Ridge Density Research Articles

Integrating multi-criteria decision analysis with a GIS-based siting procedure to select a protected area for the Kaiser's mountain newt, Neurergus kaiseri (Caudata: Salamandridae)

GIS-based siting procedures are progressively used to select protected areas (PAs) on the basis of a variety of attributes clustered in main environmental groups including climate, hydrogeology, vegetation cover and various criteria and sub-criteria showing changes in the landscape. However, the suitability of a selecting procedure may be restrained by the aggregate analyses involving the weight and relative importance of the criteria. Here, we integrate a multi criteria decision analysis methodology with geographic information system for selecting a protected region for the vulnerable Kaiser's mountain newt, Neurergus kaiseri, endemic to southern Iran. The process of decision making for selection a PA for N. kaiseri structured in a two-stage. Mask maps are prepared using nine exclusionary criteria including stream density, high ridge density, areas with unsuitable terrestrial vegetation cover, unacceptable land use, harsh climate, inappropriate distance to cities and industries, main roads, railroad, and dam reservoirs. These exclusionary criteria provided an overlay map representing areas grossly suitable for allocating PAs. The initial site screening followed by a multi criteria decision analysis based on ten non-exclusionary criteria including conservation integrity, number of newt localities, MaxEnt suitability score, distance to nearest neighbor habitat, genetic diversity, spring density, distance to protected area, extent of selected patch areas, villages density and distance to main roads. Giving weight and rate to the non-exclusionary criteria all nominated PAs received a numerical evaluation.

A review on gender identification using machine learning based on fingerprints

A fingerprint is a unique biometric feature of the individual. It is also known that fingerprints have differences in male and female with respect to ridgeline details. Some studies in machine learning investigate a correlation between fingerprint and gender. In these studies, by analyzing the fingerprint we get important information such as age and gender of a person. Statistical studies have been made in different geographical areas to identify the relationship between fingerprint and gender. This paper illustrates gender classification based on fingerprints through various machine learning techniques like naïve Bayes method, Decision Tree and Support Vector Machine algorithms, KNN, PCA, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test, Friedman Test. This study introduces the concept of the epidermal ridge, minutiae, ridge areas, ridge density etc. And compare above-stated machine learning techniques, their limitations and strengths based on experimental results for gender classification based on fingerprints. This study can be useful for legislative cases and for researchers to devise new machine learning techniques with improved results.

The Identity of Potters in Early States: Determining the Age and Sex of Fingerprints on Early Bronze Age Pottery from Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel

The organization of craft production has long been a marker for broader social, economic, and political changes that accompanied urbanism. The identity of producers who comprised production groups, communities, or workshops is out of reach using conventional archaeological data. There has been some success using epidermal prints on artifacts to identify the age and sex of producers. However, while age estimates are well developed, determining the sex of ancient potters is complicated by similarities between the prints of adult women and adolescents of either sex. Forensic research indicates that a combination of ridge breadth and density would best identify the age and sex of individuals. To this end, we propose an identification framework to classify fingerprints grounded in experimental and forensic research. In this study, we classify 38 fingerprints on Early Bronze Age (EB) III pottery from the early urban neighborhood at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel. Mean ridge breadth (MRB) and mean ridge density (MRD) are used to distinguish the age and sex of prints after accounting for the shrinkage of calcareous fabrics used to make four type of vessels. We apply a modified version of the Kamp et al. (1999) regression equation to the MRB for each individual print. The MRD data are correlated to comparable data from populations with appropriate ancestry to infer sex. When the results are combined, our analyses indicate that two thirds of the fingerprints were likely made by adult men and teenage boys and the remainder by adult women and adolescent girls. This result suggests that men or women were not exclusively making pottery at early urban centers in the Levant. This pattern contrasts a fingerprint study of post-state urban pottery production during the EB in northern Mesopotamia, which suggested women no longer made pottery after cities and states were established in the region.

Analysis of Difference in Skin Ridge Density among Identical Twins

Identification of an individual plays a vital role in any crime scene investigation. Till date fingerprints are considered to be one of the most reliable methods of identification. This method holds good even in cases of identical twins where they share the same genetic makeup. The objective of this study is to analyse the ridge density among identical twins and to assess its potential as a tool for individual identification.

Gender variation from toe print ridge density among melanau ethnic in Malaysia Borneo Island

Gender variation from toe print ridge density among melanau ethnic in Malaysia Borneo Island

All-On-Four Protocol With Immediate Load on Short Implants in an Atrophic Mandible: A Case Report with a 4-Year Follow-Up

Purpose: Edentulism has been demonstrated to have negative social and psychological effects on individuals that include adverse impacts on facial and oral esthetics, masticatory function and speech abilities, that when combined, are translated into significant reductions in patients’ quality of lives. It is well-known that immediate placement of implants is a challenging surgical procedure that requires proper treatment planning and surgical techniques. Therefore, the present study describes a 4-year follow-up case report where short implants were placed in an atrophic mandibule and were loaded with the utilization of an all-on-four prosthetic protocol. Case report: A 54 year-old woman dissatisfied with her oral and facial esthetics, masticatory function and speech ability came to the implantology clinic of the Positivo University seeking for oral rehabilitation treatment. After detailed physical and clinical examination, a Computer Tomography scan (CT-scan) was performed to determine the patient’s bone ridge density, dimensions and eligibility for the placement of dental implants. The CT-scan results have indicated the presence of an extremely atrophic mandibular bone ridge. The CT-scan was also used as an aid during the final restoration treatment planning in terms of vertical dimension of occlusion, masticatory function, and stabilization of the lower denture. An all-on-four protocol supported by short implants was then treatment-planned to reduce time, costs and morbidity, and also to achieve superior immediate esthetic results and masticatory function. To reconstruct the patient’s atrophic edentulous mandibule, 4 short implants, including 2 distally tilted, were placed with a final torque of 45 Ncm. Results: Following the development and implementation of a complex treatment plan, the patient displayed stable soft and hard tissues at 4-year postoperative follow-up assessment, demonstrating the effectiveness of the all-on-four technique supported by short implants. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, the present case report demonstrated that the all-on-four prosthetic protocol with immediate loading on short implant was effective in an atrophic mandible over a 4-year follow-up.

Statistical Analysis of Ridge Densities in Fingerprint as a Parameter for Identification of Sex

Statistical Analysis of Ridge Densities in Fingerprint as a Parameter for Identification of Sex

Tracking the division of labour through handprints: Applying Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) to clay 'tokens’ in Neolithic West Asia

The residents of Boncuklu Höyük, a mixed forager-farming community dating to the pre-ceramic Neolithic c. mid-9th to mid-8th millennium cal. BC, used their hands to manipulate local clays into artefacts, often leaving behind traces of their palm prints and fingerprints on the surface of the objects. Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), a digital imaging technique that uses multiple images and mathematical models to reveal the 3-dimensional shape of an artefact's surface, provides a detailed, post-processing interactive view of the prints on each artefact. Geometric clay objects are the single-most abundant artefact category at Boncuklu Höyük with over 1000 clay objects recovered and studied at this central Anatolian village to date. The aim of the project is to understand the manufacture, use, and disposal of geometric clay objects at Boncuklu Höyük through an analysis of the hand and fingerprints present on their surfaces. RTI reveals palm and fingerprints on more than half of the study sample consisting of eighty-eighty clay artefacts. Analysis of the prints using friction ridge density protocols indicates that adult females were the primary makers of the artefacts. The results were unchanged when taking into account artefact shape and type, and when considering temporal and locational data. The association of these artefacts during manufacture principally to women suggests an early link in the life of the object to women, potentially suggesting a gender based division of tasks at Boncuklu Höyük.

Study on Sex Differences in Fingerprint Ridge Density of Patent Thumbprints by Ink Staining Method in Young Adult Indian Tamil Population

The present study was conducted at the Forensic Medicine Department, Velammal Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India, with an objective to assess sex differences in thumbprint ridge density from patent thumbprints by ink staining method. One hundred and thirty three Tamil speaking medical students, 19-21 years of age, participated in the study after obtaining their informed consent. Sample size was calculated using Sample Size Calculator presented as a public service of Creative Research Systems: Survey software, ‘ The Survey System ’ . In the present study, loop pattern was found in 56% of thumbprints, whorl pattern in 32.7%, arch in 8.7% and composite pattern was found in 2.6% of thumbprints. Thumbprint ridge density ranged from 8-12 ridges/25 mm 2 in males and 10-14 ridges/25 mm 2 in females. Difference in ridge density of left and right thumbprints was not significant ( p value 0.8754). Difference in ridge density of fingerprint patterns was also not significant at p < 0.05. The present study results will be beneficial for law enforcement authorities in identifying gender from thumbprints. Sex difference in thumbprint ridge density was significant at p < 0.05 and it was inferred that ridge density of ≤ 10 ridges/25 mm 2 is male and ≥ 11 is female.

Impact of aging on fingerprint ridge density: Anthropometry and forensic implications in sex inference

The variation in the epidermal ridge's width between the sexes, during various growth stages, and among different populations has been previously assessed. However, the changes that occur with aging are barely known.The goal of this study was to analyse the degree of variation in epidermal ridge width due to aging. So that, fingerprint ridge density was estimated to establish their relationship with body and hand size changes that typically occur in adulthood.In this study, a sample of 213 adults of both sexes from a Spanish native population of different age ranges—18–30 years old (“junior” group) and 50–66 years old (“senior” group)—was used. Ridge density was assessed in three counting areas of the distal phalanx of each finger (radial, ulnar, and proximal). Height, weight, and a set of anthropometric measurements for both hands were also taken.Our results show that ridge density is higher in females than males throughout adulthood and decreases with aging in the radial and ulnar areas (as the hands widen) but not in the proximal region. Thus, a relationship between hand dimensions and ridge density was found.The data indicate that aging changes may conceal the recognized sex differences in ridge density, and so a better understanding of the topological variations in the epidermal ridge width throughout the life cycle and the factors involved would facilitate the interpretation of the differences between the sexes and different age groups.

Wing scale ultrastructure underlying convergent and divergent iridescent colours in mimetic Heliconius butterflies.

Iridescence is an optical phenomenon whereby colour changes with the illumination and viewing angle. It can be produced by thin film interference or diffraction. Iridescent optical structures are fairly common in nature, but relatively little is known about their production or evolution. Here we describe the structures responsible for producing blue-green iridescent colour in Heliconius butterflies. Overall the wing scale structures of iridescent and non-iridescent Heliconius species are very similar, both having longitudinal ridges joined by cross-ribs. However, iridescent scales have ridges composed of layered lamellae, which act as multilayer reflectors. Differences in brightness between species can be explained by the extent of overlap of the lamellae and their curvature as well as the density of ridges on the scale. Heliconius are well known for their Müllerian mimicry. We find that iridescent structural colour is not closely matched between co-mimetic species. Differences appear less pronounced in models of Heliconius vision than models of avian vision, suggesting that they are not driven by selection to avoid heterospecific courtship by co-mimics. Ridge profiles appear to evolve relatively slowly, being similar between closely related taxa, while ridge density evolves faster and is similar between distantly related co-mimics.

Validation studies on gender determination from fingerprints with special emphasis on ridge characteristics

BackgroundThe present work investigates the ridge characteristics and ridge density of fingerprints to determine gender differences among population of Punjab. The main characteristics studied were general pattern type, ridge density and minutiae or ridge characteristics with respect to general pattern type. Further, instead of using conventional method of ridge counting, Adobe Photoshop cs5 is used to conclude ridge density and minutiae characteristics. Experimental results shows, along with ridge density, minutiae characteristics procure special importance in determining the gender from fingerprints.ResultsThe results suggest that mean ridge density in males is 12.32 ridges/25mm2, where as it was 13.94 ridges/25mm2 in females. The study has supported the hypothesis that women tend to have thin ridges i.e. more ridge density as compared to men. The study of minutiae or ridge characteristics revealed that frequency of ridge ending (50.24 index fingers, 50.62 middle fingers) and enclosures (2.87% in index and 3.08% in middle finger) is higher in females as compared to males. Further significant gender difference has been observed in minutiae characteristics with respect to general pattern type. Among both genders; males tend to have more number of minutiae as compared to females in case of loop and whorl as general pattern type. In case of Arch pattern females tends to have more number of minutiae as compared to males.ConclusionsThe research carried by the authors of this paper synchronizes with the findings of other researchers despite differences in populations selected. More number of minutiae and ridges were found in case of females as compared to male fingerprints. In the present study an attempt has been made to validate the method by analyzing the blind samples which likewise showed more number of minutiae in case of females as compared to males. Although the study agrees with common theory of more ridge details in females as compared to males, yet low success rate in case of blind trial has unveiled further scope of research required to determine gender from fingerprints found at scene of crime or disputed documents.

Estimation of degree of sea ice ridging based on dual-polarized C-band SAR data

Abstract. For ship navigation in the Baltic Sea ice, parameters such as ice edge, ice concentration, ice thickness and degree of ridging are usually reported daily in manually prepared ice charts. These charts provide icebreakers with essential information for route optimization and fuel calculations. However, manual ice charting requires long analysis times, and detailed analysis of large areas (e.g. Arctic Ocean) is not feasible. Here, we propose a method for automatic estimation of the degree of ice ridging in the Baltic Sea region, based on RADARSAT-2 C-band dual-polarized (HH/HV channels) SAR texture features and sea ice concentration information extracted from Finnish ice charts. The SAR images were first segmented and then several texture features were extracted for each segment. Using the random forest method, we classified them into four classes of ridging intensity and compared them to the reference data extracted from the digitized ice charts. The overall agreement between the ice-chart-based degree of ice ridging and the automated results varied monthly, being 83, 63 and 81 % in January, February and March 2013, respectively. The correspondence between the degree of ice ridging reported in the ice charts and the actual ridge density was validated with data collected during a field campaign in March 2011. In principle the method can be applied to the seasonal sea ice regime in the Arctic Ocean.

Latent Fingerprint Segmentation Based on Ridge Density and Orientation Consistency

Latent fingerprints are captured from the fingerprint impressions left unintentionally at the surfaces of the crime scene. They are often used as an important evidence to identify criminals in law enforcement agencies. Different from the widely used plain and rolled fingerprints, the latent fingerprints are usually of poor quality consisting of complex background with a lot of nonfingerprint patterns and various noises. Latent fingerprint segmentation is an important image processing step to separate fingerprint foreground from background for more accurate and efficient feature extraction and matching. Traditional methods are usually based on the local features such as gray scale variance and gradients, which are sensitive to noise and cannot work well for latent images. This paper proposes a latent fingerprint segmentation method based on combination of ridge density and orientation consistency, which are global and local features of fingerprints, respectively. First, a texture image is obtained by decomposition of latent image with a total variation model. Second, we propose to detect the ridge segments from the texture image, and then compute the density of ridge segments and ridge orientation consistency to characterize the global and local fingerprint patterns. Finally, fingerprint segmentation is performed by combining the ridge density and orientation consistency for latent images. The proposed method has been evaluated on NIST SD27 latent fingerprint database. Experimental results and comparison demonstrate the promising performance of the proposed method.

A preliminary study of age and sex in relation to fingerprint ridge density among Malaysian Indian population in management &amp; science university (MSU)

A preliminary study of age and sex in relation to fingerprint ridge density among Malaysian Indian population in management &amp; science university (MSU)

Assessment of reliability of cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy in human identification by digital method: A cross-sectional study

Background and Objectives: Identification is of paramount importance in medicolegal investigations. Identification means the determination of the individuality of a person. This study involved the recording of lip and fingerprints of 50 males and 50 females in the age group of 18–24 years to assess their distribution in the gender groups and to evaluate the reliability of lip and fingerprint patterns in gender determination.Materials and Methods: The individuals were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The procured prints were scanned and analyzed for uniqueness and gender determination using Adobe Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, California, USA). Statistical analysis was done using statistical mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, Student's unpaired t-test (P < 0.05), and Cohen's Kappa test.Results: The most frequent lip print pattern was Type IV in males and Type I' in females. The most frequent fingerprint pattern was ulnar loop in the total population, as well as in the sex-wise distribution. Individuals with mean fingerprint ridge densities in the range of 10–12/25 mm2 were predominantly males whereas those >14/25 mm2 were predominantly females. Conclusion: Fingerprint ridge density was found to be a more reliable tool in estimating the gender of an unknown individual than lip print.

Sex determination from footprint ridge density in bidayuh population in Malaysian Borneo

Sex determination from footprint ridge density in bidayuh population in Malaysian Borneo

Feasibility of Ridge Density: A Comparative Study of Fingerprint Ridge Densities among Different Indian Population

Feasibility of Ridge Density: A Comparative Study of Fingerprint Ridge Densities among Different Indian Population

Analysis of the Relationship Among 10 Fingers in Gender Prediction from Fingerprints

This study investigates the relationships among fingerprints and genders for all 10 fingerprints. 410 fingerprints taking from 19 females and 22 males aged between 18 and 25 years old were considered for this investigation. This is the first time comprehensive study that investigates 10 fingerprints presented to the literature for Turkish citizens. Ridge density, ridge thickness to valley thickness ratio and total ridge breadth values gained from our fingerprint database were used to classify genders. The results have shown that the gender prediction is successful for Turkish citizens. The average values for ridge density-ridge breadth-RTVTR are 13.09-36.56-0.46 for men and 14.43-37.44-0.47 for women, respectively. The gender difference for ridge density is 1.34, which is the lowest value among the other studies in the literature.

Gender specific correlation among fingerprint patterns and blood group in Pakistani population

Finger print patterns are extensively used for the study of individuality as most legitimate evidence against criminals. Due to the massive potential of fingerprints as a definite method of identification they can be useful to analyze their correlation with gender. In present study, total 166 Pakistani subjects with (70.83%) of males and (29.1%) of females were selected for this study. Whorls were the most frequent fingerprint pattern (48.21%), while arches were the least common (10.11%). There high frequency of whorls (35.4%) and females have higher incidence of loops (14.2%). The ridge density can also predict the gender as the female had higher ridge density (13±1) than males (12±1). Whorls were predominant in blood group O, A, B and AB in both Rh negative and Rh positive individuals.