Rickettsia Sibirica Mongolitimonae Research Articles

Molecular identification of spotted fever group Rickettsiae in ticks collected in central China

Tick-borne spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia. Although some rickettsias have been known as human pathogens since the beginning of the century, tick-borne SFG rickettsioses are also recognised as important emerging zoonoses worldwide [1]. Few SFG rickettsiae have been described in China: Rickettsia sibirica sibirica, the agent of the North Asian tick typhus (also known in the former USSR as Siberian tick typhus); Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae, the agent of the so-called lymphagitis associated rickettsiosis; and an emerging pathogen, R. heilongjiangensis [1,2]. In this study, in an effort to identify the possible aetiologic agents and vectors for rickettsiosis affecting humans in China, we analysed ticks collected in China for evidence of rickettsial infection.

HumanRickettsia sibirica mongolitimonaeInfection, Spain

To the Editor: Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae has been recently reported as a subspecies of R. sibirica (1). The first evidence of R. sibirica mongolitimonae pathogenicity in humans was documented in France in 1996 (2). Since then, 11 more cases in France, Algeria, South Africa, Greece, and Portugal have been reported (3–6). Because the main clinical manifestations include lymphangitis, the acronym LAR (lymphangitis-associated rickettsiosis) has been proposed (3). We report a case from Spain that confirms the broad distribution of this agent in southern Europe. A 41-year-old man was admitted on June 19, 2007, to the Hospital de Cruces (Baracaldo, Spain) with fever (39°C), malaise for a week, sweating, lumbar and knee pain, disseminated myalgias, and headache. He reported that 20 days before admission he had removed an engorged tick from his right leg while working as a topographer in the Balmaseda Mountains, 30 km from Bilbao. He had also removed several ticks from his body 4 days before the onset of symptoms. Physical examination did not demonstrate relevant findings. There was no inoculation eschar at the tick-bite sites. Rash, lymphadenopathies, and lymphangitis were not observed. Chest radiograph did not show consolidation or other abnormality. Initial laboratory examination, on June 21, 2007, showed a leukocyte count 5.2 × 103/μL, hemoglobin 14.1 g/dL, platelet count 190,000/μL, erythrocyte sedimentation speed 9 mm/h, urea 38 mg/dL, creatinine 0.9 mg/dL, aspartate aminotransferase 229 IU/L, alanine aminotransferase 170 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 158 IU/L, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase 111 IU/L, total bilirubin 1.3 mg/dL, and C-reactive protein 4.3 mg/dL. Because the patient had been bitten by a tick, acute-phase serum and EDTA-treated blood samples were sent to the Special Pathogens Laboratory (Area de Enfermedades Infecciosas – Hospital San Pedro from La Rioja), where a presumptive diagnosis of rickettsiosis was made. On June 22, 2007, treatment with doxycycline was begun (100 mg/day for 12 days), and his condition rapidly improved. The early-phase serum yielded low immunoglobulin (Ig) G titer (<64) against Rickettsia conorii and Anaplasma phagocytophilum antigens, and results of ELISA and Western blotting for Lyme borreliosis were negative. A convalescent-phase serum sample collected 7 weeks later did not contain IgG antibodies against spotted fever group Rickettsia species when R. conorii antigen was used. DNA was extracted from the early whole-blood specimen by using QIAamp DNA Blood minikit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. This DNA extract was used as template in nested PCR assays targeting the spotted fever group rickettsial ompB (420 bp) and gltA (337 bp) genes (7). Quality control included both positive (with R. conorii Malish #7 grown in Vero cells) and negative controls that were extracted and PCR amplified in parallel with the specimens. Negative controls consisted of sterile water instead of template DNA. Amplification products of the expected size were obtained. The sequences of these amplicons allowed the identification of R. sibirica mongolitimonae with 99.5% and 100% similarity for ompB and gltA, respectively (GenBank accession nos. {type:entrez-nucleotide,attrs:{text:DQ097083,term_id:73620233}}DQ097083 and {type:entrez-nucleotide,attrs:{text:DQ097081,term_id:73620146}}DQ097081). To our knowledge, Rickettsia species have never been detected in ticks or human specimens in Spain. The host ticks of this rickettsia are likely Hyalomma species, which are more prevalent in southern Spain. In our region in northern Spain, Hyalomma marginatum represented 8% of ticks that fed on humans during 2001–2005, although an increase in this number was recorded last year (data not shown). In our patient, Rickettsia’s pathogenic role was demonstrated by PCR, a technique that has previously enabled us to identify other arthropod-borne Rickettsia species (8,9). This case suggests that R. sibirica mongolitimonae infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of rickettsiosis and tick-bite febrile patients in Spain and confirms the distribution of this rickettsia in southern Europe. According to the literature (3), some patients in whom R. sibirica mongolitimonae infection is diagnosed have >1 eschar, which raises the suspicion that some cases of Mediterranean spotted fever with multiple eschars reported in Spain could be caused by this rickettsial species. More studies about the vectors of this bacteria are needed because studies of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus ticks (the suspected hosts) conducted in our area have not demonstrated the presence of this Rickettsia species.

Lymphangitis in aPortuguese Patient Infected withRickettsia sibirica

Lymphangitis in a<b />Portuguese Patient Infected with<i>Rickettsia sibirica</i>

Spotted fever rickettsioses in southern and eastern Europe

Mediterranean spotted fever due to Rickettsia conorii conorii was thought, for many years, to be the only tick-borne rickettsial disease prevalent in southern and eastern Europe. However, in recent years, six more species or subspecies within the spotted fever group of the genus Rickettsia have been described as emerging pathogens in this part of the world. Tick-borne agents include Rickettsia conorii israelensis, Rickettsia conorii caspia, Rickettsia aeschlimannii, Rickettsia slovaca, Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae and Rickettsia massiliae. Many Rickettsia of unknown pathogenicity have also been detected from ticks and could represent potential emerging pathogens to be discovered in the future. Furthermore, a new spotted fever rickettsia, Rickettsia felis, was found to be associated with cat fleas and is an emerging human pathogen. Finally, the mite-transmitted Rickettsia akari, the agent of rickettsialpox, is also known to be prevalent in Europe. We present here an overview of these rickettsioses, focusing on emerging diseases.