Women's Rights Research Articles

CYBER INFRINGEMENTS: ANALYZING JUDICIAL AND LEGISLATIVE SAFEGUARDS FOR WOMEN'S PRIVACY RIGHTS IN INDIA

Privacy is one of the necessary requirements that cannot be arbitrarily implemented in any society. People in the same continent may understand privacy as an individual right to privacy in different ways. Appreciation of privacy at global level can be interpreted in Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a liberty right, which is an inherent part of the mankind. With that is evident that privacy violation is not limited to the physical spaces; rather, a person can be violated in all types of computer media. As dependency on internet grows and, therefore use of virtual modes, there are several considerations since people may not be prepared for new technologies I n performing everyday tasks. The matter becomes more complicated when privations are committed against the most helpless in the society. Women and sexual minorities take most of the heat of privacy violations since the society today is embedded in a patriarchal system. Women may face various other sub-violations on the internet which may be included under the title of Technology Facilitated gender-based violence (TFGV). Infringement of privacy is a violation of fundamental rights as recognized under the right to life and personal liberty but privacy violations that take place on digital platforms is not acknowledged and recognized yet. Women are vulnerable to a range of sub-violations, referred to as Technology Facilitated Gender-Based Violence while using the internet. Infringing on someone's privacy is a violation of their fundamental rights, such as the right to life and personal liberty. However, privacy violations that occur on digital platforms are yet to be fully recognized and acknowledged. It is imperative to address these issues to ensure that women are safe and secure while using digital platforms. In this paper, research examines the adequacy of current Indian legal frameworks in protecting women's privacy in digital spaces. Its purpose is to propose legal reforms that enhance the protection of women's digital privacy rights, taking into account global standards and best practices. The research objectives underscore the discrepancies between statutory provisions and their practical enforcement, offering a critical analysis of the existing legal framework and proposing enhancements to more effectively safeguard women against cybercrimes.

Pakistan's Response to International Commitments Regarding Women's Rights: A Case Study of the 4th UPR Cycle

Using the 4th UPR cycle as a contextual inquiry, this pilot project seeks to investigate Pakistan's approach to addressing global commitments on women's rights. The purpose of this study is to examine Pakistan's efforts to promote gender equality and inclusion of women and to assess how the nation has implemented the recommendations of the fourth UPR cycle. The researcher thoroughly reviewed the exercises and efforts undertaken by Pakistan to improve women's liberties, especially due to the recommendations made by the fourth UPR cycle. Its experts likely understood what these plans meant for women in Pakistan based on the specific strategies and projections that were formulated. The finding helped to determine the main components that hindered or affected the fruitful implementation of these commitments during the fourth UPR cycle. Furthermore, this study explored the manners through which grassroots developments and general society groups have fought for women's emancipation in Pakistan.

A Study of Women`s Language Features in Pakistani Female Bloggers

Bloggers often write about personal interests. The content of Pakistani female bloggers' blogs might reveal their views on women's rights and empowerment, social issues, education, fashion, and lifestyle. Pakistani female bloggers' gender discourse is examined using women's language traits. This study investigates linguistic patterns and issues of interest within a specific group to get insight into the role of women in Pakistani online discourse and gendered communication in digital spaces. This study could use qualitative research methods and data acquisition. The qualitative section of this research analyses the chosen female bloggers' blog postings to identify linguistic patterns, vocabulary, grammatical structures, and other language characteristics. Pakistani English often uses progressive verbs, which are stative in British English. In conclusion, Pakistani female bloggers' writing language is revealed via data analysis. Pakistani female bloggers have a particular voice and style due to the lack of articles, the usage of prepositions with "-ing" participles, progressive features, and informal language. The study may also examine Pakistani English stative verb progression. This could involve identifying the verbs used this way and exploring the causes of this linguistic diversity. The current study only included five female bloggers. Future research should involve a wider and more diverse sample of bloggers to better understand the groups and themes being investigated.

Cultural Change in Iran: Women's Rights and the Middle Class

The influence of Western culture and the efforts of domestic intellectuals merely scratched the surface of pre-existing and traditional practices towards women in nineteenth-century Iran. However, they led to the rise of social movements, such as the women's rights movement. Modernisation and economic growth drove ongoing processes of industrialization and urbanization during the twentieth century in Iran. Modernization also changed the social structure by creating a new middle class. It is expected that economic growth and educational attainment would empower the new middle class to demand greater political accountability, which, in turn, would lead to women's empowerment. The new middle class participated in the 1979 revolution, the outcome of which was to accelerate the rise of religious leadership. The revolutionary government renewed traditional Shiʿite practices, including traditional norms concerning women. Since the revolution, despite the imposition of Islamic law, the level of literacy and access to higher education, particularly for women, has escalated. This has led to women's awareness of their rights and their struggles to realize them in practice. However, unexpectedly, the new middle class hesitated in turning revolutionary and in joining the protestors. This research assumes that education enables women to confront their traditional roles in the family. Nevertheless, changing women's position is a process of cultural change that is coherent with both socio-economic development and the rise of a strong middle class.

HAK-HAK PEREMPUAN PASCA PERCERAIAN DALAM PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN NEGARA MUSLIM (INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, MESIR, DAN TURKI)

ABSTRACT
 Divorce is a problem in the marriage relationship that is considered as the final way. Problems regarding divorce are enshrined in conventional fiqh regulations to laws in the Muslim world. Based on the normative study of Islamic law, one of the implications of divorce is the guarantee of the rights that must be fulfilled by the husband after divorce for the former wife and children in the marriage bond. These rights are nafkah iddah, nafkah mut'ah, nafkah nadliyah to hadhanah. For this reason, researchers are interested in studying the topic of women's rights after divorce based on the perspective of conventional fiqh and the laws on marriage that occur in Muslim countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt and Turkey, using three analytical glasses. This research uses library research and descriptive analytical approach to examine and analyze phenomena based on literature. So that the results can be found that based on vertical analysis glasses can be known about the comparison between family law and the legislation of each Muslim country. Based on horizontal studies, it can be found that there are similarities between Indonesia and Malaysia, while in Egypt the divorce process must be registered with the knowledge of the wife, and Turkey provides advice on wishes before taking the divorce route. Based on the diagonal study, the four countries are solid and strong in carrying out in accordance with the regulations that have been determined.

Etonogestrel-releasing subdermal contraceptive implant: Budget impact analysis based on the Brazilian private healthcare system.

High rates of unplanned pregnancies persist despite pharmacological developments and advancements in contraceptive methods. Here, we demonstrate that the etonogestrel-releasing subdermal contraceptive implant (IMP-ETN) may be an appropriate and cost-effective alternative to levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG-IUSs) for women in Brazil. For our pharmacoeconomic analysis, we reviewed the literature on IMP-ETN regarding its acceptance, eligibility criteria, choice, relations with age, adverse events and, finally, the unmet need in the fee-for-service private healthcare sector. We considered qualitative observations in combination with quantitative analysis and performed a deterministic sensitivity analysis to investigate whether this technology can be self-sustainable over a period of five years. The target population for this analysis comprised 158,696 women. Compared with the continued use of LNG-IUSs, adopting the IMP-ETN can result in a cost avoidance of $ 7.640.804,02 in the first year and $ 82,455,254.43 in five years. Disseminating information among physicians will promote this change and strengthen the potential cost avoided by private health system payers. These savings can be used to improve other healthcare programs and strategies. Moreover, the principles of care can be promoted by improving and adapting healthcare systems and expanding treatment and follow-up strategies. This would also provide support to women's reproductive rights and improve their quality of life. Our results suggest that the IMP-ETN has a favorable cost-effectiveness profile. Given all its advantages and negative incremental cost impact over a period of five years, the IMP-ETN may be a more favorable alternative to LNG-IUSs. Therefore, it should be offered to beneficiaries with a private healthcare plan. This analysis overcomes previous barriers to the use of cost-benefit models, and our results may help balance decision-making by policymakers, technical consultants, and researchers.

Education, Equality, and Proto-Feminism in Maria Gaetana Agnesi

Abstract In this paper, I analyse the works of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, an Italian mathematician of the eighteenth century. I specifically focus on the themes of proto-feminism, equality, and educational rights as persistent threads of her philosophical and scientific production. I emphasize her continuous efforts to highlight the place of women in the history of philosophy, presenting three chief texts in which these efforts are expressed. In her first work, the Academic oration, in which it is demonstrated that the studies of the liberal arts by the female sex are by no means inappropriate, I show how she articulates a rhetoric defence of women's educational rights. In her second work, the Philosophical propositions, I highlight how she combines Cartesian metaphysics and philosophy of mind to justify women's belonging to the history of philosophy. In analysing her final masterpiece, the Analytical institutions, I interpret the dedication to the Austrian empress Maria Theresa as a proto-feminist text, vindicating the leading role of women in history and society.

Re-evaluating the Legal and Institutional Complications Affecting the Protection of Women's Rights in Cameroon: The Need to Remedying the Odds

Several complex legal and institutional issues beset preserving women’s rights in Cameroon. Women’s rights refer to a wide range of ideals and entitlements intended to guarantee gender equality and encourage women’s full involvement and empowerment in all spheres of society. These rights include freedom from violence, equality, education, health, and body autonomy, among other things. However, even with the modern conception and advancement of today's society, women continue to be treated inhumanely, uncaringly, and pitilessly, thereby affecting their status and rights acquired in today´s society, with the numerous legal instruments wavering from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Maputo Protocol, the African Charter on the Welfare of the Child, and hosts of other condemning the illegal practices experienced by women on the international scene. The increase in violations continues to be rampant. With all the praiseworthy struggles instigated and affected by these instruments, the degree of violation of women's rights is increasing and increasing in Cameroon. Women continue to experience violations of their rights, especially those related to Female Genital Mutilation, Sexual Abuse, Rape, widow practices, and many other harmful practices. The query one would be posing here is in searching why Cameroon is considered a State of Law, devouring great efforts in certifying that women anguishing from the effect of violence should be protected, continue to experience an increase in cases of women's rights violations. In this vane, it will be sufficient for us to assess the various legal and institutional dispositions put in place by the State of Cameroon in handling cases of violence done against women. It is surprising that with all the laws initiated by the State of Cameroon from the Constitution, the Penal Code, the Labour Code, the Civil Status Registration Ordinance, and the Civil Code enacted to deal with cases of violence done on Women, there exists no concrete and concise law handling matters of violence against women. The situation of child marriage, Female Genital Mutilation, Breast Ironing, Widow Practices, and Property Discrimination continue to be a nightmare and a pandemic to eradicate in the country, irrespective of the efforts introduced by competent authorities. There is a need to redress the situation for a better protective climate for women and their societal statuses.

Justice in the Practice of International Criminal Tribunals, in the Context of the Tasks of Contemporary International Humanitarian Law

Transitional justice, which today has become a widespread and very useful concept, which allows the transition from an authoritarian system to the rule of law, which aims to establish a democratic regime that respects human rights - and what is important not at the level of declarations and applicable methods, but, first of all, this must become the philosophical basis of his daily life. The purpose of transitional justice is to restore the dignity of the victims, to establish mutual trust between the antagonistic groups, to favor the institutional exchange necessary for a new relationship within the population that will allow the establishment of a state of law, including through an effective control of the practice of total or partial impunity. The various constitutive elements of transitional justice generally combine reparative measures of restorative justice (Truth and Reconciliation Commissions), meanwhile establishing parallel mechanisms of punitive justice (especially in relation to the main responsible or direct executors of the most serious crimes).2 On the other hand, transitional justice claims to reform the institutional system, restoring the primacy of law and ensuring the functioning of judicial institutions for the future, fighting in the meantime against impunity for the crimes committed during the previous period. In this sense, transitional justice pursues a multiple goal within the framework of an end to a conflict, in which other imperatives are imposed on government officials - the disarmament of combatant forces, the restoration of citizens' security, the compensation of victims and the restoration of the economy of devastated societies. After being neglected for a long time, the victim is at the center of current political concerns and is the object of a constantly growing interest, mainly in the criminal field and not in social discourses.3 But this phenomenon, positive from some aspects, is not without problems and arouses controversial debates among researchers and actors of the criminal world. This imposition of the victim seems to exist not only in the criminal system, but also in the current socio-political terrain. This predominance is observed in many Western states, lately becoming dominant to some extent both in international criminal law and in international humanitarian law, being taken into consideration the burden of victims in the status granted to them in armed conflicts. The participation of victims in the criminal procedure is generally a recent phenomenon, which seems to be far from being accepted. Victims played and play a secondary role in the tribunals previously established by the International Criminal Court (ICC).4 They were considered only as a means in the de facto absence of a participation or compensation system. Under the influence of strong pressures, the tendency to take into account the opinions and concerns of the victims, including admission in the criminal procedure, became visible in national and international law, and with the involvement of non-governmental organizations and states, the basis of a system was laid that provides for a relatively broad participation of victims in ICC trials. Even if its modalities are still the subject of harsh discussions, it is generally recognized that it is an important and useful tool that would allow victims of serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law to be heard and to hope for possible reconciliation.5 The evolution of the process of increasing interest in victims is the result of political, social and legal tensions that started in the 1960s, with the implementation of state policies regarding victim compensation and the development of victim defense associations, being influenced by the social movement that opted for civil and women's rights. We find that taking the victim into consideration in social and penal policies has progressed in a meteorological manner. National and international investigations allowed taking into account the victims' dissatisfaction with the criminal system, which led to a genuine experience of secondary victimization, which has as a general consequence the tendency of a weak denunciation of the criminal acts to which they were subjected. They also emphasized the diversity and extent of trauma suffered by some victims, especially after going through interpersonal violence, such as rape or family violence. In addition, towards 1950, a new discipline had developed, a component of criminology, but which very quickly became autonomous - victimology. This field of research focuses on the study of the victim, on his psychological and physical reactions to the sustained achievement, but also on his experience of relying on the act of justice and society in general. These various findings gave rise to state structures to help victims, which have spread throughout the world. The victim thus became a political stake.

Daily Experiences of Married Women Regarding Domestic Violence in the Commune of Matete, Democratic Republic of Congo

Introduction: Domestic violence can take several forms: physical, sexual, psychological or economic. It occurs between partners or former partners in an intimate relationship, regardless of whether the perpetrator shares or has shared the same home as the victim. The aim was to understand the daily experience of married women in the city and province of Kinshasa, whether they experience violence within couples. Methods: This study falls into the field of public health, more precisely it deals with the protection of women's rights. It is a qualitative study, approached in its phenomenological approach. The target population is made up of married women attending the Matete New Alliance Hospital Center whose sample size is 11. It was determined after collecting the data, the redundancy of which was observed at the 10th head of household. Results: the marriage of a violent partner represents a stumbling block for women and an obstacle to women's emancipation; In their union sexual violence, physical violence or torture, deprivation of financial means (financial violence); They encountered consequences such as gastritis, tension disorders, neurosis. As for coping strategies in the face of violence: the women interviewed resort to spiritual support by relying on God, dialogue with their partner, entertainment and asking friends for advice. As for expectations, women want the Congolese State to create schools for the re-education of husbands and for educators (parents and churches) to give advice to young people before marriage. Conclusion: It is important for the Congolese State, families, schools and churches to establish/reinforce the notion of initiating men to good behavior in marriage.

The Right To Motherhood Behind Bars: Evaluating The Conditions And Policies For Women Prisoners With Children In India

This research paper delves into the complex issue of motherhood behind bars in India, focusing on the evaluation of the conditions and policies affecting women prisoners with children. Given the growing concern for human rights and gender-specific needs within the penal system, this study aims to shed light on the lived experiences of incarcerated mothers and the operational realities of the policies designed to support them. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including interviews, surveys, and document analysis, the research examines the living conditions, healthcare access, nutritional standards, and child-rearing facilities within Indian women's prisons. It juxtaposes these findings against existing policies and their implementation, identifying gaps between policy and practice, and evaluating compliance with international human rights standards. The voices of incarcerated mothers are central to this analysis, providing invaluable insights into the challenges and needs faced by this vulnerable population. The study culminates in actionable recommendations for policy reforms, emphasizing the need for a humane approach that prioritizes the welfare and rights of both mothers and their children. This research contributes to the broader discourse on prison reform and women's rights, advocating for significant changes to ensure dignity and support for motherhood behind bars in India.

“The Problem is the Law and Women's Rights…” A Study of Marriage Practices in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

In this article, I explore gender justice in relation to the sociolegal status of marriage practices and how women address marital disputes. My research is based on 9 months of immersive fieldwork in Uvira, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The eastern DRC has experienced extensive interventions to prosecute sexual violence and advance women's rights. However, these interventions have tended to miss the complexity of gender dynamics and how rights and justice are understood and sought by women in their everyday lives. I argue that gender justice is a process rather than an end goal and that legal pluralism, and its hybrid manifestations, is a space where that process can unfold. Through prioritizing women's experiences of marriage and separation, I contribute to the scholarship that challenges simple narratives of gendered harms in “othered” contexts and highlight the flexible space of legal pluralism to develop dialogue, ideas, and practices of contextualized gender justice.

Keberpihakan Hukum Perkawinan di Indonesia Terhadap Hak Perempuan dalam Memilih atau Menolak Perkawinan

Background. ​Indonesian laws and regulations provide protection for women's rights in determining their life partner. However, there are still some parents who still use their ijbar rights to marry off their daughters. Meanwhile, the custom and etiquette of a girl is to obey her parents' orders and she is not allowed to argue in the slightest against her parents' orders, because if a girl refuses, her parents and even the community will label her as a child of disobedience. In fact, after marriage, a woman is no longer the responsibility of the woman's parents, but her husband. However, when a divorce occurs, it is clear that parents will not want to be blamed for the forced marriage they have imposed on their daughter. Aim. This research was conducted with the aim of answering the following questions: (1) Women's Rights in Choosing or Rejecting Marriage, (2) Legal Principles of Partiality KHI Articles 16, 17 and Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974 article 6 Concerning Women's Rights. Method. This research is a type of qualitative research in the form of a research library with a normative approach and library documents as data collection techniques. The data sources were obtained from laws and books and then analyzed using content analysis with an inductive-deductive mindset. Results. The results of this research show that under marriage law in Indonesia a girl has the right to choose her own partner and can also annul a marriage even if her guardian uses his right of consent to marry off an older child. This does not mean eliminating the power of the mujbir guardian because the terms of a marriage still require the presence of a guardian for the bride. This can be shown during the khitbah process, or during the rafa' process in front of the head of the KUA, a bride and groom will need his consent to get married. However, when one of the bride and groom refuses the marriage, the state cannot marry the bride and groom. This is stated in KHI articles 16, 17 and Marriage Law no. 1 of 1974 article 6. The specific principles of marriage (lex specialis) used are the principle of consent, the principle of consent of both parties, the principle of freedom of choice, the principle of eternity in order to achieve a happy marriage.

Thinking the Urban Impasse Beyond Lockdown: An Afterword

AbstractHow can the lens of the ‘urban impasse’ help us make sense of the relationship between inequality, institutions and contemporary urban life? And how can urban studies benefit from feminist affect theory to explore the theoretical potential of the ‘urban impasse’? An impasse is a dead end; it connotes an experience of being stuck, lacking orientation or a sense of the future. Still, an impasse also bears transformative potential as a powerful way of halting and denouncing that which does not work or is heading in the wrong direction—as was powerfully brought to stage in cities around the world by climate change, antiracist and women's rights movements in recent years.

Ideologi dalam Bahasa Perempuan terhadap Dugaan Pelecehan Seksual di Ajang Kontes Kecantikan: Analisis Wacana Kritis

The case of sexual harassment involving women as victims can be seen from the news in the news media lately is quite shocking, a number of female finalists of Miss Universe Indonesia 2023 came to Polda Metro Jaya to file a report about the alleged harassment of her without clothes. The purpose of this research is to uncover ideology in women's language towards alleged sexual harassment in beauty pageants. In accordance with these objectives, qualitative descriptive is used as an approach to this research. The data of this research is in the form of lingual features obtained during online netnographic observation of participants on Instagram belonging to the finalists of Miss Universe Indonesia (MUID) 2023, peagent portal, and Yayasan Puteri Indonesia. The data were collected using Kozinets' (2010) netnography procedure, which is a form of adoption of ethnographic techniques in the realm of cyberspace. Online netnography observations in this study were conducted through device screens and laptops observing the status uploaded on instgram accounts. To analyze the data, Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis model is used, namely description, interpretation, and explanation. The findings of this research are the existence of ideological manifestations, namely (1) ideology 1: "fighting for women's rights in beauty contests", (2) ideology II: "feeling what harassed women feel", (3) ideology III: "trusting the law in upholding justice for victims", and (4) ideology IV: "erasing the negative stigma of society towards beauty pageants". The conclusion of this study is that women choose and utilize certain lingual forms and ignore other forms, namely institutional processes and sociocultural processes.

Marital Rape as Structual Violence in the Legal System

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) stands as a significant concern for mental health professionals and advocates for women's rights. In this realm, marital rape is identified as the unwelcome sexual acts a husband imposes on his wife, frequently accompanied by physical violence and threats, instilling fear and injury in women. Despite the profound trauma it causes, marital rape is not universally illegal or considered a severe crime in some areas. The lack of attention to marital rape by society and the legal frameworks, especially in the context of increasing awareness of women's health, warrants a closer look. This study seeks to explore the influence of societal views on marital rape on the seeming leniency of the legal system and proposes possible remedies. It is clear that in societies with deep-rooted patriarchal values, where a husband's authority is prioritized, marital rape is normalized as a form of structural violence, thereby undermining the legal system's response. Addressing this issue requires strict legal reforms, including joining international frameworks and comprehensive public education to raise awareness.

Edged beyond thresholds of conventional vulnerabilities: Critical reflections on COVID‐19, women and gender

AbstractThough Johan Galtung's extensive application of the term structural violence in peace studies has been a subject of controversy, his rendition remains critical, seminal, and influential in broad spaces of contemporary discourse including Africa's sociocultural engagements. In his epic essay: “Violence, Peace and Peace Research” he reasoned that structural violence is violence that results in harm but is not necessarily caused by any specific identifiable actor and advanced his argument to the proposition that positive peace is the absence of structural violence. This paper probes how structural violence, seen as multiple ways in which economic, social and cultural systems in Africa, specifically Ghana, leverage their cumulative strengths to edge particular populations in this context women, to the brinks and margins of Covid‐19 related risks, thus stretching women's state of affairs beyond the thresholds of traditionally held vulnerabilities. The study unveils how women's disproportionate exposure to COVID‐19 compromises public health to the detriment of human capital. It concludes that making women's rights locally relevant in Africa constitutes an important capital investment in promoting a better human rights regime for social development as the world contemplates a post‐COVID‐19 era, expressed in shared prosperity, collective security, and equity in social justice.

Historical Study of Marriage Law Between the Norms and the Problematics

Purpose: This study aims to examine the history of marriage law between norms and problems in Indonesia. Methods: The method used in this research is qualitative legal history analysis with a juridical-normative approach. Data was obtained by searching literature regarding marriage in the context of legal history in Indonesia, including laws, regulations, historical documents, and other related literature. Result and Discussion: Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage is unification for the entire population of Indonesia, which is plural but also plural with a release clause by their respective laws and religions. Based on the history of the formation of Law No. 1 of 1974 from the Draft Law until its ratification, experienced pros and cons based on religious perspectives and women's rights, both in legislative, executive, and organizational institutions Implications of the Research: Based on the formation process, it is influenced and colored by the interests of specific interest groups, with religious elements very dominant in it. In practice, implementing Law No. 1 of 1974 raises legal problems in certain legal events, especially various legal events that comply with Law No. 1 of 1974, which are patriarchal and detrimental to women as wives. Originality/Value: This research highlights the unique contribution and added value of research to our understanding of the history of marriage law in Indonesia. This research occasionally explores the evolution of norms and problems in marriage law. It identifies essential patterns and practical implications through an in-depth approach to legal historical analysis.

Integrating Reproductive Justice Approaches in the Human Rights Framework: A Comparative Analysis of the U.S.A., India, and Indonesia

Sexual health and reproductive rights have become instrumental in defining the constitutional horizons and constitutionalism thereof of a country. In this context, Roe v. Wade emerged as an authority on the issue of abortion, bodily integrity, and sexual health which traveled in various jurisdictions. The paper purports to explore the underlying complexities and challenges in asserting reproductive rights by undertaking a comparative study of the constitutional and legal framework in the U.S.A., India, and Indonesia. The research work carried out is socio-legal, the social realities to elaborate social phenomena about existing legal facts, and the author assessed and analyzed the status of reproductive rights in the U.S.A, India, and Indonesia through a comprehensive analysis of case laws decided by constitutional courts of these countries. The global debate on women's reproductive rights, championed by feminists, emphasizes the urgent need to eradicate gender stereotypes for true equality. Despite progress, many countries still face challenges due to religious, cultural, and socio-economic biases. Access to contraceptives, abortion rights, and information remains limited. Promoting equal parenting and raising awareness are crucial. Legal mechanisms, like Roe v. Wade, have advanced reproductive rights, but regressive rulings like Dobbs pose threats. The demands of diverse communities, including same-sex couples, require revisiting legal frameworks. Constitutionalizing these rights and allocating funds for awareness and healthcare are vital steps. Governments must address child marriage and provide inclusive sex education, prioritizing reproductive health as a fundamental human right.

Review of Literature and Research Plan on the Emancipation of Political Rights for Women within the Modern Democratic Regime in India

Purpose: To understand the women’s position and status in our nation. Empowerment or emancipation of women in India is still at a slow pace. Hence to know the reasons behind it. Comparatively, in modern times women are progressing in all fields, especially in the economic arena along with the possession of higher education. However, still, it is seen that in the political arena, women lag due to varied reasons. So the literature review specifically highlights the political involvement of womenfolk in India to know the reasons for all of these. More importantly, to find the appropriate path towards the emancipation/empowerment of women politically. Research Design: The study uses descriptive and analytical research designs with the utmost knowledge base from various secondary electronic data sources referred to as Google Scholar, academia, and many more from reputed peer-reviewed international journals. Result/Outcome/Findings of the Study: The paper showcases the relevant aspects of women in India with women's empowerment. Gradually the article moves towards the political participation of women in India which is very low due to varied reasons. The findings highlight the reasons for the low political participation of women. Moreover, the study comes out with the suggestions for empowerment of women politically. To happen this various institutional and procedural institutions of our nation must work towards it to bring it effectively. Originality/Value: The paper is relevant for all those scholars who work on gender issues or equity since the document is original in its content based on various surveys of literature related to women in India and around the world. Moreover, the suggestions prescribed related to the topic matter are highly prescriptive and analytical which is lucid in their nature for the real empowerment or emancipation of women in India with specific relevance to the political sphere. Paper type: Literature review based on various electronic databases of international and national journals of gender issues/equity.