Ring Current Research Articles

The study of geomagnetic jerk from 2010 to 2021 based on hourly mean data from global geomagnetic observatories

The secular variation in the global geomagnetic field was analyzed in terms of the annual differences in monthly means by using the hourly mean data from 18 foreign (outside China) observatories of the World Data Center (WDC) for Geomagnetism from January 2010 to January 2020 as well as 9 observatories in the Geomagnetic Network of China from January 2015 to April 2021. In addition, according to the correlation of noisy components from the observatories, a covariance matrix was constructed based on residuals between observations and the CHAOS-7.4 model to remove external contamination. Through a comparison before and after denoising, we found that the overall average standard deviations were reduced by 29.97% in China and by 41.4% outside China. Results showed the correlation coefficient between external noise (mainly the magnetosphere ring current) and the <italic>Dst</italic> index was 0.82, and the correlation coefficient between external noise and the Ring Current (RC) index reached 0.94. A geomagnetic jerk was globally discovered around 2018.0 on the geomagnetic eastward component <italic>Y</italic>. The jerk timing in China was around 2020.0, and the earliest one was in 2018.75, whereas the timing outside China was around 2018.0, and the earliest one was in 2017.67. This 2-year lag may have been caused by the higher electrical conductivity of the deep mantle. After more data were added, this jerk event was found to occur in an orderly manner in the northern hemisphere as the longitude increased and the intensity gradually increased as well. The variations in location of the jerk center were analyzed according to the CHAOS-7.4 model. Results revealed six extreme points distributed nearby the equator. The strongest was near the equator, at 170°E, and the strength gradually decreased as it extended to the northern and southern hemispheres. Another extreme point with the opposite sign was located at the equator, at 20°W, in the south-central part of the Atlantic, and the strength gradually decreased as it extended into Europe. The covariance matrix method can be used to analyze data from the Macau Science Satellite-1 mission in the future, and this method is expected to play a positive role in modeling and separating the large-scale external field.

静圧と動圧を考慮した磁気プラズマセイルの電磁流体解析

Magsail is a space propulsion system using the interactions between the solar wind and the magnetic field generated by the onboard coils. Magnetoplasma sail is a propulsion system that increases thrust by expanding the magnetosphere through plasma injection from the spacecraft. There are two mechanisms on the magnetospheric inflation: method using frozen-in of magnetic field to carry magnetic field lines by high dynamic pressure plasma and method using the diamagnetic current by thermal plasma, which is called the ring current. We investigated the effect of the dynamic pressure and thermal pressure on the MPS thrust performance used electromagnetic hydrodynamic simulation. It was shown that the ring current is enhanced by adding dynamic pressure to the thermal plasma and increases thrust gain. The high thrust gain over 2.25 was obtained at βth = 0.5 - 2 and βk = 4 - 8. However, the thrust is reduced because the super magneto acoustic wave region is generated in the magnetosphere, which prevents the propagation of thrust in large β conditions. The wide parameter survey reveals injection plasma parameter regions where thrust reduction is restrained and high thrust gain is obtained.

Abnormal Sub‐Auroral Ion Drifts (ASAID) Developed in Various Inner‐Magnetosphere Configurations at Geomagnetically Quiet Times

AbstractUtilizing multi‐point observations, we investigate a series of inner‐magnetosphere configurations formed at Kp ≤ 3+ when the magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) conjugate Abnormal Sub‐Auroral Ion Drifts (ASAID) developed near the plasmapause. We analyze the development of ASAID by adopting the recent theories of (1) fast‐time short‐circuiting explaining SAID development and (2) Larmor radius effects explaining ASAID development. The earthward ASAID electric field developed (1) by short‐circuiting when the reconnection‐related earthbound hot ring current (RC) electrons became stopped and ions kept moving earthward and started their usual Larmor rotations, and (2) because of the larger Larmor radius of the hot RC ions creating excess positive charges in the nearby cold‐inner‐edge plasmasheet plasma and deficit negative charges inside the hot RC region. Respective new findings include the observations of (1a) earthward hot RC ion injections across and near the ASAID channel in the inner magnetosphere and (1b) the localized increase of energetic proton differential fluxes (good proxy for hot RC ions) in the topside ionosphere within the ASAID channel, and (2a) M‐I conjugate ASAID and ASAID‐SAID series created by their respective single intrusion and repeated intrusions of hot RC ions into the cold plasmasheet plasma. New findings also include (3) the specifications of plasma waves such as Kelvin‐Helmholtz surface waves and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves developed in the inner‐magnetosphere during plasmasheet rippling, and (4) the development of multiple ASAID channels in the hot zone impacted by EMIC waves.

Relationship between the Electric Polarizability and Aromaticity of Metallocene-Containing Macrocycles

Magnetically induced ring currents, aromaticity, as well as polarizability and second hyperpolarizability of the metallocenothiaporphyrins with transition metals of group VIII (Fe, Ru) and isoelectronic cations of group IX (Со+, Rh+) and metallocene-containing annulenes ((C5H5)2М[n = 18–24], where M is Fe, Co+) have been studied computationally at Density Functional level of Theory (DFT). The calculations show that the value of average polarizability of the studied compounds depends on their character of the aromaticity. Aromatic structures are characterized by larger polarizability than their corresponding antiaromatic congeners. The average polarizability of metallocenothiaporphyrins also depends on the magnitude of magnetically induced ring currents, which quantify the degree of electron delocalization. An increase in the number of 𝜋-electrons in conjugation pathway plays a key role in the growth of polarizability. Aromaticity also influences on the second hyperpolarizability of metallocene-containing annulenes. In the case of compounds with the same number of conjugated electrons, the second hyperpolarizability is larger for more aromatic systems. To conclude, our results pinpoint the importance of electron delocalization on the polarizability and second hyperpolarizability of the studied metallocene-containig macrocycles

Formation of a Plasma Layer During the Passage of the Moon through the Magnetic Ropes of the Solar Wind

In the absence of a dense atmosphere and a general magnetic field around the Moon, solar wind particles reach the lunar surface and are almost completely absorbed. When the Moon passes through the plasma medium of the solar wind magnetic ropes, the electric currents of the rope can strongly change the electric potential of the lunar surface on the day and night surfaces, and in the case when the current density vectors of the rope and the direction to the Sun are close to colinear, there is the possibility of sufficiently strong ring currents, the magnetic field of which tends to displace the magnetic field of the rope and lead to the formation of a plasma layer with a height of the order of the electron Larmor radius.

Bonding character, electronic properties, and electronic transitions of perfluorocubane as a small electron acceptor.

Perfluorocubane is a fluorinated analogue of a polyhedral hydrocarbon observed recently in experiment (M. Sugiyama, M. Akiyama, Y. Yonezawa, K. Komaguchi, M. Higashi, K. Nozaki and T. Okazoe, Electron in a cube: Synthesis and characterization of perfluorocubane as an electron acceptor, Science, 2022, 377, 756-759). Inspired by its unique structure and electronic properties, we systematically explored its chemical stabilities, bonding character, electronic properties, and electronic transitions using density functional theory calculations. Analysis of the binding energies and Mayer bond orders reveals that the C8F8 molecule has high chemical stability with a special electronic structure, and the addition of an extra electron to the neutral molecule may generate a radical anion with a hosted electron inside the cubane frame. The induced ring currents under an external magnetic field reveal that perfluorocubane exhibits an overall small diamagnetic current supported by anisotropy of the current-induced density (ACID) and gauge-including magnetically induced currents (GIMIC). AdNDP analysis indicates that the localized two-center two-electron (2c-2e) σ-bonds are responsible for structural stabilization of the molecule. Further study into the electronic excitations shows that the main electronic transitions of perfluorocubane come from the surface of the cubic frame to its inner structure. Consequently, perfluorocubane can be recognized as a small electron acceptor material due to its special electron-carrying capacity, which will promote further applications of novel conducting and semiconducting materials.

Influences of various space current systems on the geomagnetic field in near-Earth space

Ground and space-based observations of the geomagnetic field are usually a superposition of different sources from the Earth’s core, lithosphere, ocean, ionosphere, and magnetosphere, and also from field-aligned currents coupling the ionosphere and magnetosphere—the meridional currents that connect the two hemispheres and the induced currents due to the variations of fields over time. The fluctuation of magnetic fields generated by these highly dynamic space currents greatly limits the accuracy of the geomagnetic models. In order to better accomplish the scientific objectives of Macau Science Satellite-1 (MSS-1), and to improve existing geomagnetic field models, we present here for the first time a self-consistent coupling of solar wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere, which represents the most developed numerical simulation method for space physics research so far, making it possible to quantify the contribution of different current systems to the total observed magnetic field (<italic><bold>B</bold></italic>). The results show that numerical simulation can capture main magnetic disturbance characteristics with significant precision. Partial ring current is a major contributor to the latitudinal magnetic perturbation near the equator. Magnetopause and magnetotail currents affect the radial magnetic perturbation around the mid-latitudes. Field-aligned and Pedersen currents produce significant longitudinal and latitudinal magnetic perturbations at high latitudes.

The magnetically induced current density of the [12]infinitene dianion.

The magnetically induced current-density susceptibility (MICD) of the [12]infinitene dianion and the induced magnetic field around it have been calculated at the density functional theory level. Separation of the MICD into diatropic and paratropic contributions shows that the MICD is dominated by the diatropic contribution in contrast to the notion that it is antiaromatic, which was reported in a recently published article. The MICD of the [12]infinitene dianion exhibits several through-space MICD pathways, whereas it sustains only weak local paratropic current-density contributions. We identified four main current-density pathways of which two are similar to the ones for neutral [12]infinitene. It is difficult to judge from calculations of the nucleus independent shielding constants and the induced magnetic field around the [12]infinitene dianion whether it sustains diatropic or paratropic ring currents.

φ-Aromaticity in prismatic {Bi6}-based clusters

The occurrence of aromaticity in organic molecules is widely accepted, but its occurrence in purely metallic systems is less widespread. Molecules comprising only metal atoms (M) are known to be able to exhibit aromatic behaviour, sustaining ring currents inside an external magnetic field along M–M connection axes (σ-aromaticity) or above and below the plane (π-aromaticity) for cyclic or cage-type compounds. However, all-metal compounds provide an extension of the electrons’ mobility also in other directions. Here, we show that regular {Bi6} prisms exhibit a non-localizable molecular orbital of f-type symmetry and generate a strong ring current that leads to a behaviour referred to as φ-aromaticity. The experimentally observed heterometallic cluster [{CpRu}3Bi6]–, based on a regular prismatic {Bi6} unit, displays aromatic behaviour; according to quantum chemical calculations, the corresponding hypothetical Bi62− prism shows a similar behaviour. By contrast, [{(cod)Ir}3Bi6] features a distorted Bi6 moiety that inhibits φ-aromaticity.

Bottom-Up Synthesis of Multiply Fused PdII Anthriporphyrinoids.

Anthriporphyrinoid and its dimeric homologues were synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and subsequent oxidation. Both porphyrinoids were smoothly converted to their PdII complexes and were further decorated by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with thiophene derivatives and subsequent oxidative fusion reaction to provide multiply fused compounds. Most PdII anthriporphyrinoids have been structurally well characterized to be planar for monomeric and helically twisted for dimeric species. The dimeric anthriporphyrinoids show paratropic ring currents due to their global antiaromatic networks, the extent of which increases with an increase of conjugated network. Multiply fused dimeric anthriporphyrinoids show helical structures, fully reversible six redox potentials, small HOMO-LUMO gaps, and absorption tails reaching in the near-infrared region, suggesting the high potential of this approach to explore molecular graphene. Optical separations of the dimeric helical species were accomplished, and racemization barrier heights were determined.

Dynamical information flow within the magnetosphere-ionosphere system during magnetic storms

The direct role of successive intense magnetospheric substorms in injecting/energizing particles into the storm-time ring current is still debated and controversial. Whereas in the recent past it has been observed the absence of a net information flow between magnetic storms and substorms, previous in-situ satellite observations have evidenced that ionospheric-origin ions dominate the population of the ring current during the main phase of geomagnetic storms. As a matter of fact, the controversy arises mainly by the use of sophisticated data-driven techniques somewhat contradicting in-situ measurements. In this framework, the main aim of this work is to attempt an adaption of the powerful information-theoretic approach, i.e., the transfer entropy, in a consistent way with physics modeling and observations and to explore the possible motivations behind the underlying contradictions that emerge when these techniques are used. Our idea is to characterize the dynamics of the information flow within the magnetosphere-ionosphere system using a database of geomagnetic storms instead of considering a long time series of geomagnetic indices. We found a net information flow between the external driver and the geomagnetic indices and also between high and low latitude indices themselves, which turns out to be very well localized during the different phases of a magnetic storm.

Analysis of the Tsyganenko Magnetic Field Model Accuracy during Geomagnetic Storm Times Using the GOES Data

Because of the small number of spacecraft available in the Earth’s magnetosphere at any given time, it is not possible to obtain direct measurements of the fundamental quantities, such as the magnetic field and plasma density, with a spatial coverage necessary for studying, global magnetospheric phenomena. In such cases, empirical as well as physics-based models are proven to be extremely valuable. This requires not only having high fidelity and high accuracy models, but also knowing the weakness and strength of such models. In this study, we assess the accuracy of the widely used Tsyganenko magnetic field models, T96, T01, and T04, by comparing the calculated magnetic field with the ones measured in-situ by the GOES satellites during geomagnetically disturbed times. We first set the baseline accuracy of the models from a data-model comparison during the intervals of geomagnetically quiet times. During quiet times, we find that all three models exhibit a systematic error of about 10% in the magnetic field magnitude, while the error in the field vector direction is on average less than 1%. We then assess the model accuracy by a data-model comparison during twelve geomagnetic storm events. We find that the errors in both the magnitude and the direction are well maintained at the quiet-time level throughout the storm phase, except during the main phase of the storms in which the largest error can reach 15% on average, and exceed well over 70% in the worst case. Interestingly, the largest error occurs not at the Dst minimum but 2–3 hours before the minimum. Finally, the T96 model has consistently underperformed compared to the other models, likely due to the lack of computation for the effects of ring current. However, the T96 and T01 models are accurate enough for most of the time except for highly disturbed periods.

Rotating ring-disk electrode method to evaluate performance of electrocatalysts in hydrogen peroxide activation via rapid detection of hydroxyl radicals

One-electron electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an effective way to produce hydroxyl radical (•OH), whose yield is greatly dependent on the performance (activity and selectivity) of electrocatalysts. However, the current method to evaluate the performance of electrocatalysts is limited by time-consuming and less sensitive method of •OH detection. Herein, we propose an online rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) method to evaluate the performance of electrocatalysts in H2O2 activation by rapidly detecting •OH. This method is implemented by determining the current signals on the disk and ring electrodes: the generated •OH from H2O2 reduction on the disk electrode (induce negative disk currents) reacts with H2O2 to produce superoxide radical (O2•−), which migrates to and is oxidized on the ring electrode and generates positive ring currents. The relevance of the ring currents to O2•− and •OH is proved by radical quenching tests and kinetic analysis. The performance of five electrocatalysts were evaluated by both the RRDE method and the terephthalic acid (TPA) fluorescence method, and the consistent results verify the applicability of the RRDE method. Hence, this work facilitates the development of high-performance electrocatalysts for H2O2 activation and bring insights for RRDE-based electroanalytic chemistry.

Singlet Fission and Aromaticity.

Qualitative aromaticity-based arguments are often used to explain singlet fission (SF) properties in polycyclic conjugated systems. It has been shown by Fowler and collaborators that magnetically induced ring currents are associated with transitions between occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals (MOs). Since SF has to do with relative energies of electronic states, it was hypothesized that induced currents may indicate SF properties. The quantitative aromaticity of linear oligoacene and several doubly boron-doped anthracenes and phenanthrenes, in their closed-shell singlet, open-shell singlet (where applicable), and triplet electronic states, has been studied using nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS)-XY scan methods. It is shown that quantitative magnetic aromaticity can be used to identify SF compounds, at least for initial screening. Thus, the induced current features that are indicative of singlet fission (SF) ability have been found to be global current and local current at each ring of the systems. This conclusion was verified for very different systems─a tetracyclic, nitrogen-containing quinone (6), diphenyl benzofurane (7), and cibalackrot (8), all reported to be SF systems. Finally, it is predicted that some isomers of the doubly boron-doped linear[4]phenylene should show SF properties.

An electric circuit model of the Earth’s polar electrojets and field-aligned currents for the estimation of magnetospheric magnetic field from along-track Swarm magnetic data

This study deals with the analysis of Swarm vector magnetic data in order to create a circuit model of electric currents flowing in the Earth’s polar ionosphere and the inner magnetosphere. The model is composed of a system of two-dimensional electric currents representing the magnetic fields of three-dimensional ionospheric polar electrojets (PEJs), the field-aligned currents (FACs), magnetospheric ring currents (MRCs) and magnetospherically induced electric currents inside the Earth (MICs) for each Swarm track. The aim of this paper is to model PEJ and FAC magnetic fields in terms of electric currents on a track-by-track base, subtract those magnetic fields from along-track Swarm magnetic data and estimate the magnetospheric magnetic field (MMF) in discrete time bins. The proposed method is primarily intended to apply to Swarm signals recorded during magnetic storms. The electric circuit model is set up in three steps. After subtracting the main, lithospheric, Sq ionospheric and oceanic tidal magnetic fields from along-track Swarm magnetic signals, the residuals are grouped in 1-h time bins and adjusted by the magnetic field of a two-circular loop model of MRCs and MICs represented by 3times 2 parameters of the electric circular loops in the magnetosphere and the Earth. The adjustment is carried out for the X and Z magnetic field components only because the Y component contains a large signal due to FACs. In the second step, the modelled MRC–MIC magnetic field is removed from the original residuals and the reduced residuals are adjusted by the magnetic field of a system of two-dimensional electric circuits in the polar ionosphere and FACs. The circuit model is set up according to known geometry of PEJs and FACs. In the final step, the modelled magnetic fields of PEJs and FACs are subtracted from the original residuals and all three magnetic field components are adjusted by the MRC–MIC model, named MMC, in a similar way as in the first step. Reliability of the approach is demonstrated by the scatter plots of model MMC showing a significantly better agreement with Swarm magnetic field residuals than the existing MMFs.Graphical

Magnetically Induced Current Densities in π-Conjugated Porphyrin Nanoballs.

Magnetically induced current densities (MICDs) of Zn-porphyrinoid nanostructures have been studied at the density functional theory level using the B3LYP functional and the def2-SVP basis set. Six of the studied Zn-porphyrinoid nanostructures consist of two crossing porphyrinoid belts, and one is a porphyrinoid nanoball belonging to the octahedral (O) point group. The Zn-porphyrin units are connected to each other via butadiyne linkers as in a recently synthesized porphyrinoid structure resembling two crossed belts. The MICDs are calculated using the gauge-including magnetically induced current method. Current-density pathways and their strengths were determined by numerically integrating the MICD passing through selected planes that cross chemical bonds or molecular rings. The current-density calculations show that the studied neutral molecules are globally nonaromatic but locally aromatic sustaining ring currents only in the individual porphyrin rings or around two neighboring porphyrins. The ring-current strengths of the individual porphyrin rings are 20% weaker than in Zn-porphyrin, whereas oxidation leads to globally aromatic cations sustaining ring currents that are somewhat stronger than for Zn-porphyrin.

Mapping the direction of electron ionization to phase delay between VUV and IR laser pulses

We theoretically demonstrate a one-to-one mapping between the direction of electron ionization and the phase delay between a linearly polarized VUV and a circular IR laser pulse. To achieve this, we use an ultrashort VUV pulse that defines the moment in time and space when an above threshold electron is released in the IR pulse. The electron can then be accelerated to high velocities escaping in a direction completely determined by the phase delay between the two pulses. The dipole matrix element to transition from an initial bound state of the N$_2$ molecule, considered in this work, to the continuum is obtained using quantum mechanical techniques that involve computing accurate continuum molecular states. Following release of the electron in the IR pulse, we evolve classical trajectories, neglecting the Coulomb potential and accounting for quantum interference, to compute the distribution of the direction and magnitude of the final electron momentum. The concept we theoretically develop can be implemented to produce nanoscale ring currents that generate large magnetic fields.

(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Analysis of Oxygen Reduction in Phosphonium Ionic Liquids Based on Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode Method

Ionic liquids (ILs) have characteristic physicochemical properties such as high thermal stability, low volatility, low melting point, and flame resistance. Moreover, ILs exhibit also excellent electrochemical properties represented by a wide potential window.[1] Hence, they have a great potential for electrochemical applications such as electrolytes for batteries, capacitors, fuel-cells and so on. Phosphonium ILs have unique physical characters such as lower viscosity and higher ionic conductivity compared with corresponding structured ammonium ILs.[2] Recently, we have evaluated the diffusion coefficient and the solubility of oxygen molecules in phosphonium ILs and have clarified that such oxygen behaviors strongly depends on the chemical structure of cation rather than that of anions. In the present study, we demonstrated the proton effect for the ORR in phosphonium ILs using rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) technique.[3] Tetraalkyl-phosphonium(PXXXY+ and bis(trifluoromethane sulfone) imide (TFSA-)) ILs were used for electrolytes.Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and convective voltammogram were performed using a three electrode cell at 25oC. The RRDE constructed a glassy carbon (GC) or platinum (Pt) disk, and Pt ring electrodes were used as the working electrodes. The ring current was measured at a potential of 1.0 V vs. Ag/Ag+ reference electrode, where the intermediate oxidation reaction enough attached to diffusion limit.In the non-protonic media, ORR currents were observed from –0.6 V on GC disk electrode and –0.5 V on Pt disk electrode respectively, which were corresponding to the one-electron reduction reaction in ORR. On the other hand, the on-set potential of ORR in protonic media was higher than that in non-protonic media on both electrodes. Such potential shifts were strongly appeared on the Pt disk electrode than that on the GC disk electrode. Moreover, the diffusion limiting current was observed on Pt disk electrode at higher potential region in protonic media, and the current increased with increasing H-TFSA content. Therefore, the limiting current originated from not the transport of oxygen molecules, but that of proton, while the ring current oppositely decreased with increasing H-TFSA content. The ring current originated from intermediate formed on Pt disk electrode was smaller than that on GC disk electrode. These results indicated that the number of electrons in ORR increased by the existence of proton, and the effect of proton was promoted on Pt surface better than the GC surface.[1] A. Khan, C. Zhao, ACS sustainable Chem. Eng. 4, 506 (2016)[2] K. Tsunashima, and M. Sugiya, Electrochemistry Communications, 9, 2353- 2358(2007)[3] M. Hildera, et al, Electrochimica Acta, 202, 100-109(2016).

Thermally-Activated Cobalt Hexacyanocobaltate Dispersed on Reduced-Graphene-Oxide As Electrocatalyst Towards Oxygen Reduction in an Alkaline Medium

In the recent research years is observed huge interest in design of new functional nanomaterials for developing new electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid and alkaline media. The research has been focused on developing carbon nanostructures materials with the different transition metals (e.g. Co, Ni, Ag, Au, Cu, Mn) analogue of polynuclear Prussian Blue for fuel cell applications. The development of electrocatalytic material prepared by heat-treating a composite of a Prussian Blue analogue - cobalt hexacyanocobaltate immobilized on a reduced graphene oxide. The pyrolysis process, forms a new type of catalyst with efficient active cobalt centers (Co-N-C and Co-C-N) of electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media. Physicochemical properties of this catalytic material containing cobalt in differing oxidation states were elucidated using microscopic, spectroscopic methods and various electrochemical diagnostic techniques. Experimental results showed that the cobalt analogue of Prussian Blue displayed comparable electrocatalytic activity (e.g., a half-wave potential and overpotential) towards oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media to Vulcan-supported platinum nanoparticles. Furthermore, the presence of cyanide-bridged cobalt ionic sites tended to decrease formation of undesirable peroxide intermediate species, as demonstrated by monitoring ring currents during RRDE measurements. Furthermore, the proposed electrocatalytic material exhibits great stability and tolerance to alcohols (e.g. methanol). Acknowledgement The study was supported by the National Science Center (NCN), Poland, Project Number 2015/19/B/ST4/03758

Nuclear versus electronic ring currents in oriented torsional molecules induced by magnetic fields. II. Electronic currents of toluene

The theory of nuclear ring currents of torsional molecules induced by an external magnetic field along the torsion axis was developed in the preceding paper [D. Jia et al., preceding paper, Phys. Rev. A 106, 042801 (2022)]. Here we study the magnetically induced electronic current density (MIC) for toluene in the presence of an external magnetic field that is aligned with the torsion axis of the methyl group. Properties of the MIC are studied in detail at the density-functional theory (DFT) level using our gauge-including magnetically induced current method, the derivation of which is briefly outlined. The strength of the MIC is determined by numerical integration and compared to the estimated strength of the magnetically induced nuclear ring current reported in the preceding paper. Spatial contributions to the diatropic and paratropic MICs are discussed in detail, where the diatropic MIC flows in the classical direction and the paratropic MIC flows in the opposite direction. The MIC in the vicinity of the methyl group is mainly diatropic, whereas the phenyl group ring is dominated by a paratropic MIC of $\ensuremath{-}14.90\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nA}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{T}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ localized to the carbon atoms. The strength of the MIC near the methyl group is $10.41\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nA}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{T}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is of about the same size as the strength of the ring current of benzene when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the molecular ring. The strength of the magnetically induced nuclear ring current of the whole toluene molecule is $19.9\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{pA}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{T}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than the electronic one of $\ensuremath{-}1.93\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nA}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{T}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ calculated for the eclipsed structure at the employed DFT level. This value is in perfect agreement with the current strength of $\ensuremath{-}1.93\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nA}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{T}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ calculated at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles level with a perturbative treatment of the triple excitations. The current strength calculated at the second-order M\o{}ller-Plesset perturbation level is $1.20\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nA}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{T}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is of the same size with opposite sign.