Ridge Top Research Articles

Hydrogeochemical processes of critical zone developed in Tégulines Clay, Paris Basin: Hydrogeochemical and multi-isotopic approach (δ13C, δD, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr and 14C)

Water transfers and processes governing the chemistry of groundwaters and clay pore waters were investigated in the critical zone developed in Tégulines Clay in the area of Brienne-Le-chateau, at east of the Aube alluvium plain (France). A pit-digging campaign along two-stepped west-facing hillslopes along the Brevonne valley and the Aube/Brevonne paleo-valley gives evidence of a thin Quaternary clay silty and carbonate-free loams overlying Tégulines Clay, mobile regolith along the slopes and the presence of a carbonate alluvium layer in pits of the Brevonne valley. Groundwaters at the first ridgetop attest of a temporary perched water table, while groundwaters at top of Tégulines Clay along the first west-facing steep slope toward the Brevonne River provide evidence of lateral groundwater transfers and runoff of waters toward the valley which is a discharge zone belonging to the present-day Aube alluvium plain. Groundwaters have low concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS < 600 mg/L) and are calcic-carbonate waters. Their δ18O and δD of groundwaters are consistent with local meteoric values. An 18O and D enrichment in groundwaters at the bottom of the second hillslope and in waters from reservoirs indicates evaporation processes. The δ13CCO2 of dissolved inorganic carbone in groundwaters is essentially due to degradation of organic matter. The composition of the pore waters from Tégulines Clay in boreholes are chemically heterogeneous and different from groundwaters. They are Ca-Mg-SO4-rich and show a large range of TDS concentrations (592–6457 mg/L). The highest values are measured in the most intensely weathered clay developed in the first 10–15 m under the first ridge top and the low east-facing slope of the Aube/Brevonne paleo-valley. This latter seems to represent a large intermediate discharge zone between the coarse ridgetops (recharge zones) and the current Aube alluvium plain. The δ18O and δD of pore waters are alined along the local meteoric water line, indicating that meteoric waters have diffused through the clay formation during post-depositional history and replaced original connate seawater. On contrary the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of pore waters remain almost similar to that of Lower Cretaceous seawater, suggesting a limited diffusion of Sr since the formation deposition. Toward the top of the formation in the Aube/Brevonne paleovalley, major cation and anion concentrations, 18O and D enrichment and a slight increase of the 87Sr/86Sr ratios suggest the diffusion of evaporated waters. The δ13C, δ18O,87Sr/86Sr ratios and 14C activity of concretions at top of Tégulines Clay show that they precipitated from evaporated old groundwaters, the oldest one at ∼ 34 ky in the TPH2-1 pit at the ridgetop of the second hillslope and a younger age of ∼ 8 ky in the TV4-1 pit.

Псаммофитная растительность долины реки Худан (Республика Бурятия)

Псаммофитная растительность долины реки Худан (Республика Бурятия)

Geomorphometric Methods Application for Lake Ladoga Bottom Morphology Investigation

Abstract—In present research results of Lake Ladoga bottom morphology analysis are presented. Semi-automated instrumental classification of digital bathymetric model with application of geomorphometric parameters was executed to achieve the goal. Bathymetric position index and slope were used as classifiers. As a result, 8 types of surfaces were distinguished, which were mapped on the morphological scheme. Plains, slopes and linear top (ridges, heights) and bottom (hollows, depressions) were distinguished. Combinations of such elements allow to contour 3 zones which correlate to morphostructural areas: South-Ladoga, Central-Ladoga, North-Ladoga. Differences of these zones depend on both lake’s basin geological structure and exogenous factors of Late-Pleistocene-Holocene (glacial, glacial lacustrine processes). The suggested approach proves high efficiency for Lake Ladoga greatly variable morphology study.

Alveolar bone measurements in magnetic resonance imaging compared with cone beam computed tomography: a pilot, ex-vivo study

Objectives To compare alveolar bone height and width measurements from zero-echo-time MRI (ZTE-MRI) and cone beam CT (CBCT), in human specimens. Material and methods Twenty posterior edentulous sites in human cadaver specimens were imaged with CBCT and ZTE-MRI. Bone height and width at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 mm from the top of the alveolar ridge was measured by two trained observers in cross-sections of a site where an implant was to be planned. Twenty percent of the sample was measured in duplicate to assess method error and intra-observer reproducibility (ICC). The differences between CBCT and ZTE-MRI measurements were compared (t-test). Results Inter- and intra-observer reproducibility was >0.90. The method error (average between observers) for bone height was 0.45 mm and 0.39 mm, and for bone width (average) was 0.52 mm and 0.80 mm (CBCT and ZTE-MRI, respectively). The majority of the bone measurement differences were statistically insignificant, except bone width measurements at 5 mm (p ≤ .05 for both observers). Mean measurement differences were not larger than the method error. Conclusion ZTE-MRI is not significantly different from CBCT when comparing measurements of alveolar bone height and width.

Geomorphological classification of benthic structures of Kaledupa Atoll Wakatobi National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Setiawan A, Siregar VP, Susilo SB, Mardiastuti A, Agus SB. 2022. Geomorphological classification of benthic structures of Kaledupa Atoll Wakatobi National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3784-3792. Geomorphological mapping is one solution to understanding the complexity of the seabed pattern. This research aims to map the benthic structure of Kaledupa Atoll using the Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System with the Benthic Terrain Modeler (BTM) extension. The data used is in situ bathymetry data using Mapsounder 585 and Sentinel 2A satellite image data downloaded for free. BTM is a technique for examining benthic habitat and shallow water geomorphology. BTM was used to analyze integrated depth data to determine the bathymetric position index (BPI), slope, and classification of reef geomorphological structures. Thirteen structural classes of habitat geomorphology resulting from this research are Flat plain with the largest area of ??17142.35 ha, and the class with the smallest area is Crevices class, with narrow gullies rock outcrops 1.64 ha. While the other classes in a row are Broad slope 9104.53 ha; Flat ridge tops, upper slopes 4262.67 ha; Current scoured depressions on a slope 3420.98 ha; Narrow depressions at the base of rock outcrops 2348.20 ha; Rock outcrop highs, narrow ridges 1792.45 ha; Local ridges, boulders, pinnacles on slopes 879.29 ha; Scarp, cliff or small local depressions on a slope 703.02 ha; Local ridges, boulders, pinnacles on broad flat 490.17 ha; Local depressions, current scoured on flat 416.39 ha; Local ridges, boulders, pinnacles on broad depressions 16.63 ha; and Steep slopes 2.88 ha.

Litter decomposition of Chir-Pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) in the Himalayan region

Leaf litter decomposition plays a vital role in managing the health of forests and carbon sequestration. Present study is an attempt to study the needle litter decomposition rates of native pine species -Pinus roxburghii in western Himalaya (Uttarakhand). The results reveals needle weight loss (%) ranged between 92% and 94.4% during the study and varied significantly. The variation is defined in following way, at Site 1 forest (92.9 % to 93.3%), at Site 2 forest (93.2%- 94.4%), at site 3 forest (92.9 % to 93.5%) and at site 4 forest (92 % to 92.2%) across the slopes. The litter decomposed fully after the duration of 780 days as the mean minimal weight remained 0.79 gm. ± 0.003 gm. The maximum litter decomposition was reported at the hill base while the minimum litter decomposition was reported at ridge top. The study shows that as the duration of needle decomposition is fairly long and the slow decomposition is governed by various climatic factors and site specific conditions.

Palatoplasty Using Alveolar Ridge Incisions: A Novel Approach for Addressing Cleft Palate Deformities.

Background:Traditionally, plastic surgeons have performed palatoplasties using mucoperiosteal flaps with lateral incisions that are medial to the alveolar ridge. However, narrow flaps can cause limitations in some cases. To construct larger and wider flaps and minimize exposed bone after closure, we propose a novel technique that entails creating the lateral incisions at the top of the alveolar ridge, instead of the base of the alveolar ridge, to capture more tissue when repairing the hard palate.Methods:A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients undergoing cleft palate repair with the aforementioned technique. Information collected included basic demographic and diagnostic factors related to cleft palate deformity and history of previous facial surgeries. Operative report details and postoperative complications were analyzed.Results:Nineteen patients with hard palate clefts were included in the analysis, with the majority being women (68%). There was a balanced representation of patients with Veau classifications of II (47%) and III (42%). The majority of patients had an isolated cleft palate (74%) and incomplete deformity (63%), with no other craniofacial deformities. One (5%) had postoperative self-limited oronasal fistula managed conservatively.Conclusions:We present a novel approach for repairing cleft palate deformities by extending the lateral incision to the top of the alveolar ridge to create larger mucosal flaps. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate how this unique approach compares to traditional methods—with respect to impact on maxillary growth processes, requirement for subsequent surgeries beyond two years of follow-up, and ultimately normalized speech over time.

An Assessment of Wild Fauna Species Richness and Tourism Opportunities of Monduli Mountains Forest Reserve in Monduli District-Northern Highlands of Tanzania

An assessment of fauna species richness and tourism opportunities was conducted at Monduli Mountains Forest Reserve (MMFR) in January 2022. Six (6) clusters, were established on which 10 stops were established at an interval of 1000m (1km) to listen to wildlife for 10 – 30 minutes. The fauna species including insects, birds, and mammals were identified through observation (seing a fauna, foot prints, feathers or skin, and skull (s), bone (s), dung (s), nest(s)), hearing voices, and information from local stakeholders, and the historical presence of wild fauna as indicated in office reports and events. Also, the opportunities or attractions that can be marketed such as valleys, viewpoints, spurs, mountains ridge tops, steep slopes, areas attractive for campsites and picnic sites were documented. Likewise, tourists foot trails were proposed. In this survey a total of 142 fauna species were identified at MMFR. Out of those, 93 were birds, 37 (insects), and mammals were 12. The identified opportunities play a great role as attractions that can be marketed to earn financial income for the local community and the nation as a whole, and hence sustaining the ecological ecosystem. The proposed tourist’s foot trail were; Kisima cha maji, Shimo la tembo, Big game safaris, Musa, Mwandeti, and Enguiki. MMFR is an underlying site for wildlife and tourism centre that has never been explored well yet. It is recommended that: upgrade the forest reserve into nature reserve, education to local community on tourism intervention, and campsites establishment.

Automatic classification and mapping of the seabed using airborne LiDAR bathymetry

Shallow coastal areas are among the most inhabited areas and are valuable for biodiversity, recreation and the economy. Due to climate change and sea level rise, sustainable management of coastal areas involves extensive exploration, monitoring, and protection. Current high-resolution remote sensing methods for monitoring these areas include bathymetric LiDAR. Therefore, this study presents a novel methodological approach to assess the suitability of Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry for automatic classification and mapping of the seafloor. Nine classes of geomorphological bedforms and three classes of anthropogenic structures were identified. They were automatically mapped by Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis and machine learning supervised classifiers. The developed method was applied to six study sites and a 48 km submerged coastal zone in the Southern Baltic, achieving an overall accuracy of up to 94%. This study shows that calculation of the Multiresolution Index of Ridge Top Flatness (secondary feature) can be used to quickly and automatically determine sandbar crests and ridge tops. The methodical approach developed in this study can help evaluate and protect other shallow coastal environments and coastal protection structures.

Selection of suitable type and application rate of biochar for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) productivity in ridge-furrow rainwater-harvesting in semiarid regions of China

Ridge-furrow rainwater-harvesting (RFRH) has emerged as an effective technology to mitigate drought stress, control soil erosion, and increase crop yield in semiarid regions of China. However, the use of plastic film mulch in RFRH makes this technology impractical. A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive years in a randomized complete block design to determine 1) the runoff coefficient for ridges compacted with soil mixed with two types of biochar (rice straw biochar and cow dung biochar) at two application rates (single application rate i.e., 3 × 104 kg ha−1; and double application rate i.e., 6 × 104 kg ha−1; and 2) the effects of the ridges compacted with soil mixed with two types of biochar at two application rates on soil physico-chemical properties, economic benefit, fodder yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of alfalfa, and ridges compacted with soil (no biochar) as control. The average runoff coefficient for NB, SRSB, DRSB, SCDB, and DCDB (NB, SRSB, DRSB, SCDB, and DCDB were ridges compacted with soil, compacted with soil mixed with single rice straw biochar application, double rice straw biochar application, single cow dung biochar application, and double cow dung biochar application, respectively) over these three years was 31%, 28%, 27%, 22%, and 21%, respectively. Ridges compacted with soil-biochar crust had lower runoff coefficients, soil water storage, net income, and higher soil nutrients, when compared to ridges compacted with soil. The topsoil temperature at ridge tops was affected by the ridges compacted with soil-biochar crust, but the topsoil temperature at furrow bottoms was not affected. Compared to ridges compacted with soil mixed with cow dung biochar, ridges compacted with soil mixed with rice straw biochar had lower soil nutrients, and higher soil water storage resulting in higher fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa. With runoff, the nutrients in biochar flowed from ridges to furrows, becoming usable for plants. Ridges compacted with soil-biochar crust increased topsoil nutrients, especially soil organic matter ranging from 15% to 34%, resulting in high fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa. Compared to NB, annual fodder yield for SRSB, DRSB, SCDB, and DCDB increased by 9.0%, 5.9%, 4.4%, and 3.8%, respectively, over three years, while WUE for the same treatments increased by 2.81, 1.95, 0.65, and 0.45 kg ha−1 mm−1. Rice straw biochar at an application rate of 3 × 104 kg ha−1 was found to be suitable type of biochar for increase in fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa in RFRH. Future studies should be conducted in the form of long-term field study to determine economic benefits of biochar application.

Mapping of fracture zones and structural lineaments of the Gulf of Guinea passive margins using marine gravity data from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 satellites

Satellite gravity datasets have been widely used in understanding of the Earth's internal structure and processes. These datasets are effective in providing insights into the lithospheric structure of the Earth. Gravity data from the satellite products CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 have been used to investigate the Gulf of Guinea sedimentary basins and structural lineaments in this under-explored marginal sea region through the application of various edge filters. Present-day filtering methods such as the analytical signal, tilt angle of the gradient amplitude, NTilt gradient amplitude and softsign function were evaluated for their performance on synthetic gravity anomalies with and without noise prior to their application to gravity data covering the Gulf of Guinea. The softsign filter outputs obtained from synthetic examples result in higher resolution and more explicit edges while preventing fictitious edges production in the findings. The results of the data interpretation disclosed deep-seated and shallow structural features within the Gulf of Guinea oriented mainly in the WNW-ESE, NW-SE, NE-SW and NNE-SSW directions and seen to be concentrated in the upper slope domain. This observation is in good agreement with the occurrence of drag folds and the apparent concentration of wrench faulting features across the ridge top and bordering the upper slope. These results bring new facts ruling our understanding of this atypical regional tectonic setting in close agreement with the NE–SW-striking Pelusium Megashear Zone.

Summer Populations of Northern Long-eared Bat in an Eastern Kentucky Forest Following Arrival of White-nose Syndrome

Myotis bats have experienced significant population losses due to white-nose syndrome (WNS) throughout large portions of their distributions in eastern North America. As closed-space foragers, these species comprise an important feeding guild within eastern forests. An understanding of where summer populations remain and how their ecology has changed following impact from WNS is needed to assess fully the recovery potential of Myotis bats. We used acoustic sampling, capture surveys, radiotelemetry and roost surveys from 2015 to 2018 to evaluate the status of northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) in an eastern Kentucky forest following region-wide impacts from WNS to this species. Acoustic activity of Myotis remained unchanged over the 4 y of sampling, with activity of these bats greatest in mid- to late July. Northern long-eared bats represented 97% of the Myotis captured, indicating activity levels likely reflected patterns for this species. We located 18 roost trees of northern long-eared bats in five tree species, including both live and dead trees. All roost trees were on upper slopes within 100 m of ridge top roads. Maximum exit counts, 24 and 21, at two roosts occurred in late May and early June, suggesting these dates represented the summer maternity period of northern long-eared bats in this forest. Our results demonstrated that post-WNS populations of northern long-eared bats on Robinson Forest formed small colonies, day-roosted in trees near roads on forested ridge tops, were reproductively active, and maintained steady levels of activity across the 4 y of sampling. These data suggest that local populations of northern long-eared bats are surviving WNS and continue to persist during summer months in forests of the Appalachian Mountain region. We hypothesize presence of ridge top roads, often associated with forest logging operations, may be important habitat elements for increasing availability of preferred roosting habitat for summer populations of northern long-eared bats in actively managed forests.

Синтаксономия ксеропетрофитной растительности Южного Урала: союз Elytrigion pruiniferae all. nov.

Синтаксономия ксеропетрофитной растительности Южного Урала: союз Elytrigion pruiniferae all. nov.

How efficacious is the combination of substitute bone graft with autogenous bone graft in comparison with substitute bone graft alone in the horizontal bone gain? A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundA systematic review (SR) was conducted to answer the following focused question based on PICO strategy: In patients who were submitted to horizontal guided bone regeneration, “how efficacious is the combination of substitute bone graft with autogenous bone graft in comparison with substitute bone graft alone, in terms of bone gain?” Material and MethodsMEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, Web of Science databases were searched, and hand searches were made up to June 2021, to find randomized clinical trials comparing the clinical effects of autogenous bone graft + substitute bone graft versus substitute bone graft alone in the treatment of horizontal guided bone regeneration. ResultsFour trials representing 109 individuals were included. All studies included in this SR used allogeneic bone graft. The meta-analysis did not show any statistically significant difference between the groups, for horizontal bone gain at a distance of 0 mm (MD: -0.46; 95%CI: -1.03 – 0.11) or at a distance of 4 to 5 mm from the top of the crestal alveolar ridge (MD: 0.17; 95%CI: -1.08 – 1.42). ConclusionsWithin limitations of this systematic review, it was concluded that the addition of autogenous bone graft to the allogeneic bone graft did not significantly increase the quantity of regenerated bone. Key words:Bone graft, bone regeneration, allograft.

Chemical characterization of deep-sea corals from the continental slope of Santos Basin (southeastern Brazilian upper margin)

Carbonate mounds and pockmarks are geologically and ecologically important features distributed worldwide in the world’s oceans. In the present study, we present a chemical characterization of deep-sea scleractinian coral skeletons collected in these geomorphological areas at the southeastern continental margin of Brazil. Coral samples were collected from ten sampling stations during cruises aboard the R/V Alpha Crucis, in 2019. Three species of scleractinian corals were studied: Enallopsammia rostrata, Solenosmilia variabilis, and Desmophyllum pertusum. Stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen (δ13C and δ18O), metals, and phosphorus present in the coral carbonate skeletons were analyzed. Corals are recognized as archives of physical-chemical variations in the marine environment, and the Element/Ca ratios, δ13C, and δ18O allowed for the characterization of the studied areas. Chemical composition found in pockmark areas indicated affinity to terrigenous and particulate materials input (Ba/Ca, Fe/Ca, Mn/Ca, Li/Ca, and Mg/Ca). Greater availability of nutrients and anthropogenic materials (Pb/Ca, Cd/Ca, Zn/Ca, and P/Ca) is also likely to occur in this region, with some elemental ratios higher than those measured in other oceans. These mounds can act as barriers for metals from land flows. Also, corals benefit from a higher food supply due to stronger currents. The corals at the top of the Alpha Crucis Carbonate Ridge receive significant marine influence. Most coral samples have carbonate of aragonitic origin, except for a specimen of D. pertusum, which presented carbonate of biogenic calcite and aragonite. The results demonstrate the potential of scleractinian corals in the chemical characterization of the deep ocean and the need for further investigation of carbonate mound areas from the SW Atlantic.

Design and experiment of the components for soil flow direction control of hilling machine based on EDEM

Cultivation and hilling are important steps in crop field management and provide an important guarantee of crop quality and quantity. With the aim of addressing how the soil flow direction of a traditional cultivation and hilling machine is difficult to control, and because it is difficult to achieve high ridge soil cultivation, among other issues, the components of the soil flow direction control of a hilling machine was designed. The components of the soil flow direction control consisted of a soil-feeding plough device, spiral knives and guide cover devices, etc. The design and analysis of the guiding parts for the two tools of the soil-feeding plough device and the spiral knife were performed to obtain an appropriate guide wall and helix angle. The guiding principle in the flow direction control components was analyzed. The design of the guide wall adopts the torsional columnar plough surface, and the elementary line angle changes from stable to increasing. The analysis of spiral milling showed that when the spiral angle is large, the milling effect is better. According to the discrete element method, the working part of the machine-soil interaction model was established. EDEM software was used to simulate the control components for the soil flow direction of the hilling machine for compound cutting. The design method with a two-factor comprehensive test was used to study the linear velocity along the outer part of the spiral knife and the influence of the forward velocity of machine of the implement on the soil cultivation effect. The results of the discrete element simulation showed that both the linear velocity along the outer part of the spiral knife and the forward velocity of the machine have extremely significant effects on the transportation of particles to the ridge top and the hilling thickness. Following multiple comparisons of the average hilling thickness with different linear velocities along with the outer spiral knife and different forward velocities of the machine, it is concluded that the performance of the machine is better when the linear velocity along the outer spiral knife is 3.01 m/s and the forward velocity of the machine is 0.7 m/s. The research conclusion had great theoretical value and practical significance for the design of the machine, which worked for cultivation and hilling. Keywords: compound cutting, hilling machine, flow direction control, discrete element method, design DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20221503.5857 Citation: Tong Z W, Li L H, Zhang X L, Chen Y, Liu X C, Zhou P L, et al. Design and experiment of the components for soil flow direction control of hilling machine based on EDEM. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(3): 122–131.

Indigenous Knowledge Assessment on Irrigation Water Management Practices

Indigenous knowledge is the local or traditional knowledge system used by farmers. Therefore indigenous knowledge on irrigation water management means using of local or traditional knowledge system to manage irrigation water. This study was aimed to investigate farmers’ current irrigation water management practice and their technical performance. In this study I used reconnaissance survey and observation were carried out with each implementing center and Woreda Bureau of Agriculture to obtain overview of different irrigation schemes and irrigation practice conditions. The collected qualitative and quantitative data both from primary and secondary sources were analyzed using appropriated statistical methods like SPSS. The study result showed that farmers have developed several indigenous knowledge of irrigation water management practices. Among these knowledge, most of farmers in both weredas use furrow irrigation method, farmers use soil moisture method and crop leaf wilt techniques to irrigate cropped land, Most farmers apply irrigation water at morning and night time, The respondents uses watering top ridge to determine irrigation water sufficient and watering bottom ridge and slow stream flow for irrigation water insufficient.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ACOUSTIC SCREENS OF DIFFERENT DESIGNS

Various sources of noise in cities and ways to combat them are considered. The effi ciency of two types of acoustic screens is analyzed: single-layer and two-and three-layer. The positive and negative characteristics of various designs of existing acoustic screens are listed. A fundamentally new design of the acoustic screen is described: the panels have a ridge profi le, they are located along the vertical axis of the frame with a step at which the panels above the located ridge cover the top of the lower ridge, the outer surfaces of the panels and their end parts are made of a material that has sound-refl ecting properties, and the inner surfaces of the panels are made of sound-absorbing material. Such an acoustic screen is devoid of the disadvantages inherent in acoustic screens of other structures and is more effi cient. The considered invention allows due to the use of the ridge shape of acoustic panels: prevent the refl ection of sound energy in the direction of noise sources (a small part will be directed upwards); provide almost complete absorption of sound energy as it passes through the channels formed by the ridge panels; provide the same effective protection against noise sources located on both sides of the screen; prevent the formation of snow and ice crust on sound-absorbing surfaces, which ensures the constant eff ectiveness of the screen in diff erent seasons of the year; reduce metal consumption, which will reduce the weight of the structure without reducing its effi ciency and reduce the cost of acoustic screens.

Local‐scale evaporation and water loss distribution in surface soil as related to near‐surface wind conditions and surface geometry

AbstractLocal (cm) scale water loss distribution and evaporation in soil with flat and furrowed surfaces as a function of near‐surface wind speed and wind direction was investigated. Four levels of average main wind speed (10 cm above furrow ridge summits, 0, 1, 3 and 5 m·s−1), three main wind directions (compared to the direction of the furrows, 0°, 45° and 90°) and two levels of relative air humidity (70% and 86%) were considered. Experiments were conducted under controlled (wind tunnel) conditions, using 50 cm diameter and 15 cm height soil samples. For furrowed samples, 6 cm high ridges with 12 cm distance between ridge tops were used. Resulting wind speed profiles above ridge tops were relatively similar (for the same main wind speed), regardless of wind direction, but differed greatly in the valleys between ridges depending on especially wind direction. Strong indication of standing eddies on the lee side of furrow ridges for wind directions ≥45° was found. Local evaporative water loss spatial distribution in furrowed soil, was strongly dependent on wind direction, while local evaporation rates depended strongly on main wind speed and relative humidity level. Significantly higher evaporative water losses were observed at the wind‐exposed ridge slopes (for wind directions ≥45°) compared to lee slopes.Highlights Local (cm) scale water loss in furrowed soil under windy conditions was investigated. Wind speed profiles between furrow ridges were strongly dependent on wind direction. Local water loss was significantly higher on windward slopes in furrowed soil. Local water loss spatial distribution was strongly dependent on wind direction.

Variants of the design of the dentition of the anterior segments with a progenic and prognathic ratio of edentulous jaws

Objective: To improve the prosthetic and aesthetic treatment of patients with complete absence of teeth, taking into account the development of an algorithm for determining the size of the sagittal gap of the frontal segments against the background of a progenic or prognathic ratio of the jaws and their combinations. Methods: A method of mathematical modeling based on digital data of the distance between the tops of the alveolar ridges of the frontal areas of the edentulous jaws has been developed using a designed measuring device. Results: The results of digital calculations based on the determination of the root-mean-square deviation of the interalveolar lines revealed a different amount of bends and configurations of the interalveolar gaps and median arches common to both parts of the frontal segments. Five main variants of the interalveolar fissure and 26 cases of symmetric or asymmetric arrangement of the tops of the alveolar ridges of the right and left sides were obtained. Accordingly, the divergence angles for each pair in the projection of the missing teeth had their own characteristics, which must be taken into account when deciding on the choice of tooth placement in each specific case. Conclusions: Based on the obtained digital interpolation ratios of the interalveolar lines and the angles of their inclination in relation to the midline, the anterior teeth are placed taking into account the level of the sagittal gap, the parameters of which have different levels of symmetry or asymmetry on the right and left sides.