Rician Fading Channels Research Articles

SE Analysis and GEE Optimization of Hardware-Impaired Multi-Cell Massive MIMO Systems With Rician Fading and Phase Shifts

We consider a practical hardware-impaired multi-cell massive multi-input multi-output (mMIMO) system with spatially-correlated Rician fading channels, whose line-of-sight component experiences a random phase shift. The multi-cell mMIMO system employs two-layer large-scale fading decoding (LSFD) to mitigate the interference due to pilot contamination. We consider a dynamic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) architecture at the base stations (BS), which enables us to independently vary the resolution of ADC connected to its each antenna, and thus properly choose them to achieve a high spectral efficiency (SE). Both BS and user equipments (UEs) are also equipped with low cost radio frequency chains, which introduce additional hardware impairments. We first derive a closed-form SE expression for this system, and then optimize the UEs uplink data power and LSFD vectors to maximize the global energy efficiency metric. The proposed optimization, which is practically implementable due to its closed-form updates, is derived by combining the quadratic and Dinkelbach transforms, and generalized Rayleigh quotient. We investigate the ADC resolution and hardware impairments values for which LSFD is highly effective, and the values for which its effectiveness reduces.

Reconfigurable-Intelligent-Surface-Aided Number Modulation for Symbiotic Active/Passive Transmission

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided symbiotic active/passive transmission is a promising communication paradigm, which is able to improve the propagation environment while transmitting additional information. In this paper, a novel scheme, termed RIS-aided number modulation (RIS-NM), is proposed for symbiotic active/passive communications. In RIS-NM, the RIS elements are divided into in-phase (I-) and quadrature (Q-) subsets depending on their phase shift configurations, and the number of elements in the I-subset (or Q-subset, equivalently) is used to convey the RIS’s private information. A low-complexity yet near-optimal detector is designed for RIS-NM by shrinking the search space of constellation points. We then investigate a special case of RIS-NM, termed RIS-aided number shift keying (RIS-NSK), in which the radio-frequency source transmits unmodulated carrier signals. Statistic channel state information (CSI)-based maximum-likelihood (ML) detection is developed for RIS-NSK. We analyze the bit error rate (BER) performance of RIS-NM/NSK over Rician fading channels. BER upper bounds are derived in closed-form for RIS-NM by assuming instantaneous CSI-based ML detection, while an approximate BER expression is obtained for RIS-NSK by assuming statistic CSI-based ML detection. Furthermore, we extend RIS-NM to multiple-input multiple-output scenarios. Our simulation results in terms of BER corroborate the performance analysis and the superiority of RIS-NM over the state-of-the-art RIS-aided symbiotic active/passive transmission scheme.

Performance analysis of NOMA based UAV-assisted cooperative relaying system with direct link over rician fading channels

In recent years, there has been a continuous increase in the requirement for consistent connectivity, high-speed data rates, and high quality of service (QoS) for mobile communication. Recent researches show that unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted communication improves communication capabilities in terms of reliability, security, cost-effectiveness, and coverage. Also, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has the potential to greatly improve the fairness, efficiency, and capacity of wireless networks. In this research paper, we propose a UAV-assisted cooperative NOMA system over Rician fading channels with decode and forward relaying, in which we consider a one-user system and successive interference cancellation is performed by relay. We derive the outage probability, coverage probability, throughput, and ergodic capacity of the proposed system model, compare the performance of the proposed system model with the conventional systems in terms of said parameters, and demonstrate that the UAV-assisted cooperative NOMA-based system has higher performance than the conventional orthogonal multiple access based system. We validate the outcomes of the analytical approach using Monte Carlo simulation.

Performance Analysis of OFDM under Rician Fading Channel using Various Digital Modulation Methods

The widespread use of mobile platforms has resulted in significant challenges related to power constraints and the Quality of Service(QoS) provided by Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The examination of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is of significant importance in comprehending and enhancing the design of OFDM systems. The utilization of wireless technology in everyday life has experienced a gradual and consistent growth. OFDM is a prevalent technique for multicarrier transmission, which effectively utilizes parallel data streams. OFDM is considered an effective technique for achieving high-speed digital transmission over channels that exhibit time-varying characteristics. OFDM has several advantages compared to single carrier modulation. These include enhanced resistance to impulsive interference, increased spectral density, improved resilience to channel fading, greater tolerance to multipath effects, and reduced computational complexity. Nevertheless, OFDM has some notable challenges that hinder its practical use in telecommunications networks. Several examples of these are packet loss, bit loss, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), BER, and SNR. This research aims to investigate the BER and SNR performance of OFDM in the presence of Rician Fading Channel. The study also explores the impact of different modulation techniques on the performance of OFDM.

Analysis of the asymptotical average packet error rate over Rician fading channels

In the paper, we develop a simple and rather accurate method to analyze and research the average packet error rate (PER) in the high SNR region for the packet transmission system over Rician channels. By introducing the concept of inverse coding gain, the calculation expression of the average PER under the Rician fading channel can be obtained. Numerical calculations and simulations validate our theoretical analysis and approximation.

Power Optimization of Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Full-Duplex and Low-Resolution ADCs

This paper analyzes the spectral/energy efficiency (SE/EE) of a full-duplex (FD) cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) over Rician fading channels. Due to the FD radios, the access points (APs) suffer from self-interference (SI) and inter-AP interference (IAI) while the downlink (DL) users’ signals are corrupted by the uplink (UL) users’ transmissions. We consider the case, where low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are utilized at the APs and DL users, which introduces the quantization noise (QN). The combined effects of Rician κ-factor, residual SI/IAI, UL-to-DL interference, multi-user interference, and QN on the UL/DL SEs are characterized. The UL SE is degraded by the increase in DL power, whereas the growth in UL power deteriorates the DL SE. The effects of the residual SI/IAI and UL-to-DL interference are worsened by the low-resolution ADCs. We optimize the UL/DL transmit powers to maximize the overall sum SE of the network. It is observed that the proposed power allocation algorithm brings substantial sum SE gain. A trade-off analysis between the EE and SE, as a function of the ADCs’ resolution, shows that the entire envelope of the operating region of FD CF mMIMO is enhanced in Rician channels.

A Design of Low-Projection SCMA Codebooks for Ultra-Low Decoding Complexity in Downlink IoT Networks

This paper conceives a novel sparse code multiple access (SCMA) codebook design which is motivated by the strong need for providing ultra-low decoding complexity and good error performance in downlink Internet-of-things (IoT) networks, in which a massive number of low-end and low-cost IoT communication devices are served. By focusing on the typical Rician fading channels, we analyze the pair-wise error probability of superimposed SCMA codewords and then deduce the design metrics for multi-dimensional constellation construction and sparse codebook optimization. For significant reduction of the decoding complexity, we advocate the key idea of projecting the multi-dimensional constellation elements to a few overlapped complex numbers in each dimension, called low projection (LP). An emerging modulation scheme, called golden angle modulation (GAM), is considered for multi-stage LP optimization, where the resultant multi-dimensional constellation is called LP-GAM. Our analysis and simulation results show the superiority of the proposed LP codebooks (LPCBs) including one-shot decoding convergence and excellent error rate performance. In particular, the proposed LPCBs lead to decoding complexity reduction by at least 97% compared to that of the conventional codebooks, whilst owning large minimum Euclidean distance. Some examples of the proposed LPCBs are available at https://github.com/ethanlq/SCMA-codebook.

Channel Statistics Based Wireless Energy Transfer with Energy Demand in Rician Fading Channel

Channel Statistics Based Wireless Energy Transfer with Energy Demand in Rician Fading Channel

Linear precoder design for correlated rician fading channel under imperfect CSI

Linear precoder design for correlated rician fading channel under imperfect CSI

IRS-Enabled Secure G2A Communications for UAV System With Aerial Eavesdropping

As one of the most promising new technologies in the upcoming 6G communication, intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) can significantly improve the reliability of wireless transmission and deal with the security threat in the presence of eavesdroppers by smartly reconfiguring the wireless propagation environment. However, existing research mainly focuses on terrestrial communication networks. In contrast, there is not much research on IRS-aided secure unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication problems, especially for ground-to-air (G2A) communication scenarios with air eavesdroppers that will bring greater security threats. In this article, we consider an IRS-assisted G2A communication network with an altitude-dependent Rician fading channel, where the ground base station (BS) transmits legitimate information to the UAV user in the presence of air eavesdroppers. The transmission power, active and passive beamforming, and UAV 3-D trajectory are jointly optimized to maximize the average secrecy rate. Due to the nonconvexity of the optimization problem, the block coordinate descent method is used to solve it. Specifically, the overall optimization problem is divided into four subproblems, and nonconvex subproblems are solved by successive convex approximation and semidefinite relaxation algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed alternating optimization algorithm has a good convergence performance and can increase the average secrecy rate by 28% compared with the scenario without IRS assistance.

Least Square Estimation-Based Different Fast Fading Channel Models in MIMO-OFDM Systems

In cellular wireless communication systems, channel estimation (CE) plays a pivotal role as a crucial technique applied in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. CE utilizes a variety of methods, including decision-directed channel estimation, pilot-assisted channel estimation (PACE), and blind channel estimation. Among these options, PACE is widely favored for its remarkable stability and consistent superior performance. The idea of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) shows tremendous potential for the future of wireless communications. However, existing massive MIMO systems face challenges with their high computational complexity and intricate spatial structures, preventing efficient utilization of channel and sparsity features in these multiantenna systems. In communication channels, the signal received is often influenced by the characteristics of the channel and noise present at the receiver. To address this issue, an efficient dataset is utilized, employing the least square (LS) algorithm for minimization. OFDM is a commonly and widely used modulation method in communication systems utilized to specifically combat resonance fading in wireless channels. In wireless communication systems employing OFDM-MIMO, frequency selectivity and time-varying attributes due to multipath channels cause Intercarrier Interference (ICI) among symbols. Channel estimation is a vital aspect for mitigating the effects of fading channels. This investigation focuses on the application of a method examined in the study, which involves a block-type pilot symbol-assisted estimation technique for Rayleigh and Rician fading channel models. The research assesses the performance of the least square (LS) channel estimators in fast-fading channel models while employing various symbol mapping techniques focusing on bit error rate, throughput, and mean square error. The results indicate that the LS estimator exhibits excellent performance in Rayleigh and AWGN channels within the pedestrian A (PedA) model for both uplink and downlink scenarios. It outperforms the PedA model without channel estimation.

Double RIS-Assisted MIMO Systems Over Spatially Correlated Rician Fading Channels and Finite Scatterers

This paper investigates double RIS-assisted MIMO communication systems over Rician fading channels with finite scatterers, spatial correlation, and the existence of a double-scattering link between the transceiver. First, the statistical information is driven in closed form for the aggregated channels, unveiling various influences of the system and environment on the average channel power gains. Next, we study two active and passive beamforming designs corresponding to two objectives. The first problem maximizes channel capacity by jointly optimizing the active precoding and combining matrices at the transceivers and passive beamforming at the double RISs subject to the transmitting power constraint. In order to tackle the inherently non-convex issue, we propose an efficient alternating optimization algorithm (AO) based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The second problem enhances communication reliability by jointly training the encoder and decoder at the transceivers and the phase shifters at the RISs. Each neural network representing a system entity in an end-to-end learning framework is proposed to minimize the symbol error rate of the detected symbols by controlling the transceiver and the RISs’ phase shifts. Numerical results verify our analysis and demonstrate the superior improvements of phase shift designs to boost system performance.

Capacity Analysis of UAV Communications Under the Non-Ideal Transceiver Effects

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as promising solutions to overcome the challenges that face traditional terrestrial communication. Not only are they reliable and cost-effective, but they can also be considered green strategies with inherent benefits such as diversity, flexibility, and altitude adaptability. This work analyses the effects of hardware impairments (HWIs) on the UAVs and the ground station (GS) communication system where the UAV moves in a random three-dimensional trajectory. In this regard, the average ergodic capacity of the system is derived by considering the Rician fading channel conditions between the UAV and the GS. We consider the average over a random three-dimensional trajectory movement including the angle of arrival and the distance between the UAV and the GS. We also provide an asymptotic analysis when the transmit power of the UAV and the number of GS antennas become exceptionally large. Extensive MATLAB simulations are provided to validate the gained results.

Implementation of Turbo Trellis Coding Modulation Scheme for Fading Channel

In the context of data communication, encountering fading channels can lead to errors occurring at the receiving end due to multipath propagation. To address this challenge, researchers have persistently worked towards developing Error Correction Schemes that effectively manage these errors and guarantee error-free data reception for the receiver. One area of focus lies in the implementation of Forward Error Correction Schemes directly at the transmitter end. Nonetheless, integrating error correction coding using these schemes comes with the drawback of increased bandwidth requirements since additional bits must be included to facilitate error correction. Fortunately, there exists a coding scheme known as Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM), which specifically tackles this concern. In the case of TCM, the modulation scheme has been chosen based on the rate of the convolutional coding scheme. Nevertheless, TCM has certain limitations when it comes to correcting a high number of errors, which prompted the emergence of Turbo Coding. Turbo Coding employs two coders at the transmitter, arranged either in a serial or parallel configuration, along with an appropriate decoder at the receiver. This paper introduces a Turbo Coding scheme design utilizing convolutional coders with a rate of 2/3, arranged in a serially concatenated configuration, resulting in an effective rate of 4/9. For preserving bandwidth, the Turbo Coding is applied to TCM scheme. Consequently, when employing the convolutional coding scheme with a rate of 2/3, the modulation scheme has to be 8-QAM. However, to maintain bandwidth after coding, when utilizing the Turbo coding scheme with a rate of 4/9, the modulation scheme is upgraded to 512-QAM. MATLAB simulations were conducted to evaluate the error correcting capabilities of the designed scheme compared to the convolutional coding scheme that uses the constituent convolutional encoder. The comparison has also been made with the uncoded data communication utilizing simple QPSK modulation scheme. The results indicate that under Rician fading channel conditions, the Turbo Trellis Coding Modulation Scheme provides an approximate gain of 5 dB compared to the convolutional coding scheme and approximately 8 dB gain compared to uncoded one.

Design of Turbo Trellis Coding Modulation Scheme of Rate 4/9 for Rician Fading Channel

When the fading channels are encountered during data communication, errors are likely to occur at the receiving end due to multipath propagation. Researchers have been consistently striving to develop Error Correction Schemes that can effectively handle these errors and ensure error-free data reception at the receiver end. Of particular interest are the Forward Error Correction Schemes that can be implemented at the transmitter end itself. However, the implementation of error correction coding through these schemes incurs additional costs in terms of bandwidth expansion, as extra bits need to be added to facilitate error correction. Fortunately, there exists one coding scheme called Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM), which addresses this issue. TCM selects a modulation scheme based on the rate of the convolutional coding scheme. However, this coding technique has limitations in correcting the number of errors, leading to the development of Turbo Coding. This scheme utilizes two coders at the transmitter, arranged in either serial or parallel configuration, and a suitable decoder at the receiver. A design of Turbo Coding scheme has been presented in this paper, that employs convolutional coders having rate 2/3, in a serially concatenated configuration, providing an effective rate of 4/9. This turbo coding scheme is then applied to TCM scheme in order to preserve the bandwidth. Therefore, if using the convolutional coding scheme of rate 2/3, the modulation scheme is 8-QAM and in order to preserve bandwidth after coding, using the Turbo coding scheme of rate 4/9, then the modulation scheme will be 512-QAM. The simulations have been conducted in MATLAB and the error correcting capabilities of the designed scheme in comparison with convolutional coding scheme using the constituent convolutional encoder have also been compared. It has been observed that in the Rician fading channel conditions, the Turbo Trellis Coding Modulation Scheme provides approximately 5 dB gain compared to the convolutional coding scheme.

Reliability Achievement of MIMO-OFDM Communication Systems

Wireless communication must have high spectral efficacy and the ability to resist fading channel in an environment of channel multipath, and it is difficult to achieve these requirements with traditional modulation techniques, but the Multiple system Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) It can fulfill these requirements. Research offers a way to improve the performance of OFDM- MIMO system by decreasing the Bit Error Rate (BER) using both (DWT) Discrete Wavelet Transform and Convolutional Coding (CC). The OFDM system is modeled with a single antenna at the transmitting end and a single antenna at the receiving end (DWT) . Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) By adding a second antenna at the transmitting end, and then improving it with Output Multiple Input Single technology SIMO (by adding a second antenna at the receiving end, and with MIMO technology by adding a second antenna at the receiving end The transmitter and a second antenna at the receiving end, thus optimizing the OFDM-MIMO system using convolution coding, Then using DWT instead of FFT (Fast Fourier Transform ). The research is based on the study of BER according to bit energy to noise energy density N0/Eb. The system was modeled and tested using the MATLAB program. The use of (DWT) and (CC) in OFDM-MIMO reduces N0/Eb )4.7( dB times in the item of the Rician fading channel and 3.2 dB times in the item of the Rayleigh fading channel when BER =10-3.

Outage Analysis of Sparse Vector Coding-Based Downlink Multicarrier NOMA for URLLC

Ultra-reliable and low latency communication (uRLLC) is a promising use case in the fifth generation and beyond systems for critical and delay-sensitive applications with aid of short packet transmission. Nevertheless, multi-carrier non-orthogonal multiple access (MCNOMA) is a promising technique to achieve spectral efficiency and massive connectivity, however, inter-carrier interference (ICI) stands out to be a major downside. Recently, sparse vector coding (SVC) is proposed to fulfill the trade-off between reliability and latency, thereby achieving the benchmarks of uRLLC. In this paper, SVC based downlink MCNOMA (SVC-MCNOMA) system is considered and first it is shown that SVC-MCNOMA is free from ICI due to the sparse nature of the information. Further, compressed sensing-based recovery at the receiver end helps in reducing the latency as well as enhances reliability. Moreover, to study the system performance, this paper derives the closed form outage expressions of the SVC-MCNOMA system over the Rician fading channel and through Monte-Carlo simulation, the analytical results are validated. The analyses demonstrate that SVC-MCNOMA outperforms conventional MCNOMA (C-MCNOMA), thereby achieving spectral efficacy, ultra-reliability with low latency and eradicates the effect of ICI.

Outage probability and error rate analysis of full duplex relay in asymmetric fading channels

SummaryFull duplex (FD) technique has evolved as a viable solution to address the spectrum scarce issue. It has gained research interest for its potential to double the wireless link capacity and enhance spectral efficiency (SE). In this paper, the end‐to‐end performance of an amplify‐and‐forward full duplex relay(FDR) in asymmetric Rayleigh–Rician fading channels is explored, unlike the other works that assume symmetric fading conditions in both the links. The asymmetric or mixed fading channels properly model the realistic communication scenarios like satellite/terrestrial wireless communication systems. In this work, we consider that the source‐relay link experiences Rayleigh fading and the relay‐destination link experiences Rician fading. The novel exact and lower bound closed form analytical expressions for outage probability (OP) and bit error rate (BER) for the considered FD system are derived. Moreover, the effect of severity of fading and the amount of residual self‐interference (RSI) on the performance of FDR are also studied. In addition, MC simulations are carried out to validate the results. It is observed that the performance metrics, OP and BER, are highly dependent on the severity of fading and the amount of RSI. Furthermore, it is found that typically at the SNR of 10 dB, an improvement of approximately 27.6% in OP is obtained. Also, our work offers appreciable SNR gain, for example, for a BER of 10−2, an SNR improvement of around 11 dB is achieved. These findings have been compared with the mixed Rayleigh–Rician fading channel conditions considering only half duplex(HD) mode. These parameter metrics are helpful in analyzing the performance of FD in various communication scenarios such as LoS/NLoS conditions and hence pave the way for more realistic FDR.

RIS Partition-Assisted Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Quadrature-NOMA With Imperfect SIC

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) system has emerged as a revolutionary technology to enhance the spectrum efficiency for future wireless networks. This work introduces two novel RIS systems, namely, RIS partition-assisted (RISP) PD-NOMA (RISP-PD-NOMA) and RISP-Quadrature-NOMA (RISP-Q-NOMA), to maximize the diversity order and to improve the signal quality of all users by dedicating fixed RIS units to each user. The closed-form expressions of average sum-rate, outage probability, and diversity order are evaluated for both systems under the Rician fading channel for perfect and imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) operations. Further, the performance of both RISP-PD-NOMA and RISP-Q-NOMA systems is compared with RIS partitioned PD-NOMA, RIS-assisted PD-NOMA, and PD-NOMA systems. It is noticed from the analysis that under perfect SIC, RISP-PD-NOMA outperforms all other systems. However, under imperfect SIC, RISP-Q-NOMA demonstrates superior performance to other systems due to the lesser number of SIC operations that reduce detection delay and decoding complexity. Furthermore, the analytical expression for bit error rate (BER) of RISP-PD-NOMA and RISP-Q-NOMA is derived, and then the closed-form expression of average-BER is evaluated. Numerical results demonstrate that RISP-Q-NOMA is superior to RISP-PD-NOMA.

Performance Analysis of the STAR-RIS-Assisted Downlink NOMA Communication System With MRC

We discuss a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting-reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS)-assisted downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) communication system. STAR-RIS employs the energy splitting protocol for transmitting and reflecting the incident signals to users located on different sides of the surface. To study the impact of multiple antennas on the system performance, we perform maximum ratio combining (MRC) at NOMA users and beamforming towards STAR-RIS at the base station (BS). We model the distribution of cascaded Rician fading channels for the proposed system. Closed-form expressions of outage probability, asymptotic outage probability, and system throughput are derived. All theoretically derived results are verified via Monte Carlo simulation.