Right Coronary Artery Stenosis Research Articles

Long-term risk of right coronary artery injury after catheter ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus–dependent flutter

BackgroundRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) of cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)–dependent atrial flutter requires ablation of the tricuspid annulus overlying the right coronary artery (RCA). Although it is considered safe, reports of acute and subacute RCA injury in human and animal studies raise the possibility of late RCA stenosis. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare the incidence and severity of angiographic RCA stenoses in patients who have undergone CTI RFA with a control group to assess the long-term risk of RCA damage. MethodsA 2-center retrospective case-cohort study was performed including all patients from 2002 to 2018 undergoing atrial fibrillation (AF) with CTI ablation (CTI + AF) or AF ablation alone with subsequent coronary angiography (CAG). The AF alone group served as controls because of anticipated similarity of baseline characteristics. Coronary arteries that are anatomically remote to the CTI were examined as prespecified falsification end points. CAG was scored by a blinded observer. ResultsThere were 156 patients who underwent pulmonary vein isolation with subsequent CAG (CTI + AF, n = 81; AF alone, n = 75) with no difference in baseline characteristics including age, sex, comorbidities, and medications. Mean time from ablation to CAG was similar (CTI + AF, 5.0 ± 3.7 years; AF alone, 5.4 ± 3.9 years; P = .5). The mid and distal RCA showed no difference in the average number of angiographic stenoses or lesion severity. In regression analysis, CTI ablation was not a predictor of RCA stenosis severity (P = .6). There was no difference in coronary disease at sites remote to the CTI ablation (P = NS for all). ConclusionThere was no observed relationship between CTI RFA and the number or severity of angiographically apparent RCA stenoses in long-term follow-up.

Should the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) be imaged before radiotherapy in cases of unexpected early acute coronary syndrome?

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements None. Case A 41-year-old male patient presented to the cardiology outpatient clinic with a complaint of exertional chest pain persisting for the past 4 months, along with occasional palpitation attacks. In his medical history, aside from being diagnosed with lymphoma 15 years ago, there were no known additional comorbidities. The electrocardiogram (EKG) revealed sinus rhythm (84 beats/minute), and the blood tests showed creatinine: 0.81 mg/dL, WBC: 11.26 mm^3, LYM: 3.69 mm^3. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated an ejection fraction (EF) of 60%, with no additional pathologies except for grade 1 diastolic dysfunction. Considering the presence of typical chest pain, coronary imaging was performed to assess for stable angina. The coronary imaging revealed a lesion extending from the left main coronary artery (LMCA) to the proximal left circumflex artery (CX), with an 80% stenosis in the mid-segment of the LMCA, a 60% stenosis at the narrowest point of the CX proximal segment, and an 80% stenosis in the proximal right coronary artery (RCA). The left circumflex artery obtuse marginal branches (CX OM) appeared thin and extensively diseased (Figure-1) The patient was promptly scheduled for early coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), transferred to the cardiac surgery intensive care unit, and underwent a successful coronary bypass procedure with LAD-LIMA, Ao-saphenous-IM-saphenous-CxOM1 (sequential) grafting. Throughout the postoperative follow-up period, the patient continued to experience exertional chest pain despite medical treatment. A repeat coronary angiography was performed, revealing that the bypass grafts were opened, but a diffuse 80% stenosis was detected at the mid-segment of the LIMA graft, prior to the anastomosis.(Figure-2) Successful stent placement was performed at the narrowest point of the LIMA mid-segment (Figure-3).The patient had no anginal complaints during post-procedure follow-up and has been stable under observation. Discussion Routine clinical practice does not involve LIMA imaging in patients who have undergone diagnostic coronary angiography with multi-vessel involvement and a CABG decision. However, the use of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) may entail a risk of rendering the graft unusable due to extensive mediastinal fibrosis and radiation-induced damage to the left or right mammary artery. Therefore, in patients with a history of radiation exposure in the thoracic region and a CABG decision, the visualization of the intermammary artery during coronary angiography and the consideration of alternative grafts, such as the radiation-free radial artery, or the necessity for high-risk percutaneous stent implantation, should be discussed.figure-1figure-2

The Association between Visceral Adipose Tissue and Coronary Atherosclerosis in Thai Postmortem Cases

Objective: To determine the correlation between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and degree of coronary artery stenosis in the Thai population. Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 220 Thai postmortem cases. Sex, age, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were recorded for each case. The intra-abdominal VAT weight of each site was assessed during the autopsy procedure, and degrees of stenosis for three coronary arteries (left anterior descending artery (LAD), right coronary artery (RCA) and left circumflex artery (LCX)) were evaluated in histological examination. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation, and multivariate linear regression were used to determine the correlations between VAT and degrees of coronary artery stenosis. Results: There were 108 female and 112 male subjects with a mean age of 45.95 years old. Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and VAT in the male subjects were significantly higher than in the female subjects (p<0.001). VAT was well correlated with waist circumference and waist-hip ratio (p<0.001). VAT weights were positively correlated with degrees of LAD, RCA and LCX stenosis, with coefficient correlations (r) of 0.561, 0.453 and 0.451, respectively (p<0.001). Mesenteric and peri-renal adipose tissues produced better correlations than the other sites. Multivariate linear regression showed that sex and age were correlated with stenosis in all three coronary arteries (p<0.001), and mesenteric and peri-renal adipose tissues had strong correlations with LAD stenosis (p<0.001). Conclusion: VAT weights from all sites were correlated with degrees of coronary artery stenosis. Mesenteric and peri-renal adipose tissues produced better correlations than the other sites.

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in COVID-19: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center of North India

Purpose: Here, we describe cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) findings in patients with proven COVID-19 infection and presenting with cardiac problems both at presentation and in convalescence from a tertiary care center, in North India. A pertinent review of the literature is also discussed. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction proven COVID-19 infection either at presentation or convalescence referred for CMR at our facility from January 2021 to December 2023 was done. CMR was performed on a 3T system (Ingenia, Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands) and examinations were customized according to the clinical indications. Results: Retrospective analysis yielded 14 patients (4 at presentation; 10 in convalescence). Patients at presentation 4/14 had clinically presented with chest pain with raised troponins and electrographic abnormalities, while 10/14 patients had presented with clinical features of heart failure with two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography demonstrating systolic dysfunction with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Out of 14, 4 patients at presentation, CMR showed features of acute myocarditis in three patients, while one had inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI) (this patient on catheter angiogram had aneurysmally dilated coronary arteries with thrombus and stenosis in the mid right coronary artery which was successfully stented). Out of 14, 10 patients on CMR had features of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP). Conclusion: Cardiac involvement in COVID-19 can have vivid clinicoradiological presentations with features of myocarditis and MI at presentation or DCMP in convalescence. CMR in such cases is a problem-solving tool where myocarditis is candidly differentiated from MI. Moreover, follow-up CMR demonstrates temporal changes in COVID-19-associated myocarditis and evaluation of cardiac structure and function in patients presenting with DCMP.

Distant myocardial infarction: a case report

Currently, more and more cases of distant myocardial infarction are being registered. This pathological condition occurs due to an acute decrease in myocardial blood supply, which was provided by a donor artery, which blood supply system is anatomically not directly connected to the affected area. Cases of distant myocardial infarction are sporadic. Therefore, there are difficulties in choosing the right management strategy. During percutaneous coronary intervention, it is possible to perform recanalization of an artery with chronic occlusion, which anatomically supplies blood to the affected wall, and/or donor artery stenting, which supplies the infarction zone due to collaterals. The article presents a case of non-Q wave myocardial infarction of left ventricular anterior wall, which developed in a patient with 90% stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery, chronic occlusion of the middle LAD segment, and 80% stenosis in the proximal right coronary artery. Direct stenting of the right coronary artery led to a significant increase in the contrast intensity in intersystem collaterals from the posterior interventricular artery to LAD artery. This was accompanied by an improvement in the clinical symptoms and a complete absence of angina throughout the patient’s hospital stay.

SAT472 A Case of Contrast Induced Thyrotoxicosis in a Patient Newly Diagnosed with Hyperthyroidism

Abstract Disclosure: E. Askar: None. B. Reddy: None. Background: It is quite uncommon for thyrotoxicosis to manifest itself after the administration of iodinated contrast. Although the actual prevalence has not yet been identified, estimates showed that the prevalence in areas with iodine deficiency is 0.25 to 0.5% and 0.025% in non-iodine-deficient areas with higher risk in elderly patients. Clinical Case: A 68-year-old female presented to the emergency department for 2 weeks of intermittent substernal chest pain associated with diaphoresis. She was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism by an outside clinic approximately one week prior to her presentation and was prescribed methimazole but did not start it. Her physical examination was significant for mild exophthalmos. EKG showed ST depression in anterolateral leads. Laboratory data showed a troponin of 0.328 ng/ml (0.0.015-0.45) which trended up to 4.830 after 3 hours and TSH of <0.005 mIU/L (0.358-3.74), otherwise BMP and CBC were within normal limits. Patient was started on aspirin, statin and heparin infusion along with methimazole. Patient was transferred to tertiary hospital for urgent cardiac catheterization that showed 90 % stenosis of left anterior descending artery (LAD) and 95 % stenosis in distal right coronary artery (RCA). A successful drug eluting stent was deployed in LAD with a plan of staged PCI in RCA. An hour after the procedure, Patient complained of palpitations and diaphoresis. Laboratory findings at that time revealed Free T4 of 17.5 ng/dl (0.9-1.8), Free T3 of 12.3 pg/ml (1.8-4.6) with positive Thyroperoxidase antibody, TSI and TSH Receptor Antibody. Thyroid ultrasound revealed diffusely heterogeneous thyroid gland with increased vascularity, consistent with Graves’ disease. The patient was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis secondary to contrast administration. She was treated with methimazole 20 mg TID, metoprolol tartrate 25mg BID and hydrocortisone 25 mg BID. Decision was made to postpone the second procedure until trending down of thyroid hormones and improvement of symptoms. A successful staged RCA PCI was performed eight days later and patient did not experience any complications despite exposure to the same dose of iodinated contrast. Conclusion: Rarely, hyperthyroid patients may experience chest discomfort and EKG abnormalities that are consistent with cardiac ischemia. This usually happens in older patients with known underlying coronary artery disease in response to the rise in cardiac contractility and strain caused by thyrotoxicosis. Our case did not have any history or risk factors of coronary artery disease other than hyperthyroidism. This case highlights how recognition of hyperthyroidism may alter management, because the use of some procedures or treatments may acutely exacerbate the condition of the patient. Presentation Date: Saturday, June 17, 2023

Wellens’ syndrome in clinical practice

Despite the declining cardiovascular mortality, the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) is still high, and therefore the issues of its timely diagnosis remain extremely relevant. In addition to the main diagnostic criteria and typical electrocardiographic (ECG) signs, there are many secondary patterns that suggest MI. Wellens’ syndrome (WS) is one of these ECG patterns, which indicates that the patient is at high risk of left ventricular anterior wall MI, caused by occlusion of the anterior interventricular artery (AIA) or its critical stenosis. Despite the relatively low incidence of WS, it is necessary to increase physicians’ awareness in order to prevent MI and reduce its possible negative consequences.This article presents clinical cases of WS, which show the importance of its diagnosis in the management of patients with anginal pain. The first patient is 43-year-old with a diagnosis of class III exertional angina, a history of anginal pain, and the presence of inverted T waves in V2-V3 leads. AIA stenting was performed on the 7th day of hospitalization. The second patient is 67-year-old with a similar diagnosis and history, biphasic T waves in I, aVL, V1-V3 and V5-V6 leads, deeply inverted T waves in V4. Stenting of the AIA and right coronary artery (RCA) was performed on days 5-6 after the most severe episode of anginal pain and after the anginal pain became recurrent. In both cases, WS was not diagnosed. The third patient, 57-year-old, with T wave inversion in II, III, aVF, leads ST segment elevation of less than 1 mm in lead III, minimal ST segment depression in aVL and V2-V3 leads, followed in less than 2 hours by ST segment elevation in II, III, aVF leads. In this patient, WS was diagnosed in a timely manner, urgent coronary angiography was performed, 99% RCA stenosis was detected, and RCA stenting was performed. The outcome is left ventricular inferior wall non-Q wave MI. The last cited case of WS indicates that this syndrome develops not only with AIA damage, but also with damage to other coronary arteries.

Role of Ayurveda, Lifestyle Modification, and Panchakarma Therapy on Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaque in Known Coronary Artery Disease Patient

Atherosclerois is a major health concern in India and imposes a significant burden on the population. The prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, smoking and high cholesterol levels contribute to the rising incidence of atherosclerosis in the country. A 57-year-old male presented with primary complaints of chest pain and heaviness, left arm pain, upper back pain, jaw pain, dyspnea on exertion grade I, flatulence, gaseous distension, cervical pain, scapular region pain, shoulder pain, constipation, and insomnia. He also complained of postprandial angina New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III. The patient was a photographer by profession and had a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. On 29th February 2020, he underwent computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography at another clinic which revealed stenosis of the 3 main coronary arteries – more than 90% stenosis in mid left anterior descending artery (LAD), 80–90% stenosis in proximal left circumflex artery (LCx), and 80–90% stenosis in proximal right coronary artery (RCA). The patient was advised an Ayurveda-based low-carbohydrate high antioxidant diet of 1,000 calories daily for the first 12 weeks. This case report supports the relationship between an Ayurveda-based low-carbohydrate high antioxidant diet and atheroma regression in a high-risk coronary artery disease patient.

Association of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence with Right Coronary Atherosclerosis and Increased Left Arterial Epicardial Fat Following Catheter Ablation-Results of a Multimodality Study.

Identification of predictors for atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) can lead to better long-term results. Our aim was to investigate the association between novel CT imaging markers reflecting the severity of coronary atherosclerosis and the risk of recurrence following PVI. This study included 80 patients with paroxysmal/persistent AF who underwent PVI. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1-23 patients with recurrence and Group 2-57 patients without recurrence. Patients with recurrence presented with a more enlarged left atrial diameter and reduced left ventricle EF, as assessed by echocardiography. Elevated calcium scores and right coronary artery (RCA) stenosis were correlated with a higher risk of AF recurrence (25.38 ± 4.1% vs. 9.76 ± 2.32%, p = 0.001). Patients with AF recurrence presented a higher left atrial volume index (LAVI) (61.38 ± 11.12 mm3/m2 vs. 46.34 ± 12.27 mm3/m2, p < 0.0001). The bi-atrial volume index (BAVI) was similarly higher in the AF recurrence group (98.23 ± 14.44 mm3/m2 vs. 76.48 ± 17.61 mm3/m2, p < 0.0001). Increased EAT volumes located around the LA (EAT-LA) were correlated with recurrence (25.55 ± 6.37 vs. 15.54 ± 8.44, p < 0.0001). RCA stenosis, together with atrial volumes and EAT-AS evaluated by CCTA, is associated with the risk of AF recurrence following PVI.

Impact of vessel morphology on CT-derived fractional-flow-reserve in non-obstructive coronary artery disease in right coronary artery

ObjectivesComputed tomography (CT)–derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) decreases continuously from proximal to distal segments of the vessel due to the influence of various factors even in non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NOCAD). It is known that FFRCT is dependent on vessel-length, but the relationship with other vessel morphologies remains to be explained.PurposeTo investigate morphological aspects of the vessels that influence FFRCT in NOCAD in the right coronary artery (RCA).MethodsA total of 443 patients who underwent both FFRCT and invasive coronary angiography, with < 50% RCA stenosis, were evaluated. Enrolled RCA vessels were classified into two groups according to distal FFRCT: FFRCT ≤ 0.80 (n = 60) and FFRCT > 0.80 (n = 383). Vessel morphology (vessel length, lumen diameter, lumen volume, and plaque volume) and left-ventricular mass were assessed. The ratio of lumen volume and vessel length was defined as V/L ratio.ResultsWhereas vessel-length was almost the same between FFRCT ≤ 0.80 and > 0.80, lumen volume and V/L ratio were significantly lower in FFRCT ≤ 0.80. Distal FFRCT correlated with plaque-related parameters (low-attenuation plaque, intermediate-attenuation plaque, and calcified plaque) and vessel-related parameters (proximal and distal vessel diameter, vessel length, lumen volume, and V/L ratio). Among all vessel-related parameters, V/L ratio showed the highest correlation with distal FFRCT (r = 0.61, p < 0.0001). Multivariable analysis showed that calcified plaque volume was the strongest predictor of distal FFRCT, followed by V/L ratio (β-coefficient = 0.48, p = 0.03). V/L ratio was the strongest predictor of a distal FFRCT ≤ 0.80 (cut-off 8.1 mm3/mm, AUC 0.88, sensitivity 90.0%, specificity 76.7%, 95% CI 0.84–0.93, p < 0.0001).ConclusionsOur study suggests that V/L ratio can be a measure to predict subclinical coronary perfusion disturbance.Clinical relevance statementA novel marker of the ratio of lumen volume to vessel length (V/L ratio) is the strongest predictor of a distal CT-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) and may have the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of FFRCT.Key Points• Physiological FFRCT decline depends not only on vessel length but also on the lumen volume in non-obstructive coronary artery disease in the right coronary artery.• FFRCT correlates with plaque-related parameters (low-attenuation plaque, intermediate-attenuation plaque, and calcified plaque) and vessel-related parameters (proximal and distal vessel diameter, vessel length, lumen volume, and V/L ratio).• Of vessel-related parameters, V/L ratio is the strongest predictor of a distal FFRCT and an optimal cut-off value of 8.1 mm3/mm.

1195 Association of Vessel-Specific Coronary Artery Stenosis with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in a Renal Transplant Cohort

Abstract Aim Coronary artery stenosis is a key risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Left anterior descending (LAD) artery stenosis is regarded to be the most severe vessel-specific coronary artery stenosis as depicted by its appellation widow-maker. We hypothesised that right coronary artery (RCA) stenoses may present poorer or similar outcomes to LAD. This study sought to investigate the association of vessel-specific coronary artery stenosis using computed tomography coronary angiogram (CTCA) with MACE in a renal transplant cohort. Method This was a single-centre retrospective study of all end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients eligible for kidney transplantation who underwent CTCA between 2012 to 2014. MACE occurrences (heart failure, AMI, unstable angina, CVA, PVD, and TIA) were recorded within a 10-year follow-up period. CTCA datasets were assessed by 2 independent specialists, visually grading stenosis severity into 2 classifications (&amp;lt;50% or &amp;gt;50% coronary diameter reduction). Results Of 106 patients in our study, a total of 419 coronary arteries (106 RCA, 104 LAD, 104 circumflex (CX), 104 left mainstem (LM)) were graded by CTCA. 43 patients (40.6%) experienced at least one MACE within the timeframe. Statistical significance in MACE was observed when stratified by RCA stenosis severity (p = 0.022) while no statistical significance in MACE observed when stratified by LAD (p = 0.904), CX (p = 0.472) &amp; LM (p = 0.222). Conclusions This challenges the conventional wisdom on individual vessel-specific coronary artery stenosis and suggests that RCA stenoses are associated with MACE in the transplant cohort. This also offers the possibility of RCA stenosis as a prognostic tool in predicting MACE in ESRD patients.

P475 RECURRENT CORONARY ARTERY VASOSPASM COMPLICATED BY CARDIAC ARRESTS IN HEART TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT: AN UNUSUAL ENEMY

Abstract Even if coronary vasospasm (CV) is considered a rare phenomenon in heart transplant (HT) recipients, during routine coronary angiography asymptomatic CV may be observed. We report the case of a 30–year–old male who underwent HT in 2007 for dilatative cardiomyopathy. He was maintained on tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil and had no significant rejection or coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) demonstration. In December 2020 patient presented with cardiac arrest preceded by angina. Coronary angiography demonstrated diffuse spasm of the right coronary artery (RCA) with resolution after intracoronary nitrate administration. An endomyocardial biopsy (EBM) revealed no signs of cellular rejection whilst cardiac magnetic resonance showed signs of acute rejection (Fig.1). Moreover, two major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class 2 donor–specific antibodies (DSAs) were positive with a high title. Treatment for antibody–mediated rejection (AMR) was initiated with steroids and plasmapheresis, followed by immunoglobulin infusion. Cardiac defibrillator was implanted before discharge. In August 2021, patient experienced a second cardiac arrest. Left heart catheterization found diffuse CV and after nitrates administration, proximal critical stenosis of RCA was pointed out and treated with stent insertion (Fig. 2–3). EMB and DSAs assessment were both negative. The patient was discharged after medical therapy optimization for CV prevention including the switch from mycophenolate to everolimus. After two more episodes of ACS with angiography finding of CV we decided to empirically treat the patient with weekly photopheresis sessions. Despite aggressive AMR management, a third ACC occurred in March 2022. The patient was finally reintroduced to the HT waiting list. Most CV episodes run without any symptoms due to the denervated heart post–transplant so probably re–innervation occurred in our patient. Calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and beta–blockers failed in CV prevention, suggesting ineffectiveness in HT recipients because of a different pathogenetic mechanism when compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, documentation of coronary disease progression after the second ACC supports the hypothesis that CV could be the first manifestation of CAV. An intriguing hypothesis would be the presence of pathological vasoreactivity in the donor‘s heart, ascribable to an “inherited” endothelial dysfunction that could last be exacerbated by multiple factors, including AMR.

Right-Sided Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass: Clinical Experience and Perspectives.

Objective: Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB) using the left internal thoracic artery to the left descending artery is a clinical routine in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Far less is known on right-sided MIDCAB (r-MIDCAB) using the right internal thoracic artery (RITA) to the right coronary artery (RCA). We aimed to present our experience in patients with complex coronary artery disease who underwent r-MIDCAB. Materials and Methods: Between October 2019 and January 2023, 11 patients received r-MIDCAB using RITA to RCA bypass in a minimally invasive technique via right anterior minithoracotomy without using a cardiopulmonary bypass. Underlying coronary disease was complex right coronary artery stenosis (n = 7) and anomalous right coronary artery (ARCA; n = 4). All procedure-related and outcome data were evaluated prospectively. Results: Successful minimally invasive revascularization was achieved in all patients (n = 11). There were no conversions to sternotomy and no re-explorations for bleeding. Furthermore, no myocardial infarction, no strokes, and, most importantly, no deaths were observed. During the follow-up period (median 24 months), all patients were alive and 90% were completely angina free. Two patients received a repeated revascularization after surgery but independently from the RITA-RCA bypass, which was fully competent in both patients. Conclusion: Right-sided MIDCAB can be performed safely and effectively in patients with expected technically challenging percutaneous coronary intervention of the RCA and in patients with ARCA. Mid-term results showed high freedom from angina in nearly all patients. Further studies with larger patient cohorts and more evidence are needed to provide the best revascularization strategy for patients suffering from isolated complex RCA stenosis and ARCA.

The Comparative Assessment of Wellens' Syndrome With Proximal Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) Stenosis Versus Right Coronary Artery (RCA) or Circumflex Coronary Artery Stenosis and Its Prevalence: A Systematic Review.

Wellens'syndrome is well-known for its critical stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) with characteristic electrocardiographic findings of biphasic or deeply inverted T waves in V2-V6 under specific diagnostic criteria. Although the syndrome is known as a high-grade LAD lesion, its sequence of events can also be seen with the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left circumflex artery (LCX). This systemic review attempts to expand on these findings while analyzing the prevalence of Wellens' syndrome with the RCA and/or the circumflex artery. This study also comparatively indicated that Wellens'syndrome is seen in RCA and circumflex arterystenoses when present; the indication of the same medical management is warranted for effective treatment and survival. We extracted and analyzed 24 case reports each with an atypical presentation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and specific Wellens'syndrome pattern of electrocardiogram (ECG) presentation with critical stenosis in the LAD, RCA, and left circumflex artery.The risk of bias assessment was undertaken using internal risk analysis by utilizing medical libraries and certain search phrases to find research articles with the involvement of the LAD as opposed to the RCA and LCX in Wellens' syndrome. Based on the number of respective primary research articles found, a bias calculation was done on the reported respective coronary artery involvement. The finding of our systemic review confirms that Wellens'syndrome is a precordial lead disease with T wave abnormalities that presentwithcritical stenosis of not only the LAD but also the RCA and circumflex artery. The result of our systemic review affirmed that although most Wellens'syndrome cases reported involve the stenosis of the LAD, the critical occlusion of the RCA and/or the circumflex artery was found with Wellens'syndrome pattern of ECG presentation, meaning that the sequence of events is not limited to the proximal LAD.

652 SUCCESSFUL SURGICAL REPAIR OF LEFT VENTRICULAR PSEUDOANEURYSM IN A PATIENT WITH SUBACUTE ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Abstract A 65-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department for abdominal pain begun 4 days before. Past medical history consisted of ischemic stroke and diabetes mellitus. Of note, he was not taking any medication. Vital signs: blood pressure 90/50 mmHg, heart rate 50/minute, respiratory rate 18/minute, body temperature 36.5°C; saturation oxygen level 93%. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin was mildly elevated (121 pg/mL). Electrocardiogram showed sinus bradycardia, Q waves with ST elevation in antero-lateral leads consistent with subacute STEMI. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed aneurysmatic expansion of apical left ventricular (LV) walls (ejection fraction 30%) with a large apical thrombus (35×15 mm). Coronary angiography showed complete occlusion of proximal left anterior descending artery and a critical stenosis of right coronary artery; percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation on right coronary artery was performed. He received triple antithrombotic therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, intravenous heparin first and then oral anticoagulation with warfarin. During coronary care unit stay, the patient was asymptomatic and hemodynamically stable. However, a control TTE (day 6) in cardiology ward revealed the presence of pseudoaneurysm with an oval out-pouching (23 × 13 mm) from the apical aspect of LV septum, communicating with the LV chamber through a passage measuring 1.6 cm. Partially organized pericardial effusion was evident around right ventricular free wall (Figure 1). Thus, the patient was immediately transferred to the cardiac surgery department for urgent surgical repair. The LV anterior wall rupture with pseudoaneurysm was then treated with endoaneurysmectomy of the LV with dacron patch and freewall reconstruction with prolene sutures and teflon felt stripes. The patient was finally discharged 3 weeks after surgery with betablockers, ace- inhibitors, diuretics, statins and dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. At one month follow-up visit, the patient was hemodynamically stable with acceptable functional capacity. Figure 1Modified five chamber view (a, b) and three chamber view (c, d) showing apical LV pseudoaneurysm (arrows) with moderate pericardial effusion (arrowhead); color Doppler through the passage (arrow) in 3 chamber view (d). LV, left ventricular.

1125 AN UNDER-RECOGNIZED CAUSE OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS AND SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH: A CASE REPORT

Abstract Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is a structural abnormality which is commonly seen in patients with myxomatous mitral valve disease and mitral valve prolapse. MAD is a marker of severe disease including a higher need for mitral valve intervention and more arrhythmic events, which can be a cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD). A 72-years-old man with several cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, previous smoking, family history of cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease) experienced two pre-syncopal episodes. Therefore, he was referred to a 24-hour Holter EKG that showed a non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT). A transthoracic 2D echocardiogram evidenced a mitral valve prolapse with mild regurgitation, normal left and right heart dimensions and function. Elective coronary angiography was performed to rule out an ischemic aetiology of ventricular arrhythmias (multiple cardiovascular risk factors and strong familiarity for coronary artery disease). The coronary angiography revealed a stenosis of 30% of left anterior descending artery and an intermediate stenosis of right coronary artery. A myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was performed to evaluate the intermediate coronary stenosis. The scintigraphy showed numerous focal perfusion abnormalities non indicative for coronary disease but rather for a degenerative or inflammatory disease. Indeed, we decided to perform a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The CMR revealed a MAD with detachment of the root of the mitral annulus from the postero-lateral ventricular myocardium during systole, without areas of myocardial fibrosis evidenced by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Factors for high risk of SCD, such as fibrosis affecting the infero-basal left ventricle free wall or the papillary muscles, family history of SCD, personal history of complex ventricular arrhythmias, were not represented in our case. Therefore, we opted for a medical therapy with beta-blockers and a careful follow-up. MAD is an under-recognized cause of ventricular arrhythmias and SCD, generally associated to mitral valve prolapse. Echocardiography and CMR can identify and quantify MAD. A comprehensive evaluation, including multimodality imaging and clinical history, is mandatory for risk stratification of SCD and for optimal treatment.

63 CHEST PAIN AND THE DYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY HEMATOMA

Abstract Background Spontaneous coronary intramural hematoma (SCIH) is a rare but underdiagnosed condition, with dynamic evolution. Clinical presentation A 45-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with chest pain and fever in the previous days. Markers of myocardial injury were elevated, white blood cell count and C-reactive protein were mildly elevated, whereas D-dimer, chest X-ray and ECG were normal. Transthoracic echocardiography showed inferior wall hypokinesia, so an urgent coronary angiogram was performed showing no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Investigations Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed two days later showing inferior wall ischemic pattern (Figure 1) and ECG showed changes in the inferior leads with T waves inversion. A second coronary angiogram with planned intravascular imaging was than performed and showed a critical stenosis of the mid-distal right coronary artery determining functional vessel occlusion (Figure 2). Coronary vasospasm was ruled-out after intracoronary nitrates infusion and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) showed diffuse intramural hematoma of the ostial, proximal and mid-segment of the right coronary artery with subocclusive stenosis at the mid segment with no evidence of atherosclerosis (Figure 3). Management Considering the clinical and radiological evidence of evolving myocardial injury, conservative management was excluded, and direct stenting of the lesion was performed with IVUS guided implantation of four overlapping drug-eluting stents. Conclusion Our case highlights the dynamic and treacherous nature of spontaneous coronary intramural hematoma, causing initial symptoms of myocardial ischemia without evident coronary obstruction, and then rapidly evolving in a severe and life-threatening coronary occlusion upon hematoma expansion. Higher level diagnostic testing such as CMR and intravascular imaging were instrumental for correct diagnosis and treatment in this complex scenario. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

1009 INTRAMYOCARDIAL HEMORRHAGE: A DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTROPHY

Abstract Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a muscle disorder with impairment of microvascular circulation. Intramyocardial hemorrhage (IMH) represents a possible complication in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) involving left ventricular (LV) myocardial tissue and micro vascularization. We describe a case of a HCM patient with anterior STEMI with evidence of IMH. Case Report A 61-years-old male patient from Sri Lanka with no prior medical history presented to the emergency Department with persistent chest pain started from 3 hours. He was a smoker. The first ECG revealed ST-segment elevation in V2-5 leads and symmetric negative T-wave in I and aVL leads. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed, revealing sub-obstructive stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) associated with extensive endoluminal thrombus. Invasive coronary angiogram also showed a critical stenosis in distal right coronary artery (RCA) and a chronic occlusion in the proximal left circumflex coronary artery (LCx). After tirofiban intravenous administration and rheolytic thromboaspiration, drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation of the LAD artery was performed successfully. Transthoracic echocardiography, performed after primary PCI, documented akinesia of proximal LAD territories and LV ejection fraction (EF) of 45%. The curious feature was the evidence of concentric hypertrophy in absence of an apparent reason. Therefore, three days later, the patient underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), showing mildly reduced LV function (LVEF 42%). CMR images also showed subendocardial late enhancement in proximal LAD territory and transmural LGE with no-reflow phenomenon in mid-apical anteroseptum. (Figure) On T2-weighted images, there was an hypointense core enclosed in the transmural hyperintense area in basal-mid anteroseptum, likely in keeping with intramyocardial hemorrhage (Figure). After a staged PCI with the implant of another DES in RCA, patient was discharged in DAPT (aspirin + ticagrelor). Conclusion IMH is considered a severe form of MVO, which occurs in the core of the infarcted area in patients with myocardial infarction. We describe an intriguing case with IHM in HCM patient. Moreover, it raises several questions on which is the best treatment option.

Abstract 15578: A Rare Case of Anomalous Left Main Coronary Artery Origin Presenting as ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI) are uncommon presentations of coronary artery anomalies and pose challenges in the emergent setting of percutaneous coronary interventions. We describe an extremely rare case of left main coronary artery (LMCA) originating off the right coronary artery (RCA) in a patient who presents with STEMI and was found to have Medina 1,1,1 lesion at the origin of the anomalous (LMCA). Case Presentation: An 81-year old male, with a past medical history significant for aortic stenosis and hyperlipidemia, presents to the emergency room for substernal non-radiating chest pressure. His electrocardiogram showed ST segment elevations in inferior and anterior leads. He was taken emergently to the cardiac cath lab. Coronary angiogram revealed a single right coronary ostium with an anomalous LMCA to mid left anterior descending (LAD) artery via dual insertion within a myocardial bridge. There was severe 90% Medina 1,1,1 bifurcating proximal RCA stenosis and 90% proximal LMCA stenosis. The entire left coronary system was fed by the anomalous LMCA, which was inserted into the mid-LAD in a dual insertion, between which there was a myocardial bridge. Cardiothoracic surgery team was consulted, and decision was made to pursue coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). An intra-aortic balloon pump was placed via right femoral artery and patient was taken for emergent surgery, where he underwent 3 vessel CABG (left internal mammary artery to LAD, saphenous venous graft to obtuse marginal branch and posterior descending artery). Discussion: A broad spectrum of coronary anomalies have been reported, but their incidence in STEMI is rare. We discuss a very rare anomaly in which the entire left coronary system branches off the RCA, and culprit lesion was found to be a Medina 1,1,1 lesion. We aim to add to the sparce data pool of STEMI management in patients with anomalous coronary arteries.

Impact of vessel morphology on computed tomography derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) in normal coronary artery disease: a novel marker for the predictor of FFRCT changes

Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT) derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) decreases continuously from the proximal to the distal segments of the vessel even in normal coronary arteries. It has been empirically proved that the degree of FFRCT decline varies based on vessel morphology even in the same vessel length. Purpose To investigate the vessel morphological factors that influence FFRCT in normal coronary arteries. Methods A total of 1402 outpatients with suspected CAD who underwent CT angiography (CTA) with FFRCT analysis between January 2017 and October 2021 were evaluated. Among them, 234 consecutive patients who underwent both CT angiography including FFRCT and invasive coronary angiography, resulting in &amp;lt;20% stenosis in right coronary artery (RCA) were evaluated. RCA vessels from ostium to just proximal site of the posterior descending branch were analysed and divided into two groups according to distal FFRCT: FFRCT &amp;gt;0.80 (n=219) and FFRCT ≤0.80 (n=15). FFRCT was measured at proximal and distal segments of the RCA. Vessel morphology (vessel length, lumen diameter and volume, and plaque volume) and left ventricular mass were assessed. The ratio of lumen volume and vessel length was defined as the V/L ratio. Results Whereas vessel length was almost the same between FFRCT &amp;gt;0.80 and ≤0.80 (&amp;gt;0.80 vs. ≤0.80, 115.9±17.3 vs. 119.6±28.7 mm), lumen volume (1135.2±369.3 vs. 906.2±362.6 mm3, p&amp;lt;0.05) and V/L ratio (9.8±2.6 vs. 7.5±2.3, p&amp;lt;0.01) were significantly higher in FFRCT &amp;gt;0.80. Distal FFRCT correlated with plaque-related parameters [low-attenuation plaque, intermediate-attenuation plaque, and calcified plaque (CP)] and vessel-related parameters (proximal and distal vessel diameter, vessel length, lumen volume, and V/L ratio). Among all vessel-related parameters, V/L ratio showed the highest correlation with distal FFRCT (r=0.44, p&amp;lt;0.0001) (Figure 1). Multivariable analysis showed that CP volume was the strongest predictor of distal FFRCT (β-coefficient = −0.38, p&amp;lt;0.0001), followed by V/L ratio (β-coefficient = 0.95, p=0.007). V/L ratio was the strongest predictor of a distal FFRCT ≤0.80 (cut-off 8.2, AUC 0.73, sensitivity 66.7%, specificity 69.3%, 95% CI 0.60–0.86) (Figure 2). Conclusions Our study findings suggest that the V/L ratio can be a measure to predict subclinical coronary perfusion disturbance. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.