Rigid Electrode Research Articles

High‐Efficiency Electrochemical Desalination: The Role of a Rigid Pseudocapacitive Polymer Electrode with Diverse Active Sites

AbstractHybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) emerges as a burgeoning electrochemical desalination technology due to the utilization of profitable pseudocapacitive reactions. Although tunable organic compounds are potential faradaic electrode materials, their insufficient active sites and high water‐solubility restrict practical HCDI applications. Herein, a pseudocapacitive organic polymer (PNDS) is proposed with diverse redox‐active sites for electrochemical deionization. The pronounced molecular aromaticity and strong π‐electron delocalization not only endow PNDS polymer with framework rigidity, but refine its electronic structure to bolster redox activity and electron affinity. As an electrode material, the PNDS polymer demonstrates a substantial pseudocapacitive capacitance of 390 F g−1 and sustains long‐term stability at 96.3% after 5000 cycles, surpassing reported Na+‐capturing organic electrodes. In‐operando monitoring techniques and theoretical calculations reveal efficient Na+ capture at the C═N and C═O redox‐active sites within the PNDS electrode during repeated electrosorption processes. As a conceptual demonstration, a high‐performance HCDI device equipped with the PNDS electrode exhibits an impressive salt removal capacity (66.4 mg g−1), a rapid removal rate (2.2 mg g−1 min−1) and stable regeneration property. More importantly, an integrated desalination system is engineered to rapidly and repeatedly treat saltwater resources for human consumption and agricultural irrigation, highlighting its promising prospects for high‐efficiency desalination applications.

In Vivo Photopolymerization: Achieving Detailed Conducting Patterns for Bioelectronics.

Bioelectronics holds great potential as therapeutics, but introducing conductive structures within the body poses great challenges. While implanted rigid and substrate-bound electrodes often result in inflammation and scarring in vivo, they outperform the in situ-formed, more biocompatible electrodes by providing superior control over electrode geometry. For example, one of the most researched methodologies, the formation of conductive polymers through enzymatic catalysis in vivo, is governed by diffusion control due to the slow kinetics, with curing times that span several hours to days. Herein, the discovery of the formation of biocompatible conductive structures through photopolymerization in vivo, enabling spatial control of electrode patterns is reported. The process involves photopolymerizing novel photoactive monomers, 3Es (EDOT-trimers) alone and in a mixture to cure the poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)butoxy-1-sulfonate (PEDOT-S)derivative A5, resulting in conductive structures defined by photolithography masks. These reactions are adapted to in vivo conditions using green and red lights, with short curing times of 5-30min. In contrast to the basic electrode structures formed through other in situ methods, the formation of specific and layered patterns is shown. This opens up the creation of more complex 3D layers-on-layer circuits in vivo.

Flexible Bridged Thermoelectric Device with an Optimized Heatsink for Personal Thermal Management.

A wearable thermoelectric cooler (TEC) for personal thermal management exhibits significant growth in numerous applications in personal thermal comfort and saving the energy consumed by space cooling. Most TECs provide a large cooling performance with the assistance of rigid heatsinks and electrodes, limiting wearability and practical implementation. Here, we design and propose a flexible bridged personal TEC with a high thermal management heatsink and spray-printed liquid metal electrodes. The system combines a bendable heatsink, a thermally insulative TE layer, and a bottom thermally conductive layer. Especially, the flexible heatsink composed of metal foam, phase change material, and fin structure greatly enhances the thermal conduction, storage, and diffusion capacities. Our TEC exhibits the desired comfortability and obtains an ideal temperature drop of 3 °C on human skin. Also, it could work as a self-generator providing 45 mV with a ΔT of 5 °C, which improves the generation efficiency by more than 3 times due to the stable temperature difference between the two sides. This work provides an effective way to develop wearable TEC devices and paves the way for achieving practical, personalized cooling applications.

Self-Adhesive and Self-Sustainable Bioelectronic Patch for Physiological Feedback Electronic Modulation of Soft Organs.

Bionic electrical stimulation (Bio-ES) aims to achieve personalized therapy and proprioceptive adaptation by mimicking natural neural signatures of the body, while current Bio-ES devices are reliant on complex sensing and computational simulation systems, thus often limited by the low-fidelity of simulated electrical signals, and failure of interface information interaction due to the mechanical mismatch between soft tissues and rigid electrodes. Here, the study presents a flexible and ultrathin self-sustainable bioelectronic patch (Bio-patch), which can self-adhere to the lesion area of organs and generate bionic electrical signals synchronized vagal nerve envelope in situ to implement Bio-ES. It allows adaptive adjustment of intensity, frequency, and waveform of the Bio-ES to fully meet personalized needs of tissue regeneration based on real-time feedback from the vagal neural controlled organs. With this foundation, the Bio-patch can effectively intervene with excessive fibrosis and microvascular stasis during the natural healing process by regulating the polarization time of macrophages, promoting the reconstruction of the tissue-engineered structure, and accelerating the repair of damaged liver and kidney. This work develops a practical approach to realize biomimetic electronic modulation of the growth and development of soft organs only using a multifunctional Bio-patch, which establishes a new paradigm for precise bioelectronic medicine.

Fully Implantable Wireless Cardiac Pacing and Sensing System Integrated with Hydrogel Electrodes.

Cardiac pacemakers play a crucial role in arrhythmia treatment. Existing devices typically rely on rigid electrode components, leading to potential issues such as heart damage and detachment during prolonged cardiac motion due to the mechanical mismatch with cardiac tissue. Additionally, traditional pacemakers, with their batteries and percutaneous leads, introduce infection risks and limit freedom of movement. A wireless, battery-free multifunctional bioelectronic device for cardiac pacing is developed. This device integrates highly conductive (160Sm-1), flexible (Young's modulus of 80kPa is similar to that of mammalian heart tissue), and stretchable (270%) soft hydrogel electrodes, providing high signal-to-noise ratio (≈28dB) electrocardiogram (ECG)recordings and effective pacing of the beating heart. The versatile device detects physiological and biochemical signals in the cardiac environment and allows for adjustable pacing in vivo studies. Remarkably, it maintained recording and pacing capabilities 31 days post-implantation in rats. Additionally, the wireless bioelectronic device can be fully implanted in rabbits for pacing. By addressing a major shortcoming of conventional pacemakers, this device paves the way for implantable flexible bioelectronics, which offers promising opportunities for advanced cardiac therapies.

A high stretchability micro-crack tactile sensor system based on strain-isolation substrate

The integration of inflexible constituents onto pliable substrates is widely acknowledged as the most pragmatic approach for the realization of stretchable electronics. Nevertheless, the assurance of enduring connectivity between rigid electrode components and these compliant substrates poses a formidable quandary. In the scope of our investigation, we proffer a resolution by conceptualizing a PDMS substrate replete with strain isolation partitions, which can generate Young's modulus difference of approximately 30 times. These partitions efficaciously safeguard the steadfast linkage between rigid components and electrodes, even under diverse strain provocations, a stable connection can be maintained even when able to withstand strain exceeding 120 %. Using this substrate, we constructed a visual deformation sensing system based on microcrack type sensors. Compared with traditional flexible substrates (2 % strain), systems based on strain isolation substrates have better tensile stability (10 % strain). This groundbreaking innovation bestows stretchable micro-crack strain-sensing systems the resilience to contend with the potentially formidable rigors of everyday application.

Multiple comparisons of acetylene black–based rigid composite electrodes: comprehensive evaluation of chemical properties and electrochemical sensing potentialities

Multiple comparisons of acetylene black–based rigid composite electrodes: comprehensive evaluation of chemical properties and electrochemical sensing potentialities

Annular Conductive Hydrogel-Mediated Wireless Electrical Stimulation for Augmenting Neurogenesis.

Electrical stimulation (ES) has a remarkable capacity to regulate neuronal differentiation and neurogenesis in the treatment of various neurological diseases. However, wired devices connected to the stimulating electrode and the mechanical mismatch between conventional rigid electrodes and soft tissues restrict their motion and cause possible infections, thereby limiting their clinical utility. An approach integrating the advantages of wireless techniques and soft hydrogels provides new insights into ES-induced nerve regeneration. Herein, a flexible and implantable wireless ES-responsive electrode based on an annular gelatin methacrylate-polyaniline (Gel/Pani) hydrogel is fabricated and used as a secondary coil to achieve wireless ES via electromagnetic induction in the presence of a primary coil. The Gel/Pani hydrogels exhibit favorable biocompatibility, biodegradability, conductivity, and compression resistance. The annular electrode of the Gel/Pani conductive hydrogel (AECH) supports neural stem cell growth, while the applied wireless ES facilitates neuronal differentiation and the formation of functional neural networks in vitro. Furthermore, AECH is implanted in vivo in rats with ischemic stroke and the results reveal that AECH-mediated wireless ES significantly ameliorates brain impairment and neurological function by activating endogenous neurogenesis. This novel flexible hydrogel system addresses wireless stimulation and implantable technical challenges, holding great potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Selective lithium extraction with LiMn2O4: Impossible triangle and reconcile via in-situ growth on flexible 3D substrate

The electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) with LiMn2O4, which can selectively extract lithium from salt-lake brines, has attracted intensive attention in recent years owing to the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry. However, the balancing of the membrane electrode’s impossible triangle, i.e., high load capacity, high porosity, and high conductivity, is something that has long puzzled scientists. In this study, one-step in-situ hydrothermal synthesis was utilized to prepare LiMn2O4 one-dimensional nano-rod (ODNR, 10 ∼ 40 nm and a length-diameter ratio of 18–220) on the flexible carbon cloth substrate (LiMn2O4@CC), thus reconciling the impossible triangle. The exchange capacity (37.73 mg/g), dissolution ratio (<0.05 %), kinetics (88 % capacity with 1.5 h), and specific energy consumption (5.04 Wh/mol·Li) of ODNR LiMn2O4@CC flexible electrode are significantly superior to the LiMn2O4 on rigid titanium electrode (LiMn2O4@RTE) ascribing to the 3 times higher conductivity, 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher internal Li+ diffusion coefficient, and the intrinsic 3D porous nature of the flexible electrode. Electrochemical analyses verified the redox of ODNR LiMn2O4/λ-MnO2 is a one-electron transfer electrochemical reversible process with a fast electron transfer process, which may be induced by the in-situ growth ODNR and the 3D porous structure of the flexible substrate. The separation coefficients for Li+/Mg2+ and Li+/Na+ were 804.6 and 513.2, respectively. And the capacity retention ratio is > 92 % even after 50 cycles. This work sheds light on the reconciling of the impossible triangle for membrane electrode fabrication.

A rigid free-standing supercapacitor electrode material made from fat coal-based activated carbon foam

A free-standing electrode material is a competitive candidate for supercapacitor due to its excellent capacity and volumetric energy density. Currently, most of the studies are focused on the preparations and performances of flexible free-standing electrode materials, whereas few on the development of rigid free-standing electrode materials. Herein, a vitrinite concentrate of fat coal is used as a raw material and carbon black as an addition agent to prepare a carbon foam by way of high-pressure pyrolysis. The prepared carbon foam is activated by KOH solution to further achieve an activated carbon foam by which we have fabricated a rigid free-standing electrode material. The assembled symmetric device with the rigid free-standing electrode material demonstrates an extremely high areal specific capacitance of 2304.41 mF cm−2 at 4 mA cm−2, an outstanding cycling stability of 100 % after 40 000 cycles, and an excellent volume energy density of 10.23 mWh cm−3 at 31.78 mW cm−3. These fascinating electrochemical performances of the electrode material are attributed to unique 3D interconnected porous structure of the activated carbon foam. The micron-sized 3D interconnected pores facilitate the transport of electrolyte ions within the electrodes. Meanwhile, micropores on the 3D interconnected pore wall provide abundant active sites for electrolyte ions.

Novel Polyurethane Based, Fully Flexible, High-Performance Piezoresistive Sensor for Real-Time Pressure Monitoring.

Flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors are garnering substantial attention, in line with advancements in biointegrated and wearable electronics. However, a significant portion of piezoresistive pressure sensors suffer from the trade-off between sensitivity and pressure range. Moreover, the current piezoresistive sensors generally rely on a rigid metallic electrode, severely deteriorating their long-term durability. Herein, a fully flexible piezoresistive sensor coupling polyurethane (PU) based electrode and active sensing element is proposed to circumvent the aforementioned problems. By rationally regulating the double-permeable conductive networks within the PU matrix, an elastomeric electrode and sensing element are implemented, respectively. The assembled heterostructured configurations enable impressive sensitivity up to 7.023 kPa-1, broad pressure detection (up to 420 kPa), an ultralow pressure sensing limit (0.1 Pa), and extraordinary operation stability over 80000 cyclic pressings along with fast response/relaxation times (60 ms/80 ms). Additionally, the fully flexible sensor is capable of both real-time detection of physiological signals and mimicking keyboards, implying its viability as a high-performance pressure sensor.

Flexible Broadband Organic Photodetectors with Ternary Planar-Mixed Heterojunction Semiconductors and Solution-Processed Polymeric Electrode.

Flexible organic photodetectors (OPDs) hold immense promise in health monitoring sensors, flexible imaging sensors, and portable optical communication. Nevertheless, the actualization of high-performance flexible electronics has been hindered by rigid electrodes such as metals or metal oxides. In this work, we constructed a flexible broadband organic photodetector using a solution-processed polymeric electrode, which exhibits flexibility surpassing that of conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. Additionally, we employed a planar-mixed heterojunction (PMHJ) through a sequential deposition method and introduced PC71BM as the third constituent into the PM6/Y6 binary active layer, resulting in enhanced photodetection performance and a broadend spectral range. The optimized OPDs demonstrated remarkable detectivity (D*) exceeding 1012 Jones in brodband from 300 to 900 nm, with a champion D* of 6.31 × 1012 Jones at 790 nm. Furthermore, after undergoing 500 cycles of bending, the D* retained approximately 78% of its original performance, highlighting the outstanding mechanical stability. This work presents a promising pathway toward the development of flexible broadband OPDs using a straightforward method, offering enhanced compatibility in diverse application scenarios and propelling the frontier of flexible optoelectronic research.

Paper-based microfluidic chip for sweat volume, ECG and EMG monitoring

With the development of wearable devices, the application of non-invasive wearable devices to monitor sweat in real time is the most important for human health. Here, a paper-based microfluidic chip for monitoring of sweat loss during exercise is proposed. Highly absorbent rice paper is selected as the paper-based material, and the capillary action of the paper base is used to actively adsorb sweat, and it can be used repeatedly. As the electrode material, the conductive cloth has good tensile properties and bending resistance, which ensures that the change of resistance is caused by the amount of sweat entering. Other materials of the chip are highly hydrophobic, ensuring that all sweat will be absorbed by the paper base. The sweat volume monitored by the microfluidic chip in real time is 0.5μl-225μl. Compared with rigid electrodes and wet electrodes, the application of flexible electrodes allows the chip to fit well with the skin, the ECG waveform is clearer and has greater amplitude, and the EMG is smoother and has a greater signal-to-noise ratio.

Flexible and Stretchable Electrodes for In Vivo Electrophysiological and Electrochemical Monitoring†

Comprehensive SummaryIn vivo monitoring of bioelectrical and biochemical signals with implanted electrodes has received great interest over the past decades. However, this faces huge challenges because of the severe mechanical mismatch between conventional rigid electrodes and soft biological tissues. In recent years, the emergence of flexible and stretchable electrodes offers seamless and conformable biological‐electronic interfaces and has demonstrated significant advantages for in vivo electrochemical and electrophysiological monitoring. This review first summarizes the strategies for electrode fabrication from the point of substrate and conductive materials. Next, recent progress in electrode functionalization for improved performance is presented. Then, the advances of flexible and stretchable electrodes in exploring bioelectrical and biochemical signals are introduced. Finally, we present some challenges and perspectives ranging from electrode fabrication to application.Key ScientistsIn 2001, a seminal work by Kipke et al. first showed flexible polyimide‐based intracortical electrode arrays.[1] This electrode was further expanded to 252‐channel using microelectromechanical systems technology by Stieglitz et al. in 2009 and achieved large‐scale cortical recordings.[2] Later, Lieber et al. created mesh electronics that allow for seamless and minimally invasive three‐dimensional interpenetration with nerve tissues, opening up unique applications for flexible electronics.[3] Subsequently, Rogers et al. described bioresorbable electronics for transient electrical activity recordings in 2016.[4] And Frank et al. proposed polymer electrode arrays capable of resolving single neurons in 2019.[5] It wasn't until 2020 that a significant breakthrough in biochemical signals monitoring by Peng et al. demonstrated functionalized carbon nanotube fibre bundles for multiple disease biomarkers monitoring.[6] Later on, Mooney et al. established the first fully viscoelastic electrode arrays for neural recordings from the brain and heart in 2021.[7] Recently, Bao et al. presented tissue‐mimicking, stretchable neurotransmitter interfaces for monitoring the brain and gut.[8]

Stretchable Metal‐Air Batteries Through Sliding Electrodes

AbstractSoft robots and wearable technologies benefit significantly from stretchable batteries, yet the rigid nature of high‐capacity electrodes creates large trade‐offs in battery performance and stretchability. This study introduces a new approach for realizing stretchable batteries by allowing the electrodes to slide along a stretchable electrolyte. When the sliding‐electrodes battery is stretched, the forces are transmitted through the hydrogel electrolyte and elastomeric enclosure, while the rigid electrodes slide relative to the hydrogel to maintain interfacial contact. The sliding‐electrodes approach allows 100% of the unstretched battery area to be covered by thick electrodes so that the battery areal capacity and power are improved by up to 10X of prior stretchable designs. Three metal‐air batteries achieve areal capacities of up to 104 mWh cm−2. Further mechanical testing, electrochemical characterization, and integration into soft robotic systems demonstrate the potential of these stretchable batteries in practical applications. The sliding‐electrodes battery can stably power multiple servo motors and sensing circuits under stretching, twisting, bending, and after impact.

Sponge Inspired Flexible, Antibacterial Aerogel Electrode with Long‐Term High‐Quality Electrophysiological Signal Recording for Human‐Machine Interface

AbstractFlexible bioelectronics have a large range of applications in the field of human health monitoring and human‐machine interfaces. Among various bioelectronics, flexible electrodes have been widely studied. However, it is still lack of investigation in the development of electrodes with high signal quality and long service life. Here, a sponge inspired flexible electrode based on cellulose aerogel is developed via thermally induced phase separation. Due to its flexibility, the electrode can easily conform to skin and achieve a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) than the commercial rigid electrode. At the same time, the aerogel electrode with a sponge‐like structure can absorb solutions several times their own weight (≈800%). In addition, the dope of polypyrrole coated silver nanowires (AgNWs@PPy) improves its intrinsic bactericidal activity (antibacterial rate above 97.8%) and the cellulose‐based material itself offers good skin compatibility. Therefore, all these features contribute to a longer service life, while has been proven in electrophysiological signals recording. The SNR of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals recorded by aerogel electrode in 24 h is ≈15% higher than that of commercial electrode. Apart from that, when the commercial electrode is unavailable for eye‐open (EO) and eye‐closed (EC) paradigm in 12 h, the aerogel electrode can still record clear electroencephalogram (EEG) features.

Liquid-metal-based three-dimensional microelectrode arrays integrated with implantable ultrathin retinal prosthesis for vision restoration

Electronic retinal prostheses for stimulating retinal neurons are promising for vision restoration. However, the rigid electrodes of conventional retinal implants can inflict damage on the soft retina tissue. They also have limited selectivity due to their poor proximity to target cells in the degenerative retina. Here we present a soft artificial retina (thickness, 10 μm) where flexible ultrathin photosensitive transistors are integrated with three-dimensional stimulation electrodes of eutectic gallium–indium alloy. Platinum nanoclusters locally coated only on the tip of these three-dimensional liquid-metal electrodes show advantages in reducing the impedance of the stimulation electrodes. These microelectrodes can enhance the proximity to the target retinal ganglion cells and provide effective charge injections (72.84 mC cm−2) to elicit neural responses in the retina. Their low Young’s modulus (234 kPa), owing to their liquid form, can minimize damage to the retina. Furthermore, we used an unsupervised machine learning approach to effectively identify the evoked spikes to grade neural activities within the retinal ganglion cells. Results from in vivo experiments on a retinal degeneration mouse model reveal that the spatiotemporal distribution of neural responses on their retina can be mapped under selective localized illumination areas of light, suggesting the restoration of their vision.

Implantation of Flexible Electrodes for Simultaneous in-vivo Extracellular Recording and Two-Photon Imaging

Introduction: Rigid silicon electrodes like Utah array grids and Neuropixel probes have been used in human and animal brain models to understand the dynamics of neural computation, treat neurodegenerative disorders, and act as brain-machine-interfaces. However, when implanted chronically, glial proliferation can rapidly disrupt the interaction between neurons and electrodes, drastically reducing recording fidelity. The development of flexible electrodes has the potential to minimize tissue damage and inflammation, which allows for long-term recordings over several months. In line with this objective, the Nano-neurotechnology Lab at Purdue University has developed a 6-µm thick, flexible, and biocompatible Parylene probe to facilitate chronic recordings in awake mice. However, flexible electrodes present a unique engineering challenge as the force required to insert into the brain causes the probe to buckle and fail during insertion. &#x0D; Methods and Results: Here, I designed a micropipette shuttle using a glass micropipette and custom insertion system which provided reproducible probe implantation into the cortex. The implantation device was designed in CAD software and 3D-printed for rapid prototyping. The procedure was developed on brain phantoms made of 0.6% agarose with a comparable Young’s modulus to mouse brain tissue. Utilizing 3D-printed pieces and the surface tension of diluted poly-vinyl-acrylate adhesive to align the probe to a micropipette, insertion of the electrode and retraction of the shuttle was accomplished in awake mice. &#x0D; Conclusion: The implications of flexible recording electrodes are extensive. Long-term implantation opens the door for understanding behavioral and learning dynamics over time. Moreover, the flexibility of these probes allows for the combination of 2-photon optical microscopy, thus enabling multi-modal investigation of neuronal physiology. A low-cost, consistent procedure is the first step in the implementation of these flexible probes for further advancements in fundamental neuroscience research and its potential applications in human and animal studies.

Dopamine-integrated all-hydrogel multi-electrode arrays for neural activity recording.

Investigation of brain neural circuits is essential for deciphering the diagnostics and therapeutics of neurodegenerative diseases. The main concerns with traditional rigid metal electrodes include intrinsic mechanical mismatch between sensing electrodes and tissues, unavoidable foreign body responses, and inadequate spatiotemporal resolution, resulting in a deficiency of sensing performance. All-hydrogel neural electrodes with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) suggest a viable way to modulate the trade-off between tissue-mechanical compliance and excellent spatiotemporal recording capacity, but still face the issues of insufficient conductivity and unstable interlayer bonding. Herein, we constructed a four-layer all-hydrogel neural electrode, by sandwiching a conductive hydrogel layer within two encapsulation hydrogel layers, with a shielding hydrogel layer located on top. We introduce a dual-strategy treatment to induce controllable phase separation in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hydrogel, which achieved ultra-high conductivity (up to 4176 S cm-1) comparable to that of metals and precise spatial resolution (∼15 μm) suitable for single neuron recording. In addition, the utilization of polyphenol chemistry mediated adaptive adhesion endowed this neural electrode with flexible and stable interlayer bonding among conductive-encapsulation-shielding layers and the tissue-electrode interface. Consequently, the all-hydrogel neural electrode exhibited a tenfold higher signal-to-noise ratio than a commercial silver electrode, realized the recording of weak neural activity signals within single and multiple neurons in epileptic rats, and applied man-made stimulation to the cerebral cortex of rats during seizures. This work provides a useful tool to understand the development, function and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Electrostatic precipitator upgrade for stricter emission regulation

Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is still one of the best dust collecting equipment used in many industries. However, in this modern world, many countries, through their government authorities, make the emission rule stricter in order to achieve healthier and cleaner environment. Original design of the ESP may not comply with the stricter rule resulting in complaints from the neighborhood and fines from the government. Through research and development, the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of ESP is finding a way to upgrade the ESP without building a new one. Replacing the mechanical parts of the ESP is one of the ways, especially changing the design to a better one, such as rigid discharge electrode (RDE). The performance of the upstream fields will be improved thus bring better performance to the following fields as well. The other way is by replacing the electrical part which is the transformer/rectifier (T/R) set. With the recent technology and development, the new T/R set, which is a switch mode power supply (SMPS) become more sensitive responding to spark or arc and working on high frequency (25000Hz) resulting on better power output of the field and better performance to the whole ESP. This paper will further discuss several case studies which adapt the upgrade options with almost has 50% emission reduction.