes (depending on seismic source features), TIDs can be observed near the epicenter of the generated earthquake due to the shock-acoustic wave. Additionally, TIDs can be induced by tsunamis due to the generated gravity waves and be detected several thousand kilometers away from the source. TIDs can be detected by analyzing Total Electron Content (TEC), which is calculated, indirectly, using signals from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. The procedure allows for studying the ionospheric disturbance with a good spatial and temporal resolution. This study aims to identify tsunami-induced TIDs in the near- and far-fields following significant events in the Oriental and Occidental South Pacific Ocean. The selection criteria covering 14 tsunamis that occurred between 2010 and 2021 generated by earthquakes with Mw ⩾7.8 and depth less than 50 km. Tsunamis were modeled and compared with the TIDs obtained from TEC deviations. Near-field and far-field TIDs observed in hodochrons differ primarily in the clarity of their association with tsunamis. The simulated tidal gauges show a possible connection with the observed TEC anomalies, behaving similarly but with different delay times, showing some events even hours in advance. This potential correlation between TID parameters and tsunamis propagated in the Pacific Ocean can contribute to understanding the involved mechanisms and facilitate the development of near real-time early warning systems.

Impact of the “Mengabu (Facing Ash Storms) Disaster Preparedness” Program on Adolescents’ Knowledge About Disaster Preparedness in Kresik Tuo Village, Kayu Aro District, Kerinci Regency, Jambi

Natural disasters have become an integral part of people's lives in Indonesia, disrupting daily activities and causing significant impacts. Indonesia, located in the Ring of Fire, faces a high risk of volcanic eruptions, including the active Mount Kerinci which has the potential to cause disasters such as volcanic ashfall. Kresik Tuo Village, located near Mount Kerinci, faces a direct threat from this eruption. The community, especially the youth, need to improve their preparedness and knowledge to deal with potential disasters. The "MENGABU Siaga dalam Bencana" program is designed to improve the preparedness of the Kresik Tuo Village community in dealing with potential volcanic ashfall, with the hope of contributing to the development of community preparedness strategies in disaster-prone areas. To improve the knowledge of youth in Kresik Tuo Village related to disasters and disaster preparedness. The study used the Pre-Experimental research method with a Prepost Test Design. Sampling used a non-probability sampling technique with convenience sampling according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of 40 respondents. Wilcoxon test shows that there is a significant increase in the knowledge of youth preparedness for the eruption of Mount Merapi after being given the "Mengabu Siaga dalam Bencana" program. All respondents experienced an increase in knowledge, as indicated by a positive ranks value of 40 and a p value = 0.000. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there is a significant effect of the "Mengabu (Mengabu Storm Ash) Siaga Dalam Bencana" Program on Youth Preparedness Knowledge for Disasters in Kresik Tuo Village, Kayu Aro District, Kerinci Regency, Jambi in increasing youth knowledge.

Animation tsunami modelling in 3D to determine shelter and evacuation routes

ABSTRACT Indonesia is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, making the country prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. Indonesia, especially the southern region of Java, has the potential to be hit by a megathrust earthquake triggering waves much higher than before. Determining evacuation routes and locations as a part of disaster management is essential to avoid many fatalities. This research aims to determine evacuation routes and shelters using photogrammetry-based 3D animation. This paper applied experimental research for modelling and simulation approach with the stages of generating a 3D orthomosaic map, predicting tsunami magnitude, determining the height and distribution of waves, modelling and simulating 3D animation as well as marking evacuation routes and shelter locations. 3D orthomosaics are created based on aerial photos (UAV) drones. Future tsunami data are used to estimate the extent and depth of inundation that may occur. This research uses the Teluk Penyu area in Cilacap, Indonesia, as a study site. The tsunami disaster caused by an earthquake magnitude 7.8 centred in the south of West Java hit this city in 2006. This research produces a 3D animation model that can visualise the extent and depth of tsunami inundation to determine evacuation routes and shelter buildings.

Multi-hazard assessment for flood and Landslide risk in Kalimantan and Sumatra: Implications for Nusantara, Indonesia's new capital

Situated within the Ring of Fire and characterized by a tropical climate and high seismic activity, Indonesia is uniquely vulnerable to natural disasters such as floods and landslides. These events pose significant threats to both the population and infrastructure. This study predicts areas exposed to flood and landslide risk by considering various environmental factors related to climate, topography, and land use. The predictive performance of three machine learning models—naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbors, and random forest (RF)—was evaluated by comparing the AUC, RMSE, and R2 values of each model. Ultimately, the RF model, which demonstrated the highest accuracy, was used to prioritize disaster impact factors and generate hazard maps. The results identified the interaction of rainfall, land use, and slope aspect as the most critical determinants of hazard occurrence. The predicted hazard maps revealed that approximately 26.7 % of the study area was vulnerable to either floods or landslides, with 16.8 % of the area experiencing both. The new capital of Nusantara showed a relatively higher multi-hazard risk than did the overall study area and protected zones, with 22.1 % of the hazard area vulnerable to both flooding and landslides. In single hazard zones, areas classified as at risk for floods had a higher mean probability of experiencing both hazards (43 %), as compared to areas classified as at risk for landslides (22 %). As a result, urban planners and relevant stakeholders can now utilize the hazard maps developed in this study to prioritize infrastructure reinforcement and disaster risk areas, integrating land use planning with risk assessment to mitigate the impact of disasters. By employing these strategies, Indonesia and other countries facing similar challenges can now enhance their disaster preparedness and response capabilities in new capital regions and other areas, ultimately planning for more sustainable urban development.

Indonesian economy under the shadow of catastrophic natural disasters: empirical evidences from additive mixed model with P-Spline smooth function

As located within the Ring of Fire with more than half of the volcanoes are active making Indonesia as one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters. Moreover, Indonesia was ranked 12th of 35 countries with the highest risk from natural disasters by the World Bank in 2021. Such multiple disasters could hamper the Indonesian economy through disaster loss. This study is conducted to investigate the impact of several natural disasters, including hydrological, meteorological, climatological, and geophysical, on Indonesian economic growth of 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2018 to 2022 represented by annual per capita real output growth. While the disaster damages are measured by the number of affected people and the number of damaged infrastructures. The econometric approach of panel data analysis is employed and further extended to the additive mixed model with P-spline smooth function to capture the non-linear relationship. The human development index (HDI) and financial realization of the unexpected budget are also incorporated in the models. The results show that the best model, the P-spline model, could capture the nature of the non-linear relationship between natural disasters and economic growth. In addition, the estimation process is also carried out separately for each group based on the HDI and financial ability. The variation of impact behaviour from natural disasters is clearly revealed by modelling each group based on HDI and financial ability indicating that each provincial group has a different impact transmitted by the natural disasters.

Penyuluhan Kesiapsiagaan Menghadapi Bencana Gempa Bumi Terhadap Pengetahuan Pemuda di Karang Taruna Pedukuhan Pundong Kabupaten Bantul Yogyakarta

Indonesia is classified as a country at great risk of experiencing disaster because it is in the ring of fire and where two world plates meet. An earthquake occurred in Yogyakarta on May 27 2006 with a magnitude of 5.9 on the Richter scale, causing many victims of life and property. The Opak River in Potrobayan Hamlet, Srihardono, Pundong was the epicenter of the earthquake. The factor causing many victims and damage during an earthquake is the lack of knowledge and preparedness of the community. Community preparedness can be increased through outreach. This research aims to determine the effect of counseling on preparedness for earthquake disasters on the knowledge of youth in the Srihardono sub-district youth group. Quantitative experimental design one group pretest-posttest was the method the researcher chose. The sample was 52 people determined by simple random sampling. There is an influence of education on preparedness for earthquake disasters on the knowledge of youth in the Srihardono sub-district youth organization with a p value of 0.000.

Understanding Multi-Hazard Interactions and Impacts on Small-Island Communities: Insights from the Active Volcano Island of Ternate, Indonesia

Drawing on a case study from Ternate Island, a densely populated volcanic island in Eastern Indonesia, this research illustrates how multi-hazards and extreme weather events are likely to compound and cascade, with serious consequences for sustainable development in small island context. At the heart of Ternate Island sits the active Gamalama volcano, posing a constant eruption threat. Its location within the Ring of Fire further exposes the island to the risks of tsunamis and earthquakes. Additionally, the island’s physical features make it highly susceptible to flooding, landslides, and windstorms. Rapid urbanization has led to significant coastal alterations, increasing exposure to hazards. Ternate’s small-island characteristics include limited resources, few evacuation options, vulnerable infrastructure, and inadequate resilience planning. Combining GIS multi-hazard mapping with a structured survey in 60 villages in Ternate, this case study investigates the multi-hazard exposure faced by the local population and land coverage. The findings suggest significant gaps between village chiefs’ perceptions of the types of hazards and the multi-hazard assessment in each village. Out of 60 village chiefs surveyed, 42 (70%) are aware of earthquake risks, 17 (28%) recognize tsunami threats, and 39 see volcanoes as a danger. GIS assessments show that earthquakes could impact all villages, tsunamis could affect 46 villages (77%), and volcanoes could threaten 39 villages. The hazard map indicates that 32 villages are at risk of flash floods and 37 are at risk of landslides, and extreme weather could affect all villages. Additionally, 42 coastal villages on Ternate Island face potential extreme wave and abrasion disasters, but only 18 chiefs acknowledge extreme weather as a threat. The paper argues that addressing the cognitive biases reflected in the perceptions of community leaders requires transdisciplinary dialogue and engagement.

Evaluating Taiwan’s Geothermal Sites: A Bounded Rationality Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

Amid rising global demand for renewable energy, geothermal power emerges as a vital, low-carbon solution to enhance energy security and sustainability. Taiwan, strategically located on the seismically active Pacific Ring of Fire, possesses an untapped geothermal potential that is underutilized due to complex site selection challenges. This study specifically addresses the need for a more precise and psychologically attuned site selection process, aiming to optimize the development of geothermal resources in regions with complex geological settings. Utilizing the Modified Bounded Rationality Data Envelopment Analysis (MB-DEA) model, this research integrates traditional DEA with bounded rationality to factor in the risk preferences of decision-makers, offering a novel approach that enhances accuracy in evaluating geothermal sites. This study addresses the critical challenge of accurately selecting geothermal energy sites in geologically complex regions like Taiwan, where traditional methods fall short, aiming to significantly boost the efficiency and effectiveness of geothermal energy exploitation as part of Taiwan’s transition to renewable energy sources. Applied to 30 potential sites across Taiwan, our model provides a detailed assessment based on technical, economic, and psychological criteria, revealing variations in site suitability influenced by stakeholder risk attitudes. Key locations such as Datun Mountain, Maoxing, and Taolin consistently rank highly, confirming their robust potential irrespective of risk preferences. At the same time, other sites show marked sensitivity to shifts in decision-making attitudes. This work significantly advances the methodology of renewable energy site selection by demonstrating the utility of incorporating psychological factors into analytical models, which not only refines decision-making processes but also aligns with Taiwan’s strategic energy planning goals. This study also underscores the importance of accurate geographical data in complex terrains, suggesting further refinement and dynamic integration of bounded rationality for future research.

Comparing Company Valuation Before and After IPO Study Case PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy Tbk

Affordable energy resources of energy play a crucial role in economic and social development to support food production, availability of water supply and sustainable healty lifestyle. In order to avoid long-term scarcity resulting from the continuous use of non-renewable energy sources, we must explore all potential renewable energy source that align with concernes about climate change and other environmental issues. As a continuation of the Indonesian government’s efforts to generate clean and environmental friendly energy, PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) was established in 2006. It has contributed 82% of the installed geothermal energy capacity in Indonesia. By leveraging Indonesia’s location within the Ring of Fire as one of the world’s geothermal energy hubs, PGE has been supplying electricity to more than 2 million households in Indonesia with a potential emission reduction of 9.7 million tons of CO2 per year. To achieve sustainable business growth, PGEO is optimizing production in its operational areas by expanding installed capacity. In the company consideration, IPO is an appropriate step to financing the expansion. The author compares the company’s value before and after the IPO to determine the short-term impact of the IPO, helping investors gauge their confidence in making investment decisions in PGEO. This study utilizes secondary data from prospectuses, financial statements, annual reports, sustainability reports, company-published documents, as well as data from IDX.co.id and IDN Financials.com. The data was collected and analyzed to understand evaluate financial performance, and assess the company’s value before and after the IPO. The calculation of the company’s intrinsic value is conducted using the Discounted Cash Flow Valuation method for the pre-IPO period against the company’s financial projections for the years 2019 to 2022 and for the post-IPO period against the company’s financial projections for the years 2024 to 2028, using discount rates of 8.25% and 8.65% for each. In resulting the intrinsic value pre-IPO is IDR 1.141,28 and the intrinsic value post-IPO is IDR 1.300,86. The stock price of PGEO at its IPO on February 23, 2023, was IDR 875, while the adjusted closing price on December 29, 2023, was IDR 1,170. This study founds that the market price of PGEO’s stock, both before and after the IPO, are overvalued.

Microbial metabolic potential of hydrothermal vent chimneys along the submarine ring of fire.

Hydrothermal vents host a diverse community of microorganisms that utilize chemical gradients from the venting fluid for their metabolisms. The venting fluid can solidify to form chimney structures that these microbes adhere to and colonize. These chimney structures are found throughout many different locations in the world's oceans. In this study, comparative metagenomic analyses of microbial communities on five chimney structures from around the Pacific Ocean were elucidated focusing on the core taxa and genes that are characteristic of each of these hydrothermal vent chimneys. The differences among the taxa and genes found at each chimney due to parameters such as physical characteristics, chemistry, and activity of the vents were highlighted. DNA from the chimneys was sequenced, assembled into contigs, and annotated for gene function. Genes used for carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, iron, and arsenic metabolisms were found at varying abundances at each of the chimneys, largely from either Gammaproteobacteria or Campylobacteria. Many taxa shared an overlap of these functional metabolic genes, indicating that functional redundancy is critical for life at these hydrothermal vents. A high relative abundance of oxygen metabolism genes coupled with a low abundance of carbon fixation genes could be used as a unique identifier for inactive chimneys. Genes used for DNA repair, chemotaxis, and transposases were found at high abundances at each of these hydrothermal chimneys allowing for enhanced adaptations to the ever-changing chemical and physical conditions encountered.

Strengthening student empathy in GeoCapabilities: Digital learning innovations and pedagogical strategies for disaster mitigation

Indonesia’s geographical positioning along the ‘Ring of Fire’ exposes it to frequent seismic activities, making effective disaster mitigation education crucial. Current educational strategies may not adequately foster the necessary empathy and understanding among students regarding the socio-environmental impacts of disasters. This study aims to develop and evaluate a digital learning platform designed to enhance GeoCapabilities in students, particularly focusing on the social-environmental empathy dimension. The objective is to improve students’ empathetic responses to disaster scenarios through integrated disaster mitigation pedagogy. Utilizing the design-based research method, this research involved a systematic blend of iterative development and evaluation phases to refine educational interventions. Data collection was achieved through a combination of qualitative feedback from students and quantitative pre-and post-test measures to assess empathy levels. Data analysis involved statistical testing to determine the effectiveness of the digital learning platform in enhancing empathetic capabilities among learners. The research reveals that the digital learning platform (D-Learning), significantly improves students’ empathy towards disaster impacts. Students demonstrated a deeper understanding and emotional engagement with the content, highlighting an increase in their ability to empathize with affected communities. The findings suggest that the scalability of D-Learning can be tailored to different regions, providing a valuable tool for enhancing disaster preparedness worldwide. The integration of technology and empathy-focused pedagogy in disaster education could serve as a model for developing similar educational programs globally, aiming to foster a more resilient and empathetic future generation.

High-speed trains in Japan in the years 2002–2020

High-speed trains are the most modern and advanced technology for moving passengers in land transport. Their main advantage is that they achieve high speeds, usually from over 200 to 300 km/h, which significantly shortens the travel time in relation to the time needed to cover the same distance by conventional trains. The article presents the development of high-speed rail in Japan, an island country located within the ring of fire of the Pacific. The analysis of the technical condition and the stages of historical development of high-speed railways were preceded by an assessment of the economy and transport as well as a study of transport intensity. The summary of the article includes the effects and benefits of using high-speed rail, as well as methods of financing and plans for further development.

Community perception and experience of health services in the midst of an earthquake and COVID-19 pandemic: A phenomenological study

Indonesia is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire with various disasters occurring frequently and causing tremendous impacts. Recently, Mamuju Regency in West Sulawesi was hit by an earthquake during the COVID-19 pandemic, making primary health care (PHC) a major community health care provider facing several issues. This study aims to explore the challenges and supporting factors of the recovery of PHC after the earthquake during the COVID-19 pandemic using a descriptive phenomenology grounded in Edmund Husserl's philosophy. The Bamboo PHC (Puskesmas Bambu) was selected as the only PHC in Mamuju which was most affected by the earthquake. A focus group discussion method was conducted by involving 15 participants selected using purposive sampling and divided into three groups (health workers, health cadres, and community members). As a result, the community members acknowledged that the Bamboo PHC services programs in general were favorable before the pandemic, there were several basic and superior health service programs that the community felt were valuable. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic worsened the situation and the use of healthcare facilities decreased. Coupled with the occurrence of natural disasters in vulnerable areas, it is increasingly causing fatalities. Therefore, disaster preparedness and community empowerment are the key to successful disaster management.

The Role of Public Administration in Natural Disaster Mitigation and Its Implications for Economic Stability

Indonesia, situated within the Pacific Ring of Fire and tropical regions, faces significant vulnerability to natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and floods. Its geographical conditions heighten the risk of frequent natural disasters, which often have extensive and profound impacts on society and the economy. This study aims to analyze the role of public administration in natural disaster mitigation and its implications for economic stability. It employs a literature review methodology with a qualitative approach, drawing data from scholarly articles available on Google Scholar from 2011 to 2024. The findings underscore the critical importance of public administration in disaster mitigation for maintaining the economic stability of the country. Indonesia, as a nation vulnerable to various natural disasters, has experienced serious human and material losses. The response from the government and related agencies, such as the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), has been pivotal in coordinating mitigation efforts, emergency response, and post-disaster recovery

Sosialisasi dan Simulasi Mitigasi Bencana Alam Pada Siswa SMP Kemala Bhayangkari 9 Waru Dalam Menghadapi Bencana Alam

Geologically, Indonesia is located along the Ring of Fire, a volcanic line that surrounds the Pacific Ocean, making Indonesia a vulnerable country and has the potential to experience natural disasters. This is not proportional to the ability and readiness of the community in dealing with natural disasters. This community service socialization and disaster mitigation simulation was carried out to Kemala Bhayangkari 9 Waru Junior High School Students which aims to provide education to be alert when facing natural disasters, especially earthquakes. This socialization and simulation is very effective as seen from the students practicing the simulations that we demonstrate, so it can also be assessed that students really understand and are ready if there is a natural disaster

Analysis of TEC variations and prediction of TEC by RNN during Indonesian earthquakes occurred from 2004 to 2024 and comparison with IRI-2020 model

The Ionosphere, a crucial region of Earth’s atmosphere extending from approximately 50 to 1000 km above the Earth’s surface, plays a pivotal role in global communication, navigation, and satellite-based technologies. Among its various parameters, Total Electron Content (TEC) stands out as a key metric, representing the integrated electron density along a specific path through the ionosphere. This research focuses on analyzing TEC variations during Indonesian earthquakes between 2004 and 2024 using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model. The study investigates the ionospheric response to seismic activity, particularly in Indonesia, a region prone to earthquakes due to its location within the Pacific Ring of Fire and complex tectonic setting involving multiple lithospheric plates. The RNN model, designed to predict TEC variations during earthquakes, utilizes data on solar and geomagnetic activity, including the Kp index, solar wind, and geomagnetic storm activity, obtained from the OMNIWEB data centre, along with TEC data from the IONOLAB data servers for the BAKO station in Cibinong, Indonesia. The earthquakes considered for observation include significant events such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the 2012 Wharton Basin earthquake, and subsequent seismic events up to 2024. Statistical metrics such as Mean Bias Deviation (MBD), Relative Error (REL_E), Absolute Error (ABS_E), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are used to evaluate the predictive capability of the RNN model and compare it with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 2020 model, a widely accepted empirical model for describing ionospheric parameters. The comparison reveals the performance of the RNN model in capturing TEC variations during seismic events, providing valuable insights for earthquake monitoring and early warning systems.