Ridge Area Research Articles

FAKTOR RISIKO STUNTING PADA ANAK USIA 2-5 TAHUN DI WILAYAH GUNUNG DAN PESISIR PANTAI

The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences risk factors of stunting among children aged 2-5 years in ridge and coastal. Study using cross sectional design. Number of subject is 114 subjects in plateau and 114 subjects in coastal chossed with purposive and consist of 57 stunted and 57 non-stunted. The risk factors of stunting in the ridge is a low of protein adequacy level (PR = 4,8; 95% CI = 2,096-10,99), low of Zn adequacy level (PR = 2,827; 95% CI = 1,499-5,322 ), low of Fe adequacy level (PR = 3,766; 95% CI = 1,785-7,944), and non-exclusive breastfeeding (PR = 1,626; 95% CI = 1,15-2,299). Risk factors of stunting in coastal is low of energy adequacy level (PR = 3,463; 95% CI = 1,648-7,278), low of Zn adequacy level (PR = 1,973; 95% CI = 1282-3,038), and low of Fe adequacy level (PR = 2,033; 95% CI = 1,003-4,120). Risk factors associated most strongly with stunting in the ridge area is a non-exclusive breastfeeding and low of protein adequacy level. The risk factors most strongly associated with stunting in coastal areas is low of protein adequacy level.There is differences risk factors of stunting between ridge and coastal.

Quantitative Analysis of the Area of the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in Chick Appendages Using Image-J.

To determine the effect of sodium phenytoin on the apical ectodermal ridges (AER) of chick wing buds by using the software program Image-J. An experimental study. Department of Anatomy, Regional Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP), Islamabad, from January 2014 to January 2015. Sixty fertilised chicken eggs of 'Egyptian fayoumi' breed were selected and separated into experimental (B) and control (A) groups, each having 30 eggs. A single dose of 3.5 mg sodium phenytoin was injected into each egg of the experimental group. The controls were injected with the same volume of normal saline. Developing embryos were extracted 96 hours (day 4) after incubation and histological sections were cut at 5 μm thickness. These sections were stained with Feulgen Nuclear and Light Green. The area of apical ectodermal ridges of chick wing buds was calculated by employing Image-J and subjected to statistical analysis. The difference between the mean values of the area of apical ectodermal ridges of experimental and control groups, as calculated by Image-J, was found to be statistically insignificant. Change in the area of the apical ectodermal ridges in experimental chicks, following phenytoin exposure, was insignificant as proven on the basis of quantification by Image-J.

HUNTING FOR ANTARCTICA'S OLDEST ICE

One of the key priority tasks for the international Antarctic community is drilling and studying old Antarctic ice with age exceeding 1 million years in order to investigate possible reasons for the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. During the 2017–2018 austral season at Vostok Station, we carried out microscopic study of geometrical properties of the crystalline inclusions of air hydrates in ice core samples from boreholes 5G‑3 (Vostok) and DC2 (EPICA DC) in depth intervals where the age of the ice exceeded 400,000 years. The obtained data confirmed the existence of a robust linear relationship between the mean radius of the hydrates and the age of the ice in the bottom part of the East Antarctic ice sheet, and will be useful for further development of the new dating technique based on the phenomena of hydrate growth in polar ice. Preliminary, the age of the atmospheric ice bedded at Vostok at a depth of3538 m, inferred from the data on the size of the hydrates, amounts to 1.3±0.17 million years. The existence of ice older than 1 million years in the vicinity of Vostok implies that in the area of Ridge B, where the ice flow line which passes through Vostok Station originates, even older ice, with undisturbed stratigraphy, may exist. It would be desirable therefore to carry out a glacio-geophysical traverse to Ridge B in order to implement a detailed study of Dome B area aimed at identifying the most suitable site for a new deep drilling of the Antarctic ice sheet.

An Investigation of the Mixing and Exchange Characteristics in Tidal Channels of Radial Sand Ridges in the South Yellow Sea, China

Yao, J. and Tao, J., 2018. An Investigation of the Mixing and Exchange Characteristics in Tidal Channels of Radial Sand Ridges in the South Yellow Sea, China. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 136–140. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model coupled with a Lagrangian particle tracking model was applied in the radial sand ridges (RSR) area of the South Yellow Sea to investigate the flow and mass exchange characteristics between different channels. The Xiyang (XY), Chenjiawucao (CJWC), Kushuiyang (KSY) and Huangshayang (HSY) channels were chosen to represent the channels in all directions. The results showed that during the neap tides at both the surface and bottom locations, the particles were limited in their respective channels characterized by similar reciprocating trajectories. During the spring tides, the particles moved along reciprocating straight lines or in a clockwise spiral. The vertical circulation and water exchange in the tidal channels were significant, coinciding with the movement patterns of the particles. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the RSR are responsible for the significant differences of the transport characteristics in different channels. The XY Channel is controlled by the reciprocating flow, while others are dominated by varying degrees of rotary flow. The special geomorphology also plays an important role. The outcomes of this study may provide theoretical support for environmental management regarding the RSR area.

Distribution Characteristics of the Extreme Storm Tides in the Radial Sand Ridges Area of the South Yellow Sea in China

Xie, D.H.; Tan, Y.; Chu, A.; Zhou, T.Y., and van Maanen, B., 2018. Distribution characteristics of the extreme storm tides in the radial sand ridges area of the South Yellow Sea in China In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 856–860. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The aim of this study is to understand the tidal characteristics in the radial sand ridges area (South Yellow Sea, China) considering the most adverse metrological and hydrodynamic condition. Based on data analysis, at least 30% of the annual highest tidal levels in the South Yellow Sea are caused by the combination of storm surge and astronomical spring tides. Among the top 10 extreme high tidal levels, such combinational effects account for over 60%. A 2-D numerical model is applied to study distributions of the extreme high tidal levels influenced by typhoons with various tracks in the South Yellow Sea. Typhoon characteristics are classified into four categories: the front landing, the front leaving, the offshore moving and other types. As such, four different combinations with the same astronomical tide are examined. The front landing and the offshore moving tracks are of specific interest, as they lead to the most significant surge in coastal areas, especially at Jianggang and Liyashan. Temporal-spatial patterns of the extreme storm tides are presented to identify risks of coastal flooding in the radial sand ridges area.

Divergent Tree Communities across Ridge, Cliff, and Talus Relate to an Association between Diaspore Weight and Micro-Topography at Mohonk Preserve, New York

Ecological study of cliff environments has steadily increased in the last three decades. However, plant communities on many cliffs have yet to be investigated, and there remains uncertainty about the mechanisms that drive vegetation patterns on cliffs. On the Trapps cliff, a renowned rock-climbing destination within Mohonk Preserve, New York, we recorded tree species and surface micro-topography (“sloping.” “level,” “incut”) along seven rappel transects. In two study areas, we also sampled the ridge and talus areas above and below the cliff transects, and in one of those areas, we included a separate lateral survey along a prominent ledge on the cliff. We used estimated diaspore (seed or fruit) weights and chi-square analyses to test for association between diaspore weight class and topographic categories across the entire study. The cliff tree communities were dominated by mature pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and more frequent but smaller-diameter sweet birch (Betula lenta). Sweet birch, a species with lightweight, wind-dispersed seeds, was disproportionately frequent on the cliff and on sloping surfaces on the cliff, while heavier, gravity-dispersed diaspore species (especially oaks) were underrepresented on the cliff in general, but disproportionately associated with level micro-topography on the cliff. Our results suggest that diaspore weight and associated dispersal mechanisms may play a role in the assembly of cliff tree communities that are divergent from the ridge above, or talus below. Management implications include protecting adjacent plant communities (ridge, talus) that are likely diaspore sources that sustain plant communities on cliffs.

Geoecological Assessment of the Malyi Khingan Ridge Area Using Land Surface Remote Sensing Data

The spotlight is on the use of Earth remote sensing data in geoecological assessment of the Malyi Khingan Ridge area in the Far East. Based on the analysis of satellite observations over the Sutara gold placer mining range, the time variation of the disturbed land is determined. It is found that natural recovery of bio-geo-cenosis takes an active part in the process. Using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the behavior and rates of self-healing of the disturbed lands are assessed. Complete recovery of vegetation in gold placer mining areas up to a level comparable with the adjacent territories takes 7 to 10 years.

Numerical estimation of extreme waves and surges over the northwest Pacific Ocean

A coupled modelling framework, consisting of the FVCOM circulation model and FVCOM-SWAVE wave model, was used to numerically estimate extreme waves and surges over the northwest Pacific Ocean. The ECMWF ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data with modification by a parametric typhoon model were used as surface forcing to simulate waves and surges for a 35-year period. The extreme waves and surges with a 100-year return period were then estimated with the Gumbel distribution. The results showed that the extreme wave heights generally decreased northward and shoreward, varying from 23 m in deepwater areas to less than 7 m in nearshore areas. The extreme wave heights in the east and southeast directions were found to be larger than those in other directions; and the extreme waves in summer and autumn were found to be larger than those in other seasons. The extreme surge levels were relatively large in the radial sandy ridge area of the Jiangsu coast, Hangzhou Bay and north of the Qiongzhou Strait. This study demonstrated an effective approach to improve the representation of typhoon in the numerical estimation of extreme events. The results provide insights into the temporal and spatial distributions of extreme waves and surges over the northwest Pacific Ocean.

A UAV and S2A data-based estimation of the initial biomass of green algae in the South Yellow Sea

Previous studies have shown that the initial biomass of green tide was the green algae attaching to Pyropia aquaculture rafts in the Southern Yellow Sea. In this study, the green algae was identified with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an biomass estimation model was proposed for green algae biomass in the radial sand ridge area based on Sentinel-2A image (S2A) and UAV images. The result showed that the green algae was detected highly accurately with the normalized green-red difference index (NGRDI); approximately 1340 tons and 700 tons of green algae were attached to rafts and raft ropes respectively, and the lower biomass might be the main cause for the smaller scale of green tide in 2017. In addition, UAV play an important role in raft-attaching green algae monitoring and long-term research of its biomass would provide a scientific basis for the control and forecast of green tide in the Yellow Sea.

Органическая геохимия франских отложений северной части гряды Чернышева (Тимано-Печорский бассейн)

Органическая геохимия франских отложений северной части гряды Чернышева (Тимано-Печорский бассейн)

Lagrangian coherent structures in the Rijeka Bay current field

Some of the major European oil supply routes pass through the Adriatic Sea representing a potential to endanger the whole basin with an oil spill. Particularly high ecological vulnerability of Rijeka Bay is due to its geospatial characteristics as semi-enclosed basin. The simulated onemonth sea surface velocity field of Rijeka Bay was analyzed using Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) to assess the diffusion and chaotic advection of passive pollutants (dye). LCSs were extracted by the Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents (FTLE), hypergraphs, Lagrangian advection alone and advection-diffusion methods. Results show relatively complex nonstationary flow dynamics in Rijeka Bay. Areas of ridges and valleys of FTLE fields spread in north-south and northeast-southwest directions, and they move toward east. Similarly, the hypergraphs method shows areas of attraction and areas of mixing that can be observed in stripes that stretch in directions north-south and northeast-southwest. In addition, the stripes of mesohyperbolic area spread toward east. To assess the potential of passive pollutant spreading, Gaussian pollutant source was simulated at the middle of the bay. The pollutant spreads in the same direction (north-south and northeast-southwest) with lateral diffusion of material proportional to diffusion coefficient.

Variation in salt-body interval velocities in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico: Keathley Canyon and Walker Ridge areas

Borehole measurements of salt-body P-wave interval velocities from 55 wells in the vicinity of the Keathley Canyon and Walker Ridge areas of the Gulf of Mexico vary from [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) to [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) with mean velocity of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) and standard deviation of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]). The velocities vary significantly with latitude. Five different interval velocity zones have been identified with each having specific associated mineralogies within a latitude range. In the midlatitude zones, sylvite, various clastics, and small traces of anhydrite and gypsum are found within the salt, yielding a salt interval velocity variation from 14,388 to [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]). The salt interval velocity in the southern limits of the study area is higher than [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) and is associated with more gypsum. The northernmost wells are anhydrite rich and exhibit the highest velocities. The interval velocities are relatively uncorrelated and are insensitive to factors such as wellbore temperature, depth, and overburden pressure. Composite medium modeling of mixed salt-body mineralogies and multiple regression analysis indicate that compositional variation within the salt body can explain the observed velocity variations.

Fire-climate-human interactions during the postglacial period at Sunrise Ridge, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington (USA)

With the creation of Mount Rainier National Park (MORA) in 1899 came the active management of the park's landscapes and a heavy emphasis on fire suppression. Today, managers at MORA seek to better manage current fire activity; however, this requires an improved understanding of past fire activity on the mountain. In this study high-resolution macroscopic charcoal analysis and pollen analysis of lake sediment records was used to reconstruct the postglacial fire and vegetation history for the Sunrise Ridge area of MORA. Fire activity was lowest during the Late Glacial when vegetation was sparse and climate was cool and dry. Fire activity increased during the early Holocene as the regional climate warmed and dried, and burnable biomass became more abundant. Fire activity continued to increase into the middle Holocene (until ca. 6600 cal yr BP) even as the regional climate became wetter and eventually cooler; the modern-day mesic forest and subalpine meadow landscapes of the park established at this time. Fire activity was generally highest and mean fire return intervals were lowest on Sunrise Ridge during the late Holocene, and are consistent with tree-ring based estimates of fire frequency. The similarity between the Sunrise Ridge and other paleofire records in the Pacific Northwest suggests that broad-scale climatic shifts, such as the retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet and changes in annual insolation, as well as increased interannual climate variability (i.e., drought) particularly in the middle to late Holocene, were responsible for changes in fire activity during the postglacial period. However, abundant and increasing archaeological evidence from Sunrise Ridge during the middle to late Holocene suggests that humans may have also influenced the landscape at this time. It is likely that fires will continue to increase at MORA as drought becomes a more frequent occurrence in the Pacific Northwest.

Application of interconnected porous hydroxyapatite ceramic block for onlay block bone grafting in implant treatment: A case report.

Autogenous block bone grafting as treatment for alveolar ridge atrophy has various disadvantages, including a limited availability of sufficiently sized and shaped grafts, donor site morbidity and resorption of the grafted bone. As a result, interconnected porous hydroxyapatite ceramic (IP-CHA) materials with high porosity have been developed and used successfully in orthopedic cases. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first report of clinical application of an IP-CHA block for onlay grafting for implant treatment in a patient with horizontal alveolar atrophy. The present study performed onlay block grafting using an IP-CHA block to restore bone volume for implant placement in the alveolar ridge area without collecting autogenous bone. Dental X-ray findings revealed that the border of the IP-CHA block became increasingly vague over the 3-year period, whereas CT scanning revealed that the gap between the block and bone had a smooth transition, indicating that IP-CHA improved the process of integration with host bone. In follow-up examinations over a period of 5 years, the implants and superstructures had no problems. An IP-CHA block may be useful as a substitute for onlay block bone grafting in implant treatment.

Smithian ammonoid faunas from northeastern Nevada: implications for Early Triassic biostratigraphy and correlation within the western USA basin

Intensive sampling of the lower portion of the Thaynes Group within the Palomino Ridge area (northeastern Nevada) yielded abundant and well-preserved Smithian (Early Triassic) ammonoid faunas. Ammonoid taxonomy and a detailed biostratigraphy for this locality are reported herein. One new genus (Palominoceras) and one new species (?Pseudosageceras bullatum) are described. Additionally, based on new data from Palomino Ridge and previous data from neighboring localities in Utah, we porvide here the first quantitative Smithian ammonoid biochronological scheme for the western US basin. This new zonation is based on the Unitary Associations (UA) method. The biochronical sequence comprises five unitary association zones that can be correlated with other localities from the Northern Indian Margin (Salt Range, Pakistan, Spiti, northern India and Tulong, South Tibet). Three unitary association zone (UAZ1, UAZ2 and UAZ3) are defined for the early Smithian, one (UAZ4) spans the entire middle Smithian and one (UAZ5) signifies the first part of the late Smithian. Finally, a hypothetical UAZ6 would represent the second part of the late Smithian.

New hydrothermal sulfide fields of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Yubileinoe (20°09′ N) and Surprise (20°45.4′ N)

Two new sulfide fields (Yubileinoe, 20°09′ N, and Surprise, 20°45.4′ N) were discovered between 20°01′ and 20°54′ N within the Russian Application Area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). The Yubileinoe field is located at a depth of 2300–2550 m in the near-top area of the first rift ridge, which is a boundary of the western wall of the rift valley. This new field and the Zenith-Victory field, which was previously discovered in the eastern wall, occur symmetrically relative to the rift valley of this MAR segment. The Surprise field at a depth of 2800–2850 m is situated in the eastern wall of the rift valley, on the slope of the volcanic uplift. After the discovery of these inactive sulfide fields, the number of hydrothermal fields within the Russian Application Area reached ten.

Pteromalids (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) of the Karatau Ridge and adjacent territories of the Talas Alatau Ridge in Western Tien Shan

An inventory of the pteromalid fauna of the Karatau Ridge and adjacent area of the Talas Alatau Ridge in Western Tien Shan is presented for the first time. The annotated list of the pteromalids comprises 88 species of 43 genera, including the 81 species of 39 genera listed for the pteromalid fauna of the Karatau Ridge and the 16 species of 14 genera given to the adjacent territories of the Talas Alatau Ridge. Information on the hosts, habitats, and geographic distribution is provided for each species.

Incidence of disturbance and damage to deep-sea corals and sponges in areas of high trawl bycatch near the California and Oregon border

We evaluated disturbance and damage to deep-sea corals and sponges (DSCS) in areas of longtime (> 65 years) bottom trawling off southern Oregon and northern California. The incidence of disturbance was quantified from video and still images collected along strip transects conducted with underwater vehicles operating at depths of 600–2100m. All DSCS were identified, counted, and measured, condition (healthy, unhealthy, or dead) was determined, and associated seafloor substratum types were designated. Physical disturbance and damage were classified as DSCS with broken or missing parts, overturned, or detached from the seafloor. Overall frequency of disturbance to DSCS throughout the study area was 2% of the total number observed; most of these were coral colonies while sponges were rarely damaged. There was notable disturbance to corals, particularly to bamboo corals of the family Isididae (45% of 873 colonies were impacted), at depths of 1100–1150m in our most northern study site off southern Oregon and the southern site off Cape Mendocino, California. Nearly 20% (n = 78) of disturbed bamboo corals were sheared off at the base, leaving only small stumps to be counted. Height of intact undisturbed bamboo coral colonies ranged from 5 to 185cm. The Mendocino Ridge area had the highest incidence of coral bycatch in research bottom trawls conducted between 2001 and 2015. Using visual survey tools, we now have a better understanding of the extent of damage and disturbance to DSCS. Conservation areas have been implemented off the U.S. West Coast to protect seafloor habitats, but DSCS in our study site remain vulnerable to impacts from bottom-contact fishing gears.

Reliable yields of public water-supply wells in the fractured-rock aquifers of central Maryland, USA

Most studies of fractured-rock aquifers are about analytical models used for evaluating aquifer tests or numerical methods for describing groundwater flow, but there have been few investigations on how to estimate the reliable long-term drought yields of individual hard-rock wells. During the drought period of 1998 to 2002, many municipal water suppliers in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge areas of central Maryland (USA) had to institute water restrictions due to declining well yields. Previous estimates of the yields of those wells were commonly based on extrapolating drawdowns, measured during short-term single-well hydraulic pumping tests, to the first primary water-bearing fracture in a well. The extrapolations were often made from pseudo-equilibrium phases, frequently resulting in substantially over-estimated well yields. The methods developed in the present study to predict yields consist of extrapolating drawdown data from infinite acting radial flow periods or by fitting type curves of other conceptual models to the data, using diagnostic plots, inverse analysis and derivative analysis. Available drawdowns were determined by the positions of transition zones in crystalline rocks or thin-bedded consolidated sandstone/limestone layers (reservoir rocks). Aquifer dewatering effects were detected by type-curve matching of step-test data or by breaks in the drawdown curves constructed from hydraulic tests. Operational data were then used to confirm the predicted yields and compared to regional groundwater levels to determine seasonal variations in well yields. Such well yield estimates are needed by hydrogeologists and water engineers for the engineering design of water systems, but should be verified by the collection of long-term monitoring data.

Westward advance of the deformation front and evolution of submarine canyons offshore of southwestern Taiwan

This study analyzes both 2D and 3D seismic images around the Palm Ridge area offshore of southwestern Taiwan to understand how the deformation front shifted westward and how tectonic activities interact with submarine canyon paths in the transition area between the active and passive margins. Palm Ridge is a submarine ridge that developed on the passive China continental margin by down-dip erosion of several tributaries of Penghu Canyon; it extends eastward across the deformation front into the submarine Taiwan accretionary wedge. The presence of proto-thrusts that are located west of the frontal thrust implies that the compressional stress field has advanced westward due to the convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate and Eurasian Plate. Since the deformation front is defined as the location of the most frontal contractional structure, no significant contractional structure should appear west of it. We thus suggest moving the location of the previously mapped deformation front farther west to where the westernmost proto-thrust lies. High-resolution seismic and bathymetric data reveal that the directions of the paleo-submarine canyons run transverse to the present slope dip, while the present submarine canyons head down slope in the study area. We propose that this might be the result of the westward migration of the deformation front that changed the paleo-bathymetry and thus the canyon path directions. The interactions of down-slope processes and active tectonics control the canyon paths in our study area.