Ownership Rights Research Articles

Proses Legalisasi dan Hambatan Dalam Pengurusan Tanah Warisan Tanpa Sertifikat

Land is a valuable asset that has historical value. To avoid legal complications down the line, it is crucial to ensure that the land is officially titled and registered in the owner's name. Obtaining ownership rights for land can take place either through the inheritance process or by obtaining land certification. However, if the inherited land does not have a certificate, it can cause problems in the division of the inherited property. Legalisation of uncertificated inherited land is important to provide legal certainty for the heirs. The research in this study employs a normative juridical approach, which involves legal research grounded in statutory regulations. The process of legalising inherited land without a certificate can be done by first arranging the Death Letter / Death Certificate of the Heir, then after obtaining the letter, a Certificate of heirs can be submitted first along with a Certificate of ownership from the Lurah / The Head of the Village along with a certificate indicating that the land has not undergone certification, then a new application for registration of the land can be submitted. Land registration aims to ensure a person's right to land, prevent border disputes, and determine the amount of tax. Through registration, an individual can secure clarity regarding their land rights, encompassing ownership rights, business use rights, building use rights, and various others. Many lands are not yet certified due to sub-optimal land registration and people's inability to apply for certificates. Factors that hinder the community include high costs, lack of understanding of registration procedures, and the process is complicated and complex.

Частка у статутному капіталі господарського товариства (корпоративний пай) як об’єкт речових та договірних прав

The article aims to define the legal nature and characteristics of a share in the authorized capital of a business entity as a specific object of property and contractual rights. The relevance of the research topic is because the analysis of Ukrainian corporate legislation does not provide a direct answer to the question of what the object of corporate investment is, and this creates difficulties in understanding both the essence and structure of legal relations arising from a person’s contribution to the charter capital of a business entity. Even though corporate relations have specifics, they are civil relations and should be considered within the framework of established civil law structures. The object of legal relations is a necessary element of the structure of legal relations. The objects of legal relations in which a person acquires a share in the charter capital of a legal entity and corporate rights instead of a contribution are a contribution (property) owned by a participant based on a right in rem (usually based on ownership), a share in the charter capital and corporate rights. A share in the charter capital of a business entity is a specific object in the field of property and contract law, which necessitates a special legal regime for it. The authors conclude that it is a share in the charter capital of a business entity that is the object of civil rights. The specificity of this object is determined by the fact that a share is a tradable property proper, which allows it to be an object of property rights and a subject matter of contract law. In property law, a share in the charter capital belongs to the shareholder who has contributed to the charter capital of a business entity. If a shareholder of a business entity is married and has contributed at the expense of the marital property, the share in the charter capital belongs to the spouses based on the right of joint ownership. Understanding a share as an object of property rights provides a company participant with substantive legal mechanisms for exercising and protecting its right to a share (full powers and protection through substantive legal claims). In contract law, the specifics of a share as an object of civil rights affect the determination of the moment of transfer of ownership under a contract. In this regard, the legislation should state as a rule that the moment of transfer of ownership of a share in the authorized capital under a contract is determined by the moment of its conclusion unless otherwise provided by the contract. Keywords: share in the charter capital of a business entity, corporate rights, real law, contract law, right of joint and several ownership, remedies in rem, subject matter of a contract, object of civil rights.

평등의 원칙과 사법 (私法)

The principle of equality has traditionally been a topic in public law scholarship. In recent years, however, it is increasingly discussed in private law scholarship. This paper discusses how the principle of equality operates in private law. The conclusions are as follows: First, private law legislation as well as private law interpretation have been undoubtedly bound by the principle of equality. However, private law relationships between private persons are not. In this area, the so-called horizontal effect of principle of equality or rights thereto shall be denied. Second, there are examples in private law where the principle of equality appears to be applied. Resolutions, decisions, or di spositions by or in corporations, associations or long-term contractual relationship can be illegal if they are discriminatory; refusal to deal, suspension of dealings, or refusal of admission to an organization or long-term contractual relationship can be illegal if they are discriminatory; the exercise of ownership rights or the operation of an organization can be i llegal if it has been open to the publi c while excluding certain persons or groups of persons in contradiction to that practice. These are manifestations of the inherent limits of private autonomy, of the principle of good faith and fair dealing, of abuses of rights, and of the general right to personality, however, rather than of the principle of equality, especi ally constitutional equality. Finally, legislators can still impose obligations on private persons to treat other private persons equally, and many do. Given the inherent tension between private autonomy and equality, however, such legislation should be limited to specified traits and/or specified areas and should not be too broad. Relevant legislations in the United States and Germany demonstrate it. It is questionable whether the drafts for the general equal
 treatment act currently being discussed strikes such a balance.

Law and Change: A Study of the Cultivation of Wasteland in the 16th-17th Century Ottoman Empire

This article examines the nature of legal change in Islamic law through the case of the cultivation of wasteland (iḥyāʾ al-mawāt) in the 16th-17th century Ottoman Empire. Imber, one of the leading scholars in modern Ottoman historiography, argues that there was an incompatibility between qānūn and sharīʿah regarding the legal consequences of opening up wastelands (mawāts) for agriculture in the Empire. He asserts that the legal doctrine of the Ḥanafī school gives the right of full ownership (al-milk al-tāmm) to a person cultivating a wasteland with the permission of the ruler (imām), while the Ottoman sultans’ qānūns only grant this person the right of disposal (ḥaqq al-taṣarruf). Imber’s observation about the practice is accurate; however, his claim regarding the Ḥanafī school’s legal doctrine of iḥyāʾ al-mawāt needs revision. This article takes into consideration Ḥanafī nawāzil and fatāwá literature originating from Central Asia and Ottoman Anatolia to demonstrate that the doctrine in question underwent a slow and gradual but essential change over centuries, and then Ottoman Ḥanafī scholars interpreted the practice of the Empire based on this new doctrine, recognizing the sultan’s authority to grant only the right of disposal to those who wished to cultivate the wasteland, suggesting that there was not an actual contradiction between qānūn and sharīʿah on this issue.

KAJIAN HUKUM TERHADAP PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA MEREK PADA POLO BY RALP LAUREN (Studi putusan No 83/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Merek2022/PN Niaga Jkt.Pst)

Settlement of disputes over the Polo by Ralph Laurem brand according to the commercial court decision no 83/pdt.sus- HKI/Merek2022//PN NiagaJkt.Pst. In this decision, the panel of judges stated that the plaintiff was the holder of the Polo by Ralph Lauren brand under list number 173934. Based on the decision it was proven that the defendant knew that the plaintiff was the owner of the trademark rights but the defendant ignored this fact and filed an application for brands in bad faith, namely by imitating the Plaintiff's Polo by Ralph Lauren brand. That based on the facts in the decision the defendant did not know. This type of research is normative juridical using secondary data as the main research data. The data were obtained from the Law on Trademarks and the decision of the Central Jakarta Commercial Court regarding the brand restriction and supplemented with secondary data in the form of books and articles with similar discussions. The data were collected using library techniques by reviewing the findings, analyzing and interpreting them based on the prepared theory. Data processing is done in a deductive way through propositions and theories that are general in nature led to specific facts so that they become a description that can be more easily understood. Court decision No 83/pdt.sus-HKI/Merek2022//PN NiagaJkt.Pst.. Established that the Central Jakarta Commercial Court In this decision, the panel of judges stated that the plaintiff was the holder of the Polo by Ralph Lauren trademark under register number 173934.
 Keywords : tradermark, Court decision, Polo by Ralp Lauren

Feminist Transformation: Result of the Waves of Feminist Movement

This article is about feminist transformation. The main objective is to draw the connection of feminist transformation to waves and types of feminism. Document analysis has conducted under qualitative research design for drawing conclusion. The main intention of feminist transformation is to eradicate various forms of oppression and injustice that exist on the basis of gender difference. The right to vote and property ownership, legal and social rights and the use of social media for ending oppression were the achievement of the waves and these achievements were for feminist transformation. On the other hand, all feminism types have the same motive to end oppression on the basis of gender which makes feminist transformation easier. It is concluded that there is the means-end relationship between waves and types of feminism to feminist transformation. The saying and doing of people and authority must be same for true feminist transformation.

Standard of protection of property rights of owners of residential premises in a democratic country – selected problems considered in the light of Polish constitutional law

The article focuses on presenting key issues revealed in the context of the standard of protection of property rights of owners of residential premises in a contemporary democratic state governed by the rule of law. The considerations presented take into account the perspective of Polish constitutional law and the guarantees of protection of ownership and other property rights as regulated in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997 (with particular emphasis on Article 21 and Article 64). The issue addressed in this paper of particular importance from the Polish perspective because, on the one hand, Polish constitutional law formulates relatively broad guarantees for the protection of ownership and other property rights (including those rights of owners of residential premises and tenants – as outlined in Article 21 and Article 64 of the Polish Constitution). On the other hand, there are several practical problems in Poland in this context, including a very significant systemic issue related to the lack of any systemic solutions in the regulation of the short-term rental market by the Polish legislator.

Features of the legal status of political parties as legal entities: comparative-legal characteristics

In the article, the author examines political parties as subjects of civil relations. The characteristics of political parties as legal entities are analyzed: organizational unity, which is expressed in the fact that parties, as organizations, have a certain structure and a system of bodies; the sign of separate property of political parties has a certain specificity, with peculiarities in the ways of acquiring ownership rights over the property of political parties. Political parties, as legal entities, bear civil liability, and they can independently appear in court as defendants.
 The author also examines the doctrine and legislation of Western countries regarding the concept, creation, and activities of political parties in Germany, the United States, Great Britain, and Serbia. The concept of a political party in Western countries is considered, with a political party in Serbia, understood as a voluntary association of citizens, created with the aim of achieving political goals through the democratic formation of the political will of citizens and participation in elections. A political party in Serbia is granted the status of a legal entity from the date of its entry into the register of political parties.
 A distinctive feature of political parties in Germany is their ambiguous legal status. By their legal nature, they are private organizations, created in accordance with the norms of private law; however, they also possess a public character due to certain constitutional privileges, granted to them.
 The article explores the issue of the legal nature of political parties in Ukraine and the features that distinguish political parties from other public associations. The author examines the issue of the legal personality of political parties and points out that they possess two components - social and political.
 Furthermore, the article analyzes the criteria for categorizing legal entities as either private or public law entities in the law of Ukraine and in the law of France. In French law, such criteria include the following: the establishment of a legal entity originating from public or private initiative, the rules governing its creation, operation, and oversight by public authorities, the method of financing (public subsidies or mandatory payments), and the presence of public authorities

Is this land for sale? The effects of drought on land ownership in Uganda

This study examines the impact of drought on the land ownership rights of smallholder farmers in Uganda. Three waves of the Uganda National Panel Survey are combined with an indicator for drought, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. Using a household fixed effects approach, we exploit spatial and temporal variation in drought conditions to identify its effect on households’ self-reported willingness to acquire land ownership rights, both at the extensive and intensive margins. Results show that exposure to drought lowers households’ intentions to purchase land and substantially reduces the price households are willing to pay for land. The effects persist over time and are robust to different specifications. Our findings suggest that drought exposure limits the operating space for farmers wishing to purchase land.

Оцінка вартості нематеріальних активів у системі франчайзингових відносин

The article is devoted to the assessment of the value of intangible assets in the system of franchise relations. The authors consider the theoretical foundation and methods of evaluation, in particular of trademark and know-how. Empirical analysis takes into account the value of physical and intangible assets, emphasizing the key role of the latter in the formation of competitive advantages. Particular attention is paid to factors affecting value, such as brand reputation and degree of innovation. The results of the article provide grounds for a conclusion about the effectiveness of franchising as a tool for business development and highlight the prospects for its further expansion in the context of market trends. The priorities of the application of approaches to the assessment of intangible assets and intellectual property objects have been systematized. A statistical assessment of the franchising market was carried out in 2018-2022. The article presents methodical approaches to the assessment of intangible assets. The authors unified the methods of estimating the value of intangible assets in franchising. Also, within the framework of the study, the main economic properties of intangible assets are outlined, in particular, they are: intangible nature, exclusivity and ownership rights, significance for business, validity period and limitations, cost and depreciation, preservation and management legal regulatory regime, etc. The authors focused attention on the aspect that assessing the value of intangible assets in franchise relations is a complex task that requires a comprehensive approach and consideration of various factors. The article emphasizes the aspect that the study of empirical aspects and the analysis of real scenarios will contribute to the further improvement of assessment methods and the expansion of understanding of the role of intangible assets in the franchising system.

Re-Interpretasi Hak Milik Pribadi Dalam Bingkai Dimensi Sosial

This article aims to explain how private property rights are framed in a social dimension. Property rights here are given by God as a means to protect human life as well as those of others around them. This research was carried out using qualitative methods by reviewing Christian theological literature and developing topics related to private property rights within the framework of the social dimension. First, the author explains how property rights are defined, the social dimensions and what the Biblical view of this is. Then the author explains how Christianity views this by explaining how the significance of property ownership comes from God. Then explains the theological view regarding private property rights within the framework of the social dimension which directs each individual to a view that shows that each person's rights must also be seen as part of someone's property rights within them. Private ownership or personal rights have a moral obligation to see other groups in society as having a part in it. With this understanding, private ownership must also be in a good and correct flow. Private property rights must always be in order to fulfill needs, while protecting personal sustainability and the lives of other people in need.

Book possession of real estate: concept and critique review

The author examines the peculiarities of the Ukrainian concept of book possession (as a factual state) perceived by judicial practice. This concept is based on the principle of registration confirmation of possession, according to which the actual owner of the real estate is the one for whom the property right is registered. On the other hand, physical occupation of the real estate does not cause possession of it.
 This approach is based on the understanding of possession as a declaration of rights to the outside world (which is an outward expression of the will to take hold of a thing). With this approach, physical possession is only one type of possession, but other types are also possible, one of which is book possession.
 The function of possession (regardless of its type) is to create a presumption that ownership or other property rights belong to a person. Such a presumption is rebuttable.
 The advantages of book possession are the following: a high level of legal certainty both as to persons who are in possession of the property, and as to the nature of possession (in respect of which rights each of the possessors executes possession); separate possession of real estate concerning different property rights, availability of possession to the mortgagee; a high level of legal certainty regarding the nature of the violation of rights (whether such a violation is related or not related to deprivation of possession), and therefore regarding the proper (adequate) remedy; more reliable protection against unlawful deprivation of possession; universal application of the remedies established in the Civil Code using deeply-rooted doctrinal approaches (which are the same as in disputes regarding movable property).
 An analysis of the literature containing critical comments on the concept of book possession is carried out. Emphasis is placed on the importance of constructive criticism, which can help correct the shortcomings of both the concept itself and its practical application. Logical errors were found in the analyzed works, such as violation of the law of identity (principium identitatis), irrelevant thesis (ignoratio elenchi), appeal to authority (ipse dixit), etc.
 An example is given of the prompt consideration by the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court of fair criticism regarding the fact that in some decisions of the Supreme Court, the right of possession on the one hand, and possession as a factual state, on the other hand, were not conflated.

A Content Analysis of Communication in Agrarian Conflict Resolution between the Indramayu Farmers' Union and Perum Perhutani

Agrarian conflicts in Indramayu between the Indramayu Farmers' Union (STI) and Perum Perhutani are complex issues that involve various parties and different interests related to agricultural land. This research aims to analyze conflict resolution using a communication approach. This study employs a constructive paradigm with a qualitative content analysis method. The research highlights critical strategies, including accurate understanding and effective information dissemination. An in-depth understanding of ownership rights, laws, and regulations is necessary for all parties. Information dissemination through various communication channels, such as open meetings, workshops, and social media, helps reduce misunderstandings and improve transparency. They were second, creating a space for dialogue and active participation of involved parties. Dialogue spaces allow parties to speak openly, listen to perspectives, and seek solutions by involving STI, Perum Perhutani, the government, law enforcement agencies, NGOs, academics, and the community. The creation of dialogue spaces should be inclusive. Furthermore, negotiation and mediation approaches help reach a middle ground. Negotiation allows parties to discuss differences and find mutually beneficial agreements. Mediation, involving a neutral third party, facilitates dialogue and finds solutions acceptable to all parties. This approach focuses on collaboration for sustainable resolution. Finally, a holistic approach involves legal clarification, community empowerment, livelihood diversification, and improved communication. Conflict resolution considers social, cultural, and economic aspects. A combination of conflict resolution strategies can address agrarian conflicts in Indramayu, leading to harmonious agricultural land management and promoting the parties' well-being.

Ownership and governance of tree resources on cocoa farms: A case study in Brong-Ahafo and Western Regions of Ghana

Cocoa is important for the economy and rural development of Ghana. However, small-scale cocoa production is the leading agricultural product driver of deforestation in Ghana. Uncertain tree tenure disincentivizes farmers to retain and nurture trees on their farms. There is therefore the call for structures that promote tree retention and management within cocoa farming. We examined tenure barriers and governance for tree resources on cocoa farms. Data was collected from 200 cocoa farmers from two regions using multistage sampling technique. Information was gathered on tree ownership and fate of tree resources on cocoa farms, tree felling permit acquisition and associated challenges and illegal logging and compensation payments on cocoa farms. Results suggest 62.2% of farmers own trees on their farms. However, these farmers may or may not have ownership rights over the trees depending on the ownership of their farmlands. More than half of the farmers indicated they require felling permits to harvest trees on their farms, indicative of the awareness of established tree harvesting procedures. Seventy percent of the farmers have never experienced illegal logging on their farms. There is however the need to educate the remaining 30% on their rights and build their compensation negotiation powers for destructions to their cocoa crops. This study has highlighted ownership and governance issues with cocoa farming and it is important for the sustainability of on-farm tree resources and Ghana’s forest at large.

ALGORITHMS FOR OBTAINING A RESIDENCE PERMIT AND PURCHASING REAL ESTATE FOR UKRAINIANS UNDER SPECIAL MARTIAL LAW CONDITIONS

Approximately a quarter of the surveyed Ukrainian refugees and IDPs said that they plan to stay in their new places of residence, in the countries of their choice, obtain a residence permit, and purchase real estate. The legislation of Ukraine, like that of other countries, provides that ownership and other real rights to real estate, encumbrances, as well as their creation, transfer and termination, are subject to state registration. Rights to real estate subject to state registration arise from the moment of such registration. In essence, state registration is the fact of public recognition by the state of a person's right to real estate by entering information about it into the State Register of Real Property Rights. However, each country has its own regulatory requirements. Therefore, research into real estate registration procedures and algorithms for obtaining a residence permit is relevant. The study is aimed at identifying the peculiarities and algorithms for obtaining a permanent or temporary residence permit by investing in real estate or business in the country of study. real estate registration for Ukrainian citizens who went abroad during the military operations and intend not to return home but to integrate into other countries. The research objects are 9 countries of the world, namely: Turkey, Greece, Montenegro, the United Kingdom, Cyprus, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Portugal, and Hungary. These countries are characterized by: attractiveness in terms of residence, democratic development, improvement of the quality of service provision and strengthening of trust in the government by the population, the public and the private sector. The information base of the study was based on collections of scientific papers, periodicals, and Internet resources. Summarizing the results of the study, we have constructed a diagram of the cost of investment real estate for permanent residence for the selected countries. The largest investment is required in the UK, while Montenegro has no requirements for real estate investment at all. 
 It is determined that the procedure for obtaining the right to temporary or permanent residence through investment and registration of real estate may vary, and the package of documents required for registration also differs depending on the specific object and the circumstances of the rights to it. However, there are simple general recommendations that can help protect real estate rights and save time and money: compliance with the country's legislation; creation and proper operation of a unified registration system. This analysis will help to identify ways to implement foreign experience in Ukraine's activities in the future. The practical content is indicated by the target orientation of this study for Ukrainian citizens who are forced to stay abroad, urban planning and cadastre specialists.

Case Study of Bengkulu District Court Decision Number 14/Pdt.G/2023/Pn Bgl Dated September 27, 2023

Ownership of land for houses is generally freehold. Mastery over. The property rights are proven by the Certificate of Property Rights issued by the National Land Agency (BPN). In ancient times, some people did not understand the legalization of ownership of land rights. The transfer of ownership rights to land can be done in various ways, one of which is buying and selling. Buying and selling transactions are one of the transactions that are very well known in traditional and modern society. Not everyone understands and realizes the need when carrying out sales and purchase transactions on land must be legalized by the authorities so that the transactions that occur are carried out under the hands. Bengkulu District Court Decision Number 14/Pdt.G/2023/PN Bgl dated September 27, 2023, namely land transactions that occur by the Buyer buying from the Seller for Rp. 2,000,000 (two million rupiah) based on the Certificate of Rights Disclosure dated December 11, 1989, at the time of the certificate transaction not yet in the name of the Seller, this can be seen from the certificate issued in 1994 while the transaction has been carried out in 1989. After the sale and purchase transaction was carried out, the Buyer had controlled land with an area of approximately 660 M2 (six hundred and sixty square meters) located in Bengkulu City. Due to the Buyer's ignorance and/or negligence towards the sale and purchase of the land, a Deed of Sale and Purchase has not been made, while at this time the Buyer wants to process the change in the Seller's certificate, its existence is not found. So because there is no legal legitimacy, the validity of the owner of the land needs to get a decision from the Court

A helping hand

In this article, I examine responses to the taking of food items during snack time in an early childhood education classroom with deaf toddlers (18 months to three years old) who are native signers of American Sign Language (ASL). These children have grown up with exposure to ASL from deaf family members and are attending a classroom where all individuals use ASL. Through the combined analysis of ethnographic and interactional data, I argue that the teachers’ corporeal socialization of the deaf toddlers into a visual orientation leads to their development of a social and moral understanding of ownership rights within the classroom which is displayed in the children’s social awareness, social responsiveness and self-reliance in responding to food takings.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POWER TO USE STATE PROPERTY

Despite the fact that the existence of ownership rights of several persons to one object occurs only in states with the
 Anglo-Saxon legal system, in the scientific works of both Belarusian scientists and Russian colleagues there are discussions
 about the possibility of splitting both the property right itself and those included in it powers in national legal systems related
 to the continental system of law, in particular Belarusian and Russian. This legal phenomenon can most clearly be analyzed
 using the example of implementation of state property rights. In this article, using the concept of splitting the powers of property
 rights, the forms of implementation by the state owner of the right to use in relation to real estate objects owned by it are
 analyzed, and also the entities that have elements of the right to use in relation to state real estate are identified.

Suchasni tendentsii reformuvannia pravovoho statusu fermerskykh hospodarstv v Ukraini

The article studies the legal problems of the functioning of farms in Ukraine as an independent legal institution of agrarian law. After the opening of the land market, the authors analyse the dynamics and statistics regarding the registration of the right of private ownership of farmland, which is on their balance sheet in the status of permanent use. In this vein, the norms of land and agrarian law and the legal mechanism for the realization of the acquisition of the right to private property through free privatization for farmers whose land is currently registered for permanent use are investigated. In addition, the article examines the newly adopted draft law № 6013 «On the peculiarities of the regulation of entrepreneurial activities of certain types of legal entities and their associations in the transition period» adopted in the first reading by the Verkhovna Rada and the explanatory note to it, which was developed by people’s deputies. This document is aimed at the destruction of cooperative legal relations in the conduct of agribusiness, by transforming all enterprises in Ukraine into corporate ones. In this regard, the authors express a number of comments that are unacceptable for farming in Ukraine. In this regard, the authors express a number of comments that are unacceptable for farming in Ukraine. In the scientific work, the scientists present legal and economic arguments, which claim that the above bill is devastating for small and medium-sized agribusiness in our country and does not correspond to the main legal dogmas of the European Green Course. According to the authors, the adoption of such a regulatory act will lead to the monopoly of agricultural holdings and the loss of the country’s agricultural potential both at the international and national levels. In this context, the foreign experience of farming operations in countries where corporate legal relations of business are a priority, for example, the United States of America and the European Union, is studied.

Analyzing the Metaverse: Computer Games, Blockchain, and 21st-Century Challenge

This paper explores the rapidly evolving Metaverse, particularly its relationship with computer games and blockchain technology, where the most development is happening, and the consequential ethical and societal implications. As we will observe, interaction is crucial for developing the Metaverse. Using a hybrid research methodology, incorporating structured review and extensive bibliometric analysis, we map the intricate dynamics of this emerging field, revealing an accelerated global adoption of the Metaverse and its integration with Blockchain. The year 2022 marks a turning point in the development of the Metaverse. Plus, we discuss the transformation spurred by this convergence, evaluating emerging ethical issues like ownership rights, privacy concerns, potential exploitation, and susceptibility to manipulation. Particular emphasis is placed on the rising presence of AI in gaming, investigating its role in addictive gaming mechanisms, potential propagation of harmful behaviours, and cultural bias reinforcement. We underline the Metaverse’s unceasing growth, emphasizing the need for future research to develop creative interaction strategies that respect social perspectives and prioritize ethical safeguards, enabling the Metaverse’s responsible evolution for all stakeholders’ benefit. Finally, we want to highlight many other potential applications of Metaverse and Blockchain, such as copyright management, economic disputes, traceability, or contract transparency.