Poria Vincta Research Articles

Ecological competition in the oral mycobiome of Hispanic adults living in Puerto Rico associates with periodontitis

Background: Fungi are a major component of the human microbiome that only recently received attention. The imbalance of indigenous fungal communities and environmental fungi present in the oral cavity may have a role in oral dysbiosis, which could exacerbate oral inflammatory diseases. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study and recruited 88 participants aged 21 to 49 from sexually transmitted infection clinics in Puerto Rico. A full-mouth periodontal examination following the NHANES protocol defined periodontal severity (CDC/AAP). ITS2 (fungal) genes were amplified and sequenced for mycobiota characterization of yeast and environmental fungi. Environmental outdoor spore levels were measured daily by the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology San Juan station and defined by quartiles as spore scores. Results: Our data indicate polymicrobial colonization of yeast and environmental fungi in the oral cavity. Dominant taxa associated with periodontal disease included Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rigidoporus vinctus, and Aspergillus penicilloides, while Candida albicans were found to be ubiquitous. Fungal aerosols were found to impact the oral cavity biofilm, likely due to competition and neutralization by inhaled outdoor and indoor fungal spores. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report showcasing the ecological competition of measured outdoor environmental fungi with the human oral mycobiota.

A revised genus-level classification for Cerrenaceae (Polyporales, Agaricomycetes).

Cerrenaceae is a small family of polypores and hydnoid fungi in the order Polyporales (Basidiomycota). The family consists of white-rot fungi, some of which are serious tree pathogens. Combining morphological evidence with a phylogenetic dataset of six genetic markers, we revise generic concepts in the family and propose a seven-genus classification system for the family. Two genera are introduced as new: the monotypic Acanthodontia for Radulodon cirrhatinus, and Lividopora for the Rigidoporus vinctus complex. We re-introduce the name Somion for the Spongipellis delectans complex. Other recognized genera in the family are Cerrena, Irpiciporus, Pseudolagarobasidium, and Radulodon. New species introduced are Irpiciporus branchiformis from Tanzania, Lividopora armeniaca, and L. facilis from Southeast Asia, and Somion strenuum from East Asia. We provide nomenclatural comments on all the names combined to the above Cerrenaceae genera and typify Cerrena unicolor, C. zonata, Polyporus carneopallens (= L. vincta), Somion occarium, and S. unicolor. The genus Hyphoradulum belongs to Cystostereaceae (Agaricales), and we transfer the type species H. conspicuum to Crustomyces. Our study highlights the importance of integrating different basidiocarp types in analyses when revising genus classification in macrofungi. Citation: Miettinen O, Vlasák J, Larsson E, Vlasák J Jr., Seelan JSS, Hernawati, Levicky Q, Larsson K-H, Spirin V (2023). A revised genus-level classification for Cerrenaceae (Polyporales, Agaricomycetes). Fungal Systematics and Evolution 12: 271-322. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2023.12.14.

Fungal endophytes as potential biocontrol agent of Panama disease of banana

BackgroundFusarium odoratissimum (Foc TR4) is a devastating fungal pathogen that causes Panama wilt in Cavendish banana, a high value crop that generates significant revenue. The excessive use of synthetic fungicides for disease control poses risks to both human health and the environment. Consequently, there is a pressing need for eco-friendly alternatives to manage this disease. One potential approach is the utilization of biocontrol agents, which have shown promise in disease control. This study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of fungal endophytes isolated from the naturally-resistant cultivar Cardaba banana against Foc TR4. These fungal isolates were subjected to a dual culture assay, characterized based on morpho-cultural characteristics, and confirmed molecularly using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA.ResultsOf the 15 fungal endophytes isolated from Cardaba; Blakeslea trispora, Pseudopestalotiopsis theae, Xylaria badia, Nigrospora hainanensis, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Xylaria feejeensis, Gymnoascus reessii, Fusarium subglutinans, Rigidoporus vinctus, and Macrophomina phaseolina showed potential antagonistic activity against F. odoratissimum. Isolates X. feejeensis (USMJMTBL10), G. reesii (USMJMTBL11), and M. phaseolina (USMJMTBR1) had the highest antagonistic activity of 87.8–96.6% against F. odoratissimum in vitro.ConclusionThis study presents evidence of the potential of Cardaba-associated endophytes isolated and identified in this research, as effective biocontrol agents against F. odoratissimum, the causal agent of Panama disease in Cavendish banana. Our findings suggest that these endophytes hold promise as a biocontrol agent for managing Foc TR4-infected banana plants. Future research will focus on in planta testing, validation in greenhouse and field trials, as well as development of formulations and application protocols to optimize the utilization of these biocontrol agents in an integrated management approach for Foc TR4-infected bananas.

Evaluating the efficacy of wood decay fungi and synthetic fungal consortia for simultaneous decolorization of multiple textile dyes.

Wastewater from the textile industry dyeing process containing high loads of synthetic dyes leads to pollution of water with these toxic and genotoxic dyes. Much effort has been put towards developing biological systems to resolve this issue. Mycoremediation is a well-known approach using fungi to remove, degrade, or remediate pollutants and can be applied to decolorize textile dyes in industrial effluent. Fungal strains from four genera of Polyporales, namely Coriolopsis sp. TBRC 2756, Fomitopsis pinicola TBRC-BCC 30881, Rigidoporus vinctus TBRC 6770, and Trametes pocas TBRC-BCC 18705, were studied for decolorization efficiency, and R. vinctus was found to exhibit the greatest activity in removing all seven tested reactive dyes and one acid dye with a decolorization efficiency of 80% or more within 7 days under limited oxygen. This fungus simultaneously degraded multiple dyes in synthetic wastewater as well as industrial effluent from the dyeing process. To enhance the decolorization rate, various fungal consortia were formulated for testing. However, these consortia only trivially improved efficiency compared with using R. vinctus TBRC 6770 alone. Evaluation of R. vinctus TBRC 6770 decolorization ability was further performed in a 15-L bioreactor to test its ability to eliminate multiple dyes from industrial effluent. The fungus took 45 days to adapt to growth in the bioreactor and subsequently reduced dye concentration to less than 10% of the initial concentration. The following six cycles required only 4-7 days to reduce dye concentrations to less than 25%, demonstrating that the system can run efficiently for multiple cycles without the need for extra medium or other carbon sources.

Live Biomass of Rigidoporus vinctus: A Sustainable Method for Decoloration and Detoxification of Dyes in Water.

In this study, white-rot fungus, Rigidoporus vinctus, collected from an unidentified fallen twig from Pathankot, Punjab, India, was used for biosorption of anionic Congo red and cationic Methylene blue dyes from an aqueous medium. The biosorption efficiency of the live biomass of Rigidoporus vinctus was investigated to optimize biosorbent dosage, process time, concentrations of dyes, and pH of solutions. The results indicated that Rigidoporus vinctus is more efficient than other reported bio-adsorbents for Congo red and Methylene blue dyes. The maximum biosorption activity of Rigidoporus vinctus for Congo red was found at pH 2, and that for Methylene blue was at pH 10, after 24 h of the reaction period. The process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, which indicated that the interaction of both dyes to the adsorption sites on the surface of Rigidoporus vinctus was responsive to biosorption. The biosorption process could be well explained by the Langmuir isotherm for both dyes. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of Rigidoporus vinctus for Congo red and Methylene blue was observed to be 54.0 mg/g and 80.6 mg/g, respectively. The seed germination test was carried out, and it was assessed that the toxicity of dyes was reduced up to significant levels. Based on the present experimental findings, it can be concluded that biosorption using the live biomass of Rigidoporus vinctus can effectively decolorize dye-containing wastewater, thus reducing the hazardous effects of dyes on human beings.

Multi-functional bioactive secondary metabolites derived from endophytic fungi of marine algal origin.

Endophytic fungi from marine macroalgae are endowed with various pharmacologically active metabolites. This study mined, identified and screened endophytic fungi (EF) isolated from marine algae from the west coast of South India for screening anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial secondary metabolite producers. Five EF isolated from sampled marine algae were identified using morphology and ITS based identification as Grammothele fuligo, Rigidoporus vinctus, Cystobasidium minutum, Candida railenensis and Pichia kudriavzevii. After culturing 20 days on PDA medium, the ethyl acetate extracts of Cystobasidium minutum showed potent antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa with an IC50 value of 458.7 ± 1.021 µg/mL whereas Pichia kudriavzevii extracts showed promising antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 65.78 ± 1.082 µg/mL, 38.74 ± 1.040 µg/mL and 32.01 ± 1.018 µg/mL for DPPH assay, ABTS assay and FRAP assay respectively) and high cytotoxic activity against MG63 cell line (IC50=145.1 ± 1.086 µg/mL, no activity against U87 cells). The phytochemical screening of the extracts unveiled the existence of diverse groups of secondary metabolites. Further, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of the extract revealed the presence of compounds that are known to be antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic. These results indicate that marine derived endophytes could be potent sources for multi-functional bioactive compounds and may find prospective application in pharmaceutical industry.

Trunk surface agarwood-inducing technique with Rigidoporus vinctus: An efficient novel method for agarwood production.

Only when Aquilaria spp. or Gyrinops spp. trees are wounded, due to insect attack, or microbial invasion, agarwood can be successfully induced. In the present study, a fungus which can induce agarwood formation efficiently was isolated and a suitable method for its application to induce agarwood formation was developed. Rigidoporus vinctus was isolated from the inner layers from infectious A. sinensis trees. When the fermentation liquid of fungi inoculated back to A. sinensis tree, agarwood was found to be induced. In addition, a novel method called trunk surface agarwood-inducing technique (Agar-Sit) was developed to produce agarwood with R. vinctus. The alcohol soluble extract content of the agarwood, up to 38.9%, far higher than the requirement (10%) in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the six characteristic compounds of agarwood used as Chinese Medicinal Materials were all detected. Their relative percentages of the sesquiterpenes in the essential oil were 22.76%. This is the first report of the Agar-Sit and also the application of R. vinctus in agarwood induction. According to the results, when the combination of Agar-Sit and R. vinctus is used agarwood can be induced with high yield and good quality.

Biodiversity of fungi in seawater and sediment from mangrove forest at Andaman coastal research station for development, Ranong province

Fungal diversity in the seawater and sediment in the mangrove forest at Andaman Coastal Research Station for Development, Ranong Province was studied. Seawater and sediment were sampled in 5 sites during the rainy and dry season. The fungi were cultivated in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) supplemented with Streptomycin and Chloramphenical and incubated at room temperature for 7 days. Eighty nine and 99 fungal isolates were found in the sediment and seawater samples, respectively. Fungal identification was done using their molecular study. Forty-five fungal species could be identified using molecular study and morphological features including: Acremonium furcatum, A. nepalense, Aspergillus aculeatus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. nomius, A. nutans, A. oryzae, A. tubingensis, Aspergillus sp., Ceratocystis paradoxa, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Diaporthe helianthi, Didymellaceae sp., Dothideomycetes sp., Eupenicillium shearii, Fusarium equiseti, F. moniliformis, F. nelsonii, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. subglutinans, Fusarium sp., Ganoderma cupreum, Gliocephalotrichum simplex, Gongronella butleri, Hypocrea jecorina, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neosartorya fischeri, Penicillium citrinum, P. funiculosum, P. griseofulvum, P. janthinellum, P. lilacinum, P. oxalicum, P. rademirici, P. simplicissimum, P. stecki, P. vasconiae, Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Rigidoporus vinctus, Sordaria sp., Talaromyces assiutensis, Trichaptum laricinum, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma sp. and Xylaria apoda. The common fungal species found in this study were Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium.

MOLECULAR CLONING AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RECOMBINANT LACCASE FROM RIGIDOPORUS VINCTUS

Laccases are multi-copper oxidases that widely distributed in plants and fungi. These enzymes catalyze oxidation of various compounds including phenolics and non-phenolics, and have been used in many industrial processes such as paper industry, biobleaching and bioremediation. A full length cDNA (1767 bp) encoding a putative laccase (Lac) from ＂Rigidoporus vinctus＂ was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The coding region of RvLac encodes 517 amino acids which contained four conserved putative copper-binding regions. To further characterize the RvLac, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector pET-20b(+) and transformed into ＂E. coli＂ BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Expression of the Lac was induced by IPTG and the recombinant His-tagged Lac was purified by Ni_2+ -nitrilotriacetic acid Sepharose superflow column. The purified enzyme was revealed as a single band on SDS-PAGE with molecular mass of ~57 kDa. Furthermore, the enzyme activity and kinetics were determined by ABTS assay. The Michaelis constant value for ABTS is 0.07 mM. The enzyme has a half-life of 4.6 min at 75℃. The enzyme is active under a pH 2 treatment for 30 min.

Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of laccase from Rigidoporus vinctus (583.3)

Laccases are multi‐copper oxidases that widely distributed in plants and fungi. The enzyme catalyzes oxidation of various compounds including phenolic and non‐phenolic, and has been used in many industrial processes such as paper industry, biobleaching and bioremediation. A full‐ length cDNA (1767 bp) encoding a putative Lac from Rigidoporus vinctus was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The coding region of RvLac encodes 517 amino acids which contained four conserved putative copper‐binding regions. To further characterize the RvLac, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector pET‐20b(+) and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3)pLysS. The expression of the Lac was induced by IPTG and the recombinant His‐tagged Lac was purified by Ni2+ ‐nitrilotriacetic acid Sepharose superflow column. The purified enzyme was analyzed by 12 % SDS‐PAGE. Furthermore, the enzyme activity and kinetics were determined by measuring 2,2‐azino‐bis 3‐ethylbenzothiozone‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS) oxidation. The enzyme is active under a broad pH range and is most active at pH 6‐10.Grant Funding Source: National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan under grant NSC 100‐2313‐B‐019‐003‐MY3

Chemical alteration of banana pseudostems by white rot fungi

The ability of fungi to degrade lignocellulosic materials is due to their highly efficient enzymatic system. However, many of these fungi have the ability to not only depolymerize and metabolize lignin but also to degrade cellulose and hemicellulose. This study aims to investigate the differences between white rot fungi species, namely, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Oxyporus latemarginatus, Coriolus versicolor, and Rigidoporus vinctus, in chemical constituent changes on the pseudostem of Musa acuminata var. truncata. The sterilized banana pseudostem chips were inoculated with each fungus separately and incubated for 1, 2 and 4 weeks. P. sanguineus was found to be the best fungus for banana pseudostem among 4 species because it degraded mainly on lignin and extractives but less on holocellulose and alpha-cellulose. On the other hand, O. latemarginatus was found to degrade all the chemical contents, while C. versicolor and R. vinctus appeared less efficient in banana degradation. It appeared that the suitable pre-treatment duration was two weeks, which was due to the lower amounts of degraded holocellulose and alpha-cellulose.

Generation of volatile ammonia from urea fungicidal to Phellinus noxius in infested wood in soil under controlled conditions

Phellinus noxius was not recovered from pieces of artificially infested wood placed in or on soil amended with urea (NH4)2CO3 or aqueous ammonia. High concentrations of volatile NH3 were detected in these treatments, indicating that NH3 generated from these chemicals was fungicidal to P. noxius. A high concentration of volatile NH3 was detected from nonautoclaved soil amended with urea, but not from amended autoclaved soil, indicating that soil microorganisms were involved in NH3 generation. To kill P. noxius completely required 3000 p.p.m. urea in soil. Volatile NH3 was generated from urea in alkaline soil, but not in acidic soil. In acidic soil 1 month after urea amendment, populations of both fungi and bacteria, and the concentration of NH4+ (but not of NH3 in the air), were significantly greater than in the no urea treatment and in the urea treatment 3 d after amendment, indicating that NH4+, generated from urea in the soil enhanced the activity of soil microorganisms. In contrast, 1 month after amendment of alkaline soil, the concentration of NH4+ in the soil and NH3 in the air increased significantly and the populations of both fungi and bacteria decreased, indicating that NH3 in the air inhibited activity of soil microorganisms. Similar quantities of volatile NH3 were generated at temperatures ranging from 12 to 32°C. A large quantity of NH3 was generated at low soil matric potentials (− 0.75 to − 0.15 MPa) while high potentials (> − 0.025 MPa) and flooded soil hindered production of volatile NH3. Ammonia was more effective at killing P. noxius growing in smaller pieces of wood than in larger pieces. The fungus was not recovered from wood pieces less than 3 cm in diameter. Volatile NH3 was also lethal to six other root rotting fungi (Ganoderma australe, G. lucidum, G. tropicum, Rigidoporus vinctus, Heterobasidion annosum, and Rosellinia necatrix) in addition to P. noxius.

Twelve Species of the Aphyllophorales new to Taiwan

Twelve species of the Aphyllophorales belonging to the corticiaceous fungi and polypores are reported as new to taiwan. They are: Antrodiella cf. Asterostroma muscicola, Brevicellicium olivascens, Ceriporia viridans, Ceriporiopsis cf. mucida, Lopharia cinerascens, Oxyorus cuneatus, Plicatura crispa, Rigidoporus vinctus, Sistotrema brinkmannii, Skeletocutis albocremea, and Steccherinum robustius. Descriptions and microscopic line drawings are provided for the twelve species.

Junghuhnia vincta(Berkeley) comb. nov., root pathogen ofPinus radiata

Abstract Junghuhnia vincta (Berkeley) comb. nov. is proposed for Poria vincta (Berkeley) Cooke, causal agent of a root disease of Pinus radiata D. Don. The disease occurs in young plantations in the Bay of Plenty, predominantly on sites previously stocked in native forest. The fungus also attacks dicotyledonous and coniferous trees in orchard shelterbelts in the same region. An isolate from a diseased Salix matsudana Koidzumi tree was used to inoculate one-year-old seedlings of ten introduced host species from seven genera. After 18 months, 51 outof 110 inoculated plants had become infected, 30 of which had died. There were significant differences in levels of infection between species. Of 13 inoculated seedlings of P. radiata, three became diseased, confirming the pathogenic behaviour of J. vincta to this host species in the field.

INTERACTION OF SUBSTRATE C:N RATIO AND OSMOTIC POTENTIAL ON GROWTH AND OSMOREGULATION OF FOUR FILAMENTOUS FUNGI.

Variation in the carbon to nitrogen ratio in the range 10:1 to 1000:1 had only a small effect on the radial growth rate of four species of fungus on a basic nutrient agar medium. There was no obvious pattern to the differences observed, whether the nitrogen source was organic or inorganic or the medium osmotic potential high or low. The final fresh weight of the colonies was more sensitive to C: N ratio and was depressed by high C: N ratios by as much as 90 % in some treatments. Polyporus versicolor L. ex Fr. was the most efficient accumulator of biomass at C: N of 1000:1, but Penicillium chrysogenum Thorn had the highest mycelial N content. Colony yield did not show the same relationship to external osmotic potential as did the radial growth rate, and the ratio at which the maximum yield at each osmotic potential occurred varied with the different treatments. Turgor potential was reduced by high C:N in the majority of treatments in Polyporus versicolor, Poria vincta (Berk.) Cke. and Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands but not at all in Penicillium chrysogenum. Water content increased with the C: N ratio and decreased with external osmotic potential in all the species except Phytophthora cinnamomi. There was no clear effect of C:N ratio on any of the hyphal solutes measured, that is Na+ , K+ , Cl- , proline or glycerol. Lower concentrations of the organic solutes were present in Phytophthora cinnamomi and Penicillium chrysogenum in these conditions than when KCl and Czapek-Dox with yeast extract medium was used; turgor potential of Penicillium chrysogenum also was 50% lower. Sodium chloride was used to adjust the external osmotic potential and Na+ and Cl- were taken up in increasing amounts as the osmotic potential decreased in all species. Potassium concentrations were similar between species and treatments. The hyphal osmotic potentials, calculated from these solutes alone, were lower (more negative) than the values measured in Poria vincta grown at -1 MPa and Penicillium chrysogenum grown at - 10MPa, but very close to those for Phytophthora cinnamomi grown at - 2.5 MPa.

The Taxonomy and Morphology of Poria Vincta

Poria vincta (Berk.) Cke. is divided into two varieties based on differences in basidiocarp coloration. Fungi synonymous with P. vincta var. vincta are P. carneopallens (Berk.) Cke. and P. hyposclera (Berk.) Cke. Synonymous with P. vincta var. cinerea (Bres.) Setliff are P. carneopallens f. cinerea Bres., P. porphyrophaea Bres., and P. hypobrunnea Petch. Basidiocarps named P. hypolateritia Berk. by T. Petch are the same as P. vincta var. vincta. The type specimen of P. hypolateritia is microscopically distinct from P. vincta var. vincta. Red-root disease of rubber and tea in Ceylon attributed to P. hypolateritia and P. hypobrunnea, red strand-rot of rubber in the Amazon Valley and Poria root disease in East Africa are caused by the two varieties of P. vincta. Poria vincta var. vincta also is associated with a dry rot of Cavendish banana in Australia. Gloeoplerous hyphae which terminate in the hymenium as mammillate cystidia provide a diagnostic character for P. vincta.

The Taxonomy and Morphology of Poria vincta

The Taxonomy and Morphology of Poria vincta

Cultural Characteristics of Poria vincta

Cultural Characteristics of Poria vincta

Cultural Characteristics of Poria Vincta

Cultural Characteristics of Poria Vincta