Rigid Network Research Articles

Building rigid networks with prestress and selective pruning

Biopolymer networks from the intracellular to tissue scale display high rigidity and tensile stress while having coordinations well below the normal threshold for mechanical rigidity. The elastic filaments in these networks are often severed by enzymes in a tension-inhibited manner. The effects of such pruning on the mechanics of prestressed networks have not been studied. We show that networks pruned by a tension-inhibited method remain rigid at much lower coordinations than randomly pruned ones. These findings suggest a possible reason for the repeated evolution of tension-inhibited filament-severing proteins. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

An active damping control strategy for suppressing LCL resonant point migration for three-phase grid-tied inverter

LCL filters are extensively utilized in Grid-connected inverters due to their exceptional capability in suppressing high-frequency harmonics. The active damping method is commonly employed to mitigate the resonance peak of the LCL filter. However, this control strategy induces a shift in the natural resonance point. To address this issue, a novel active damping control strategy based on the principle of equivalent transformation is proposed in this paper, which not only effectively suppresses the resonance peak but also avoids deviation from the natural resonance point. Finally, experiments are carried out on a three-phase LCL Grid-connected inverter, and the experimental results show that the control strategy has good steady-state performance, dynamic response, and robustness under both rigid and ultra-weak network conditions.

Effect of ionic bonding on luminescence properties of histidine maleic anhydride derivatives

Polymeric materials exhibiting room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) have attracted wide attention for their easy synthesis, low toxicity, and applications in various fields such as data encryption, cell imaging, information security and other fields. Nevertheless, the conventional ways of preparing such materials are mainly focused on doping, which may suffer from phase separation, poor compatibility, and lack of effective methods to promote intersystem crossing and suppress the nonradiative deactivation rates. Herein, a series of polymers with fluorescence and phosphorescence dual emission were prepared by simple radical solution copolymerization. Through rigid ion-bonded cross-linked networks and cross-linked hydrogen-bonded networks between the polymer chains, the non-radiative jumps and achieve ultra-long phosphorescence lifetimes were able to suppress. By suppressing non-radiative transitions through rigid ion-bonded cross-linked networks and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding networks between polymer chains, ultra-long phosphorescence is achieved. Impressively, a LRTP lifetime of up to 815.38 ms in polymers under ambientconditions is set up. Moreover, in this study, phosphorescence emission can be easily tuned by balancing ion radius and charge states. These results outline the construction of polymeric materials, endowing traditional polymers with new characteristics and promising potential applications.

Lanternarene-Based Self-Sorting Double-Network Hydrogels for Flexible Strain Sensors.

Conductive flexible hydrogels have attracted immense attentions recently due to their wide applications in wearable sensors. However, the poor mechanical properties of most conductive polymer limit their utilizations. Herein, a double network hydrogel is fabricated via a self-sorting process with cationic polyacrylamide as the first flexible network and the lantern[33]arene-based hydrogen organic framework nanofibers as the second rigid network. This hydrogel is endowed with good conductivity (0.25 S m-1) and mechanical properties, such as large Young's modulus (31.9MPa), fracture elongation (487%) and toughness (6.97MJ m-3). The stretchability of this hydrogel is greatly improved after the kirigami cutting, which makes it can be used as flexible strain sensor for monitoring human motions, such as bending of fingers, wrist and elbows. This study not only provides a valuable strategy for the construction of double network hydrogels by lanternarene, but also expands the application of the macrocycle hydrogels to flexible electronics.

Enhanced mitochondrial fluorescence imaging through confinement fluorescence effect within a rigid silicon suboxide network

Fluorescence imaging technology has emerged as a powerful tool for studying intricate mitochondrial morphology within living cells. However, the need for fluorophores with stable fluorescence intensity and low phototoxicity poses significant challenges, particularly for long-term live-cell mitochondrial monitoring. To address this, we introduce the confinement fluorescence effect (CFE) into the design of fluorophores. This strategy involves confining small-molecule fluorophores within a silicon suboxide network structure of nanoparticles (CEF-NPs), which restricts molecular rotation, resulting in the suppression of non-radiative transition and the isolation of encapsulated fluorophores from surrounding quenching factors. CFE-NPs (SY2@SiOx) exhibit exceptional properties, such as high fluorescence intensity (80-fold) and reduced phototoxicity (0.15-fold). Furthermore, the TPP + -functionalized CFE-NPs (SY2@SiOxTPP) demonstrated efficacy in mitochondrial imaging and mitochondrial dynamics monitoring. Biochemistry assays indicated that SY2@SiOxTPP exhibits significantly lower phototoxicity to mitochondrial functions compared to both small-molecule fluorophore and commercial Mito Tracker. This approach allows for the long-term dynamic monitoring of mitochondrial morphological changes through fluorescence imaging, without impairing mitochondrial functionality.

Temperature-dependent diffraction studies on the stannides Sr3Rh4Sn4, Sr3Ir4Sn4 and Sr2.43Eu0.57Ir4Sn4

Abstract The stannides Sr3Rh4Sn4 and Sr2.43Eu0.57Ir4Sn4 (Na3Pt4Ge4-type, space group I 4 ‾ $\overline{4}$ 3m) were synthesized by induction-melting of the elements in sealed tantalum tubes followed by an annealing sequence to increase the crystallinity. Their polycrystalline samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and the structures were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data. The basic building units are [Rh4Sn4] respectively [Ir4Sn4] stellae quadrangulae which condense to rigid three-dimensional networks. A striking crystal chemical feature of the Na3Pt4Ge4-type phases are pronounced anisotropic displacements of the divalent cations. Additional structure refinements of Sr3Rh4Sn4 and Sr2.43Eu0.57Ir4Sn4 and the previously reported stannide Sr3Ir4Sn4 at 90 K reveal less anisotropic behavior in going to lower temperatures.

Mechanistic elucidation of the molecular weight dependence of corrosion inhibition afforded by polyetherimide coatings

Corrosion of critical metal components exacts a heavy toll in terms of maintenance and replacement costs and damage to ecosystems upon failure. Polymeric barrier coatings protect against corrosion; however, design principles for modulating polymer structure to improve corrosion inhibition remain contested and elusive. Here, we examine molecular-weight-dependent differences in the efficacy of corrosion inhibition on aluminum substrates afforded by polyetherimide (PEI) coatings. Analyses of coated substrates evidence a clear trend denoting improved corrosion inhibition for higher weighted-average molecular weight (MW) PEI. The more rigid and entangled macromolecular network of higher-MW variants exhibit stable impedance values, |Z|0.01 Hz ca. 1010 Ω/cm2, upon extended immersion in brine media, whereas lower-MW variants are readily hydrated and disentangled resulting in a significant reduction in impedance values. Results illuminate mechanistic understanding of molecular-weight-dependence in corrosion inhibition, advance a framework for considering the dynamical evolution of secondary structure, and exemplify generalizable design principles for corrosion inhibition.

Optimization of acoustic porous material absorbers modeled as rigid multiple microducts networks: Metamaterial design using additive manufacturing

This research presents a strategy to enhancing sound absorption in porous acoustic metamaterials through the optimization of micro-duct networks. The study employs a combination of analytical and numerical methods, systematically adjusting micro-duct diameters within a 2D grid to optimize absorption coefficients at specific frequency bands. The Finite Element Transfer Method (FETM) is utilized for modeling, supported by a multi-objective function influenced by the surface impedance of the network. This approach ensures practical applicability and manufacturability of the designed metamaterial. A significant aspect of the study is the development of an analytical mobility matrix for each microduct, integrated through the Transfer Matrix Method using the visco-thermal dissipation theory. This integration results in a physically coherent model, for which a semi-analytical sensitivity analysis related to the microduct diameters can be directly performed. The optimization employs the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA), effectively managing the complexity associated with a large number of design variables. Subsequently, the optimized structure is adapted into a 3D grid, facilitating prototype creation using Additive Manufacturing Technology (AMT) with a specific polymer material. The research methodology is validated through four distinct test cases, each demonstrating the efficacy and adaptability of the optimization tools and techniques. Experimental validation, conducted using an impedance tube, indicates a significant shift in the first absorption maximum from 2500 Hz to 1000 Hz, achieved without altering the material thickness. Additional validation through 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling, which includes visco-thermal effects, further confirms the acoustic efficiency of the final designs. While the potential for achieving lower sub-wavelength conditions is recognized, the study opts for simpler structures, considering the current limitations of 3D printing technology. This study contributes to both theoretical understanding and practical application in acoustic material design, emphasizing the potential for customizing materials to specific frequency ranges. The integration of FETM modeling with MMA provides a systematic and effective approach for optimizing acoustic materials, particularly in enhancing absorption at lower frequencies.

Alteration of cement rheological properties and setting-hardening: Novel insight into the impact of polyaluminum sulfate

The accelerator significantly influences the setting and hardening performance of shotcrete, in order to develop novel setting components, this study investigates the underlying mechanisms through which polyaluminum sulfate (PAS) facilitates the setting of cement paste. QXRD, Isothermal calorimetry, Zeta potential and Rheological test were employed to analyze the effects of PAS addition on the setting and hardening behavior, hydration kinetics, and rheological properties of cement paste. When the dosage of PAS is 10 %, the initial and final setting times are reduced by 54.39 % and 38.57 % respectively, meanwhile the compressive strength after 6 hours increases by 659.09 %. The influence of PAS on cement setting acceleration and rheological properties were analyzed using the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory and the Water Film Thickness (WFT) theory. PAS leads to an acceleration in particle aggregation rate and an increase in shear stress and plastic viscosity of the cement paste. Furthermore, the accelerated hydration effect of PAS promotes the formation of additional hydration products, strengthens the interparticle connectivity, and facilitates the formation of a rigid network. This study highlights a novel pathway for understanding the rapid setting mechanism of aluminum-based accelerators.

Ultrahigh-Temperature Long-Persistent Luminescence from B2O3-Confined Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds.

Organic molecules and polymers have recently been intensively explored for afterglow materials owing to their low cost and flexible design. However, they normally fail to generate long-persistent luminescence at elevated temperatures, mostly due to the fast deactivation of triplet excited states. Here, we report that polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) individually confined in a B2O3 crystalloid emit long-persistent luminescence at high temperatures up to 400 °C. This is facilely accomplished by dispersing a series of aromatic derivatives in an aqueous solution of boric acid, followed by drying, melting, and dehydrating. The resulting highly rigid and thermostable B2O3 crystalloid network provides a matched ultrastrong confinement effect and completely restricts the vibration and rotation of the molecularly distributed PACs even at ultrahigh temperatures and thereby prevents the nonradiative dissipation of triplet excitons and promotes the generation of ultrahigh-temperature long-persistent luminescence. The afterglow colors are responsive to both temperature and time, spanning from ultraviolet to near-infrared regions over a wide temperature range, which is substantially modulated by the subtle balance of phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence. These features favor the creation of advanced afterglow materials for visual 3D temperature probing, anticounterfeiting, and data encryption in extreme environments.

The beeswax-based fish oil oleogels adjusting the stabilization mechanism and lipid digestion of bi-layer emulsions: Spatial conformation and molecular interaction

Fish oil contains omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but their poor oxidation stability and gastrointestinal digestion rate led to the low bioavailability. Oleogels could improve the stability of EPA and DHA, so the effect of beeswax (BW)-based fish oil oleogels (FOGs) on the stabilization mechanism and lipid digestion of bi-layer emulsions was investigated. The results showed that the enhanced BW crystals lowered the myofibrillar protein (MP) unfolding along with the decrease in β-sheets, hydrophobic force and disulfide bond, thus reducing the interfacial adsorption capacity and emulsion stability. The enhanced BW formed the rigid crystal network structure and improved the crystal size in the inner layer. The suitable FOG addition (4 wt%) enhanced the unfolding of advanced structures in the outer layer, and the exposure of more hydrophobic groups and disulfide bonds facilitated the interfacial adsorption, thus reducing the size. The final release rate of FFAs significantly decreased with the increasing BW, and significantly increased and decreased with the increasing FOG. BW and FOGs could induce the changes in spatial conformation, and the exposure of hydrophobic groups and disulfide bonds affected the lipase contact at the interface. BW and FOG could adjust the crystal network structure in the inner layer and spatial conformation in the outer layer, thus improving the stabilization and lipid digestion of bi-layer emulsions. This study can provide a theoretical basis for developing DHA and EPA food.

Solvation Chemistry Enables Eutectogels with Ultrahigh Autofluorescence, Toughness, and Adhesion under Extreme Environments

AbstractCompared to conventional gels, eutectogels encompassing deep eutectic solvents (DESs) circumvent the shortboards including poor temperature resistance, high cost, and undesired toxicity. However, existing eutectogels suffer weak intra‐ and interchain interactions, which culminates in vanishing autofluorescence, weak mechanic and feeble adhesion. Although myriad strategies have been proposed to boost the polymer/polymer interactions within gels, the processes are time‐consuming, which are not suitable for mass production or emergent deployment. Herein, to deal with it, a facile solvation chemistry is leveraged to build dynamic rigid network via incorporating active polymer backbones and DESs. Within these eutectogels, DESs play a magnet‐like role, and physically cluster polymer chains together via multiple noncovalent forces, thus intensifying polymer/polymer and DESs/polymer interactions. This solvation network bestows rare autofluorescence and unprecedentedly high strength, toughness, and adhesion among reported analogues, even in harsh conditions. Moreover, the mechanism of solvation chemistry is fully scrutinized for the first time. It is believed that this facile strategy can be easily expanded to the orchestrations of other soft materials.

A novel dual-network CO2-responsive particle gel for mitigating CO2 channeling and leakage in hydrocarbon recovery and carbon storage

In this work, we developed and systematically evaluated a novel dual-network CO2-responsive preformed particle gel (DN-CRPPG) to address CO2 channeling and leakage in hydrocarbon recovery and carbon sequestration. The work was proven an effective effort to overcome the insufficiency of traditional channeling-control chemicals due to severe dehydration and degradation in contact with CO2. We focused on placement and plugging behavior of the DN-CRPPG in fractured reservoirs under various circumstances. Results of high-pressure vessel test show that DN-CRPPG expanded further when exposed to supercritical CO2. The responsive swelling ability was enhanced with the increase of pressure. Core flooding and plugging experiments show significantly improved CO2-channeling control ability compared with traditional non-responsive particle gels. Three key mechanisms were observed to be responsible for the improved performance. First, the CO2-responsive behavior resulted in volume swelling of DN-CRPPG. Therefore, the void spaces among the particles were occupied by the swelled gel particles, making the DN-CRPPG exhibit an in-situ self-reinforcement behavior in plugging ability. Second, the dual network structure with a relatively rigid network and a more flexible one enhances its mechanical ability and resistance to CO2 flush. Third, the CO2-repsonsiveness enabled the new gel a remarkably higher resistance to CO2 than that to water, while traditional gel is the opposite. This behavior is favorable for balancing the mobility of CO2 and water as the fact that CO2 itself is much more mobile due to low viscosities. Significant CO2 breakthrough mitigation and oil recovery improvement were demonstrated after treatment with the new gel (>30 %). This work is supposed to provide guidance for improving the success of hydrocarbon recovery and carbon storage by more effectively mitigating CO2 channeling and leakage.

Injectable Dual Fenton/Enzymatically Cross-Linked Double-Network Hydrogels Based on Acrylic/Phenolic Polymers with Highly Reinforced and Tunable Mechanical Properties.

Injectable hydrogels have been extensively used as promising therapeutic scaffolds for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as tissue regeneration and drug delivery. However, their low fracture toughness and brittleness often limit their scope of application. Double-network (DN) hydrogel, which is composed of independently cross-linked rigid and ductile polymer networks, has been proposed as an alternative technique to compensate for the weak mechanical properties of hydrogels. Nevertheless, some challenges still remain, such as the complicated and time-consuming process for DN formation, and the difficulty in controlling the mechanical properties of DN hydrogels. In this study, we introduce a simple, rapid, and controllable method to prepare in situ cross-linkable injectable DN hydrogels composed of acrylamide (AAm) and 4-arm-PPO-PEO-tyramine (TTA) via dual Fenton- and enzyme-mediated reactions. By varying the concentration of Fenton's reagent, the DN hydrogels were rapidly formed with controllable gelation rate. Importantly, the DN hydrogels showed a 13-fold increase in compressive strength and a 14-fold increase in tensile strength, compared to the single network hydrogels. The mechanical properties, elasticity, and plasticity of DN hydrogels could also be modulated by simply varying the preparation conditions, including the cross-linking density and reagent concentrations. At low cross-linker concentration (<0.05 wt %), the plastic DN hydrogel stretched to over 6,500%, whereas high cross-linker concentration (≥0.05 wt %) induced fully elastic hydrogels, without hysteresis. Besides, DN hydrogels were endowed with rapid self-recovery and highly enhanced adhesion, which can be further applied to wearable devices. Moreover, human dermal fibroblasts treated with DN hydrogels retained viability, demonstrating the biocompatibility of the cross-linking system. Therefore, we expect that the dual Fenton-/enzyme-mediated cross-linkable DN hydrogels offer great potential as advanced biomaterials applied for hard tissue regeneration and replacement.

High Thermal Conductive Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanofibers.

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), consisting of polymer networks and liquid crystal mesogens, show a reversible phase change under thermal stimuli. However, the kinetic performance is limited by the inherently low thermal conductivity of the polymers. Transforming amorphous bulk into a fiber enhances thermal conductivity through the alignment of polymer chains. Challenges are present due to their rigid networks, while cross-links are crucial for deformation. Here, we employ hydrodynamic alignment to orient the LCE domains assisted by controlled in situ cross-linking and to remarkably reduce the diameter to submicrons. We report that the intrinsic thermal conductivity of LCE fibers at room temperature reaches 1.44 ± 0.32 W/m-K with the sub-100 nm diameter close to the upper limit determined in the quasi-1D regime. Combining the outstanding thermal conductivity and thin diameters, we anticipate these fibers to exhibit a rapid response and high force output in thermomechanical systems. The fabrication method is expected to apply to other cross-linked polymers.

The Dimensionality of Hydrogen Bond Networks Induces Diverse Physical Properties of Peptide Crystals.

Short peptides are attractive building blocks for the fabrication of self-assembled materials with significant biological, chemical, and physical properties. The microscopic and macroscopic properties of assemblies are usually closely related to the dimensionality of formed hydrogen bond networks. Here, two completely different supramolecular architectures connected by distinct hydrogen bond networks were obtained by simply adding a hydroxyl group to switch from cyclo-tryptophan-alanine (cyclo-WA) to cyclo-tryptophan-serine (cyclo-WS). While hydroxyl-bearing cyclo-WS molecules provided an additional hydrogen bond donor that links to adjacent molecules, forming a rigid three-dimensional network, cyclo-WA arranged into a water-mediated zipper-like structure with a softer two-dimensional layer template. This subtle alteration resulted in a 14-fold enhancement of Young's modulus values in cyclo-WS compared to cyclo-WA. Both cyclo-dipeptides exhibit biocompatibility, high fluorescence, and piezoelectricity. The demonstrated role of dimensionality of hydrogen bond networks opens new avenues for rational design of materials with precise morphologies and customizable properties for bioelectronic applications.

PRSCS-Net: Progressive 3D/2D rigid Registration network with the guidance of Single-view Cycle Synthesis

The 3D/2D registration for 3D pre-operative images (computed tomography, CT) and 2D intra-operative images (X-ray) plays an important role in image-guided spine surgeries. Conventional iterative-based approaches suffer from time-consuming processes. Existing learning-based approaches require high computational costs and face poor performance on large misalignment because of projection-induced losses or ill-posed reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a Progressive 3D/2D rigid Registration network with the guidance of Single-view Cycle Synthesis, named PRSCS-Net. Specifically, we first introduce the differentiable backward/forward projection operator into the single-view cycle synthesis network, which reconstructs corresponding 3D geometry features from two 2D intra-operative view images (one from the input, and the other from the synthesis). In this way, the problem of limited views during reconstruction can be solved. Subsequently, we employ a self-reconstruction path to extract latent representation from pre-operative 3D CT images. The following pose estimation process will be performed in the 3D geometry feature space, which can solve the dimensional gap, greatly reduce the computational complexity, and ensure that the features extracted from pre-operative and intra-operative images are as relevant as possible to pose estimation. Furthermore, to enhance the ability of our model for handling large misalignment, we develop a progressive registration path, including two sub-registration networks, aiming to estimate the pose parameters via two-step warping volume features. Finally, our proposed method has been evaluated on a public dataset CTSpine1k and an in-house dataset C-ArmLSpine for 3D/2D registration. Results demonstrate that PRSCS-Net achieves state-of-the-art registration performance in terms of registration accuracy, robustness, and generalizability compared with existing methods. Thus, PRSCS-Net has potential for clinical spinal disease surgical planning and surgical navigation systems.

Formulation and Characterization of Ferrogels Based on Agar Gum and Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA) Starch

AbstractPhysicochemical and rheological analyses are carried out on ferrogels based on Agar gum in combination with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with a stabilizing agent (PNiPAAm). The objective of this work is to prepare nanocapsules of MNPs coated with OSA starch present in a rigid network of Agar to obtain a nanocomposite gel (ferrogel). It is found that the effect of MNPs on the properties of ferrogels has a direct relationship with PNiPAAm/OSA starch interactions. The results obtained show that the ferrogels have stable thermal properties and a high melting point (99.7 °C) for high concentrations of MNPs (0.1%). The rheological properties show that this concentration (0.1%) has a negative effect on the crosslinking of Agar, therefore a drop in viscosity. In addition, it is shown that each pore comprises three populations of MNPs (primary: 3–4 nm, secondary: 6–9 nm, and clusters: ≥12 nm). Moreover, it is found that MNPs are coated with OSA starch. In addition, the prepared materials possess at low concentration of MNPs an interesting stiffness and uniform surface morphology with a minimum of clusters leading to stable systems that can be used as biomaterials in nanomedecine.

Efficient SFC Protection Method against Network Attack Risks in Air Traffic Information Networks

With the continuous development of the civil aviation industry toward digitalization and intelligence, the closed architecture of traditional air traffic information networks struggles to meet the rapidly growing demands for air traffic services. Network function virtualization (NFV) is one of the key technologies that can address the rigidity of traditional air traffic information networks. NFV technology has facilitated the flexible deployment of air traffic services, but it has also expanded the attack surface of the network. In addressing the network attack risks faced by service function chains (SFCs) in NFV environments, a SFC protection method based on honeypots and backup technology (PBHB) is proposed to reduce the resource cost of protecting air traffic information networks while enhancing network security. Initially, PBHB utilizes the TAPD algorithm to deploy the primary VNFs as closely as possible to the shortest path between the source and destination endpoints, thus aiming to reduce SFC latency and save bandwidth resource costs. Subsequently, the RAHDR algorithm is employed to install honeypot VNFs in each physical platform that is at risk of side-channel attacks, thus updating the deployment status of honeypot VNFs in real time based on the VNF lifecycle in order to offer primary protection for SFCs. Lastly, the BDMPE algorithm was used to calculate the backup scheme with the highest protection efficiency to implement secondary protection for the SFCs that still do not meet the security requirements. Through experiments, the maximum backup limit for SFCs in PBHB was determined, confirming its satisfactory performance across various SFC arrival rates. Furthermore, performance comparisons with other SFC protection methods revealed that PBHB achieves optimizations in resources cost while ensuring SFC security and latency.

Highly Efficient Multicolor-Emitting Tetraphenylethylene-Based Organic Salts with Commercialization Prospects.

Since the discovery of aggregation-induced emission from tetraphenylethylene derivatives, various methods have been explored to prepare highly efficient multicolored luminescent materials. Herein, we report a simple and efficient strategy for constructing luminescent organic salts of the tetracationic luminogen, tetrapyridinium-tetraphenylethylene (T4Py-TPE4+), combined with seven di- and tetra-anionic aromatic sulfonate ligands. When aqueous solutions of the cationic luminogen and the anionic ligands were mixed, they rapidly aggregated into organic salts within seconds to minutes, giving yields of up to >90%. This was accompanied by an increase in the emission efficiency from ∼58% to almost 100%, and the ability to tune the emission color between 511 and 586 nm. These improvements were mainly attributed to the strong electrostatic attractions between the cation and anions, which resulted in the formation of a rigid hydrophobic network of the T4Py-TPE4+ luminogen with various π-conjugation lengths. Because these compounds are commercially available, this method opens the possibility of fabricating novel light-emitting materials for device fabrication and research.