Richest State Research Articles

Exploring the Gokak language movement in Karnataka, one of India’s richest states: the Kannada sub-nationalism project

Exploring the Gokak language movement in Karnataka, one of India’s richest states: the Kannada sub-nationalism project

Drugs, crime, and racial disparities in the homeless population gathered from a sample of police reports: Evidence from Brazil

Brazil is one of the most unequal democracies in the world. Although the number of homeless individuals in our country has increased due to the reproduction of people living in extreme poverty, little has been discussed about their welfare and rights. In the present study, we provide analysis with a theoretical-methodological approach directed at homeless people living in the wealthy neoliberal middle-sized southeast city of São Paulo, Brazil’s richest state. Data was acquired from police reports with prior permission from the Civil Police of São Paulo and the São Paulo Interior Judiciary Police Department. Our results illustrate that the homelessness phenomenon in Franca appears to be comparable to that of other large urban cities, where Blacks, a minority of the population, make up the bulk of homeless individuals. It also denies that homeless activity increases criminality, emphasizes the difference between Blacks and Whites drug users’ criminal behavior, with Whites being more active in theft and robbery and Blacks in trafficking, and extends the idea that drug use by homeless people is stress-related and hence an indicator of a health condition.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE 3 STATES OF THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC WITH THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST PIB PER CAPITA

The objective of this research is to know which indicators, factors or causes are the ones that cause the difference in human development between the 3 richest states and the 3 poorest states of Mexico and to establish their current situation based on economic and social development.

COMPOSITIONAL TRADITION OF PALM-LEAF GEET GOVIND MANUSCRIPSTS IN ODISHA

The history of art in the present day is any activity or man-made means of expressing thoughts, feelings, in a visual form, for aesthetics or communication purposes. From time to time the arts were classified into various forms. In the formation of culture from prehistoric times to the present, palm leaves have a special significance in the contribution of art, which is still a living art in Odisha. Palm leaf was extensively used for writing and illustration. Odisha is considered to be the richest state in terms of pothis. The role of Odisha State Museum in this is unique, which is making the visitors well acquainted with the palm leaf art of Odisha. A main feature is the writing work with illustrations on palm leaves. Even in the narrow gap of the palm leaf, artistic combination is formed on seeing it, in which sweet pothis have been created by establishing harmony in the art elements. Generally, picture composition means to organize various visual elements in an artistic way or to give them a beautiful arrangement. On the subject of combination, Indian and Western scholars have created many texts by explaining many theories, so on the basis of these principles, we will present a combinational interpretation of the palm leaf paintings of Gitagovind Pothi. In these palm leaf paintings, mainly elements like line, color, tone, shape etc. have been expressed and created. Like the elements of art, the principles of combination have their own importance, in the absence of which the combination cannot be successful. The 8 main principles of composition are repetition, harmony, opposition, proportion, balance, effectiveness, rhythm, and unity.

Updated checklist of the fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) of Mexico.

An updated checklist of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Mexico is presented. The checklist includes the following valid taxa: the subfamilies Amydetinae Olivier in Wytsman, 1907, Chespiritoinae Ferreira, Keller and Branham, 2020, Photurinae Lacordaire, 1857, Pterotinae LeConte, 1861, and Lampyrinae Rafinesque, 1815, in addition to 8 tribes (including incertae sedis), 2 subtribes, 25 genera, and 232 species. We also propose Photinus cubilguitzi Prez-Hernndez Zaragoza-Caballero nom. nov. as a replacement name for Photinus moestus (Gorham, 1884) nec Photinus moestus (Perty, 1830). At least 152 documented species (65.6% of the total) are restricted to Mexico, another 21 have also been recorded in Canada and the United States of America, and 59 in different Latin American countries. Remarkably, Photinini contains 64.6% (150 species) of the Mexican lampyrid fauna, and at least 54.7% (127 species) belong to the Photinus genus. The Mexican Transition Zone had higher Lampyridae species richness and endemism than the Nearctic and Neotropical biogeographic regions in the country, while the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Veracruzan and Balsas Basin biogeographic provinces harbor the highest overall species richness and endemism. Veracruz and Oaxaca are the richest states in terms of lampyrid genera and species, while Aguascalientes, Quertaro and Zacatecas have only one or no species recorded each. To date, 10% of the global firefly fauna has been recorded in Mexico, and the country has a large number of endemic species. It is essential to intensify the study and fieldwork throughout the country to increase our knowledge of the group, with special focus on poorly explored regions and endemic species, and from other perspectives in addition to taxonomy.

Does the perception of halal tourism destination matter for non-Muslim tourists’ WOM? The moderating role of religious faith

PurposeTourists often travel to different tourism destinations in advancing the knowledge of diverse cultures, environments, history and social aspects. The purpose of this study is to explore tourists’ perception of halal tourism and its impact on word-of-mouth towards halal tourism destinations.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative research approach was applied in this study. Data were collected via 375 survey questionnaires and were analysed using partial least square method. Data were collected from Malaysia’s capital city and tourist spots in Kuala Lumpur, the administrative capital city in Putrajaya, and several cities in Selangor, the richest state in the country.FindingsThe findings revealed that trip quality has a higher significant impact on satisfaction and trip value. The perception of a halal tourism destination is found to have a significant influence on satisfaction and trip value. Trip value is significantly related to satisfaction but not associated with word-of-mouth (WOM). Satisfaction of tourists has a significant impact on WOM towards travel destinations.Research limitations/implicationsThis study comes up with a novel understanding of the theory of tourism practices by estimating non-Muslim tourists’ perception and its significant influence of WOM towards tourism destinations. The results of this study are significant to industry practitioners, policymakers and marketers in promoting halal tourism. The results of this study provide useful insights for Malaysia’s tourism industry, particularly for the tourism marketing in Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya cities as tourist destinations.Practical implicationsThis study comes up with a novel understanding of the theory of tourism practices by estimating non-Muslim tourists’ perception and the influence of WOM towards tourism destinations. The results of this study are significant to industry practitioners, policymakers and marketers in promoting halal tourism.Originality/valueThis study examined the potential impact of non-Muslim tourists’ perception of halal tourism destinations and their WOM for halal tourism destinations.

The Future of Progressive Politics in a Post-Fordist World

The Future of Progressive Politics in a Post-Fordist World

Plant based technology among Adi tribe

The state of Arunachal Pradesh is one of the most diverse states in the country and is one the richest state in India in terms of material culture. The plant based technologies that they produced themselves are made out of natural resources available in their surroundings. Their products are simple but last for years and techniques for making such artifacts are indigenous in nature. They learn craftsmanship orally or just by observing from their parents and grandparents. The study documented many plant based artifacts of the Adi tribe that are made out of forest products especially bamboo, canes, and other plants. Further, the study also aimed at unearthing the kinds of possible threats that arise due to globalization which may affect traditional craftsmanship. The study finds out that most of these artifacts are not in use in their daily life anymore which is a matter of serious concern.

As desigualdades regionais e o federalismo assimétrico

O presente artigo pretende revisitar o tema das desigualdades regionais a partir do novo modelo federativo adotado pela Constituição de 1988, chamando a atenção para a responsabilidade do governo federal de reduzir as desigualdades espaciais e sociais que se perpetuam no Brasil, quando a atual Constituição lhe garante os instrumentos de planejamento, financiamento e gestão para reduzir os desequilíbrios de nosso federalismo assimétrico, como ocorreu com a reunificação da Alemanha dos últimos trinta anos. No Brasil, ao contrário, as desigualdades regionais provocam graves distorções no sistema representativo, estimulando tensões entre regiões ricas e pobres, especialmente quando a crise federal se agrava, como nos anos 90 que examinamos neste artigo. A situação poderá se repetir nos próximos anos. O artigo alerta para a necessidade de promover o desenvolvimento regional sustentável, segundo padrões internacionais adaptados às vocações e identidades regionais e locais.

The railway and the ball, the spread of football in São Paulo State

ABSTRACT This article presents an exploratory analysis of the expansion of the railway network and the practice of football in São Paulo state (Brazil). An isolated region of Brazil experienced an economic boom in the middle of the nineteenth century due to the expansion of the coffee production. This transformed the region from an underdeveloped province into the most populous and richest state in Brazil, which resulted in the rapid expansion of the railway network. Designed initially to take the coffee to the coast, and transport workers and industrialised goods, the railway connected the small cities to the larger population centres, bringing new trends and fashions from abroad. Football would also spread alongside the railway network. The people responsible for its construction and administration were also associated with the creation of the first football clubs in the state, presenting this new practice to the local elites and urban dwellers. This article focuses on the foundation of the first football clubs in the most important cities of São Paulo state, analysing the impact that the expansion of the railway played in the popularisation of football, especially how in the majority of the cases the first football clubs were founded by railway personnel.

Fiscal risk and financial fragility

We propose a new methodology to evaluate the importance of fiscal risk to financial stability. We first develop a method to estimate the probability of non-compliance of public entities, which takes into account the strict legal framework that is mandatory for governments. While in our model the evolution of public entities' revenues is stochastic and heavily depends on expectations about macroeconomic risk factors, the evolution of their personnel expenses and debt is rather deterministic due to the stickiness of the regulation. We then estimate the resilience of the financial sector to the public sector by simulating bank credit defaults in a multilayer network with interacting agents comprising banks, firms, and the public entities. Using Brazilian data at the state level, we establish a statistical link between states' probability of non-compliance and probability of default, enabling us to estimate the expected impact of the public sector in terms of financial losses on the economy. We find that, while most Brazilian states are struggling to comply with budget legal constraints on personnel expenses, the richest states are more likely to not comply with limits on their consolidated debts. We show that financial contagion is small mostly because banks that are more exposed to the public sector are highly capitalized.

A Comparison of Living Standards Across the States of America

We use an expected utility framework to examine how living standards vary across the United States and how each state's living standards have evolved over time. Our welfare measure accounts for cross-state variations in mortality, consumption, education, inequality, and cost of living. We find that per capita income is a good indicator of living standards, with a correlation of 0.80 across states. Living standards in most states, however, appear closer to those in the richest states than their difference in per capita income would suggest. Whereas high-income states benefit from higher life expectancy, consumption, and college attainment, low-income states benefit from lower cost of living. All states experienced positive welfare growth, and hence rising living standards, between 1999 and 2015. The annual welfare growth rate, however, varied from 1.38 to 3.76 percent across states due to varying gains in life expectancy, consumption, and college attainment, with life ex pectancy accounting for 50.3 percent of the variation. Finally, the growth rate of per capita income is a poor proxy for how fast living standards are rising in a particular state since the correlation between welfare growth and per capita income growth is only 0.38, and deviations are often large.

A Comparison of Living Standards Across the States of America

We use an expected utility framework to examine how living standards, or welfare, vary across the U.S. and how each state’s welfare has evolved over time. Our welfare measure accounts for cross-state variations in mortality, consumption, education, inequality, and cost of living. While per-capita income is a good indicator of welfare (correlation=0.80), welfare in most states appears closer to that in the richest state than their difference in per-capita income would suggest. Whereas high-income states benefit from higher life expectancy, consumption, and college attainment, low-income states benefit from lower cost of living. All states experienced positive welfare growth from 1999 to 2015, but the annual welfare growth rate varied from 1.38 to 3.76 percent across states due to varying gains in life expectancy, consumption, and college attainment. Per-capita income growth and welfare growth are only weakly correlated (correlation=0.38) and deviations are often large. The welfare results are robust to several modifications such as allowing for endogenous migration across states and including gender, race, and leisure in the welfare measure.

How science supports São Paulo.

Brazil’s richest state has a long history of applied research. Brazil’s richest state has a long history of applied research.

Quando se esforçar mais e não gastar mais faz toda a diferença: o caso da saúde pública em municípios do estado de São Paulo.

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a efetividade do atual modelo de financiamento de saúde pública no Brasil no nível municipal. Após uma introdução da evolução do Sistema Único de Saúde e do sistema contábil brasileiro, explorou-se como é realizado o gasto no setor. Em síntese, buscou-se avaliar se um aumento das despesas com saúde, mensurada com o índice de mortalidade infantil, bem como o esforço do gestor público, medido pela sua capacidade de ampliar a arrecadação, melhoram a qualidade da saúde pública. Os resultados apontam que o comprometimento do administrador público é importante, ainda que o aumento puro e simples do gasto não leve a um melhor desempenho.

Lianas of Mexico

Through an exhaustive literature review, field exploration and revision of herbaria, the presence of 861 native species of lianas in Mexico is documented, pertaining to 250 genera and 59 families. A total of 25.9 % ( n = 224) of the species and three genera are endemic to Mexico. The 15 most diverse families account for 80.1 % of the species and 85.7 % of endemics. The 18 richest genera comprise 38.1 % ( n = 328) of the species and approximately 50 % of the endemic. Chiapas is the state with the greatest diversity because it includes 65.4 % of the total species, whereas Oaxaca is the richest state in terms of endemism (49.6 %). Regardless of their area, the most diverse states are also notable for their endemism. The lianas found in only one state encompassed 16.5 and 26 % of the total number of species and endemics, respectively. Among the five recognized biomes in Mexico, the tropical humid forest and the tropical seasonally dry forest stand out for their number of species ( n = 692, 80.3 %) and number of endemics ( n = 134, 59.8 %), respectively. At the level of vegetation type, the tropical deciduous forest ranks first in both attributes. The number of lianas species decreased significantly with altitude. Our results demonstrate the importance of the contribution of lianas to the richness and endemism of Mexican flora and justify the development of initiatives to ensure their long-term conservation.

A Decade of New Pteridophyte Records for the State of Veracruz, Mexico

Abstract Veracruz, with 542 recorded species, is the third richest state in Mexico in terms of total fern diversity. Field work, herbarium studies, and a revision of literature during the last decade revealed 22 new state records. Five of these belong to Elaphoglossum, four are filmy ferns, and three are grammitids. Most of the new taxa were collected in the endangered humid montane and pine-oak forests of the central and Los Tuxtlas area during recent research projects. Another 13 species, mainly within Elaphoglossum and Selaginella, have been published as new records in the literature. Whereas several of these might possibly be confirmed in the future, others form part of poorly known species complexes that require specific studies, and we consider them as doubtful or unverified. Our study highlights the need of more fern inventories in remote and mostly unexplored areas, as well as revisions of national and local herbaria, both of which may reveal additional species new to science or range extensions.

Socio-Economic Characterization of Rural Households: A Village Level Analysis in Bihar, India

The alleviation of poverty has consistently been one of the chief objectives of Indian policy. The country‘s modern history contains myriad examples of discussion on this topic as far back as 1901. After India achieved independence from Great Britain in 1947, it launched a series of development programmes under various Five Year Plans which contain some kind of poverty eradication or social justice components. The consideration of economic policies vis-a-vis their impact on the poor highlights a continued emphasis by Indian policy makers on poverty alleviation.During the mid to late 1990‘s, the country experienced tremendous economic growth, particularly in industrial and service sectors. Its GDP grew at close to 6 percent annually during this period. Many individuals have suggested that poverty fell considerably during 1990‘s due to trickle down effects. Others do not find evidence that the economic growth strategy employed by Indian Government has reached broad segments of the population.In India, Bihar is amongst the poorest states with poverty incidence of 41.4 per cent. Per capita net domestic product has been estimated to be $ 446 for Bihar which is about one –third of the corresponding national average ($ 1220) and less than one-fourth of Haryana ($ 2052), one of the richest states in India (Government of Bihar, 2011). There has not been any significant influence of the agricultural development and poverty alleviation programmes on reducing poverty incidence. It reflects that strategies adopted under various rural development programmes seem to be inappropriate in the Bihar context. The most of the programmes aimed at improving the economic status of poor households, only a few attempted at improving their human capital (i.e., education, health, housing, social participation, etc.). This might be the reason for ineffectiveness of these programmes on alleviating poverty during the last three decades. The present study is an attempt to understand the village level realities in the overall development scenario of the state, which has been unfortunately termed as poverty hot-spot by many.

Diversity of ferns and lycophytes in Brazil

Abstract This compilation of ferns and lycophytes in Brazil is an update of the one published in 2010 in Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil. The methodology consisted in collecting data from regional checklists, taxonomic revisions, and selected databases. Invited specialists improved the list accessing a website housed at the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. The results show 1,253 species: 1,111 of ferns and 142 of lycophytes. This number is 6.5% higher than the previous one (1,176 spp.). The percentage of endemic species decreased from 38.2% to 36.7%. We recognized 36 families and 133 genera (vs. 33 families, 121 genera in 2010). The 10 most diverse families are Pteridaceae (196 spp.), Dryopteridaceae (179), Polypodiaceae (164), Hymenophyllaceae (90), Thelypteridaceae (86), Aspleniaceae (78), Lycopodiaceae (64), Selaginellaceae (55), Anemiaceae (51), and Cyatheaceae (45). The three most diverse genera are still Elaphoglossum (87 spp.), Thelypteris (85), and Asplenium (74). The richest phytogeographic domain continues to be in the Atlantic Rainforest with 883 species which also has the largest number of endemic and threatened species, followed by the Amazon Rainforest (503), Cerrado (269), Pantanal (30), Caatinga (26), and Pampa (eight). Minas Gerais remains as the richest state (657 spp. vs. 580 in 2010).

The Curvilinear Effects of Economic Development on Domestic Terrorism

This paper investigates the relationship between economic development and domestic terrorism. We argue states at intermediate levels of development go through socioeconomic changes that result when traditional economies are replaced by modern economic relations, which may lead to grievances and social mobilizations conducive to terrorism. The effects of economic development should have a curvilinear effect on domestic terrorism. We test our theory using the GTD dataset and find support for our theory. We show that states at intermediate levels of economic development are more prone to domestic terror attacks than the poorest and richest states. Terror events would appear more likely where states fail to provide, or reduce, an economic safety net to mitigate the transformative effects of economic development. Moreover, the results show that states that are highly democratic, and long-enduring, are less prone to domestic terrorism than less democratic states.