Rich Countries Research Articles

Discurso del Presidente de la Academia Argentina de Cirugía

It is a great honor and an enormous responsibility to have been elected president of such a prestigious institution as the Academia Argentina de Cirugía by my peers, and I am deeply grateful for this nomination. This academy was created almost 112 years ago at a very particular historical moment in our country (a rich and migrant-receiving country). Buenos Aires was a thriving, cosmopolitan city with important medical advances. It was in this context that a group of surgeons, led by Dr. Daniel Cranwell, gathered at his home to found the Sociedad de Cirugía de Buenos Aires, the first association of surgeons in Argentina. Later, in 1939, it became Academia Argentina de Cirugía, following the guidelines of the French Academy of Surgery. However, for political reasons, it was forced to return to its original name in 1954, and it was not until 1969 that it took on its current name.

Analisis Factor-Faktor Penyebab Kecelakaan Kerja Penggunaan Benda Tajam Atau Mesin pada Pemanen Sawit

Indonesia is a country with vast agricultural areas and the fertility of its soil is undisputed. This makes Indonesia a rich country in terms of agricultural products, especially oil palm plantations. Oil palm plantations have many advantages, especially since oil palm is a raw material that plays a strategic role in the country's economic development. However, this also avoids the risk of occupational injuries that threaten plantation workers, especially in the area of palm oil harvesting. Workplace accidents can be caused by activities involving the use of sharp tools and machinery such as dodos, egereks, ganks, axes and axes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors leading to occupational injuries associated with the use of sharp tools and machinery in oil palm harvesters. The results of this study indicate that there are several risk factors for workplace injury when sharps and machinery are used in oil palm harvesters, including worker knowledge level, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and adherence to standards. indicates that there is Having it suggests that there is merit. Instruction manual (SOP)

Development of monopoly media based on QR-Code on the theme of rich my country

This study aims to design and develop QR Code-based monopoly media on the subject matter of my rich country in Class IV SDN Sindang Barang 2 Bogor City. This research method is used to produce several products and to test the effectiveness of these products. The design of this study uses the ADDIE model which consists of the stages of Analysis (Problem Analysis), Design (Product Design), Development (Development), Implementation (Implementation), and Evaluation (Evaluation). This study involved media experts, linguists, and material experts to provide assessments as well as students as media users. The results of this study are that monopoly media based on QR Code has received eligibility validation on the aspect of media suitability based on ISO 9126 quality with a percentage of 83.63%, linguistic aspects by linguists with a percentage of 100%, and material aspects for the sake of material experts with a percentage of 96.36%.. Monopoly learning media based on the QR Code also received a positive response from 33 students with a percentage of 90.8% in the "Very Good" category. Based on this description, QR Code-based monopoly media is very feasible and can be implemented for teaching and learning activities with the theme Kaya Negeriku Class IV SD.

KING, Sam. Imperialism and the development myth: how rich countries dominate in the twenty-first century

KING, Sam. Imperialism and the development myth: how rich countries dominate in the twenty-first century

Is food insecurity contributing to malnutrition in older adults in Switzerland? - A cross-sectional study.

Food insecurity has been defined as "limited access to food, at the level of individuals or households, due to lack of money or other resources" and may increase the nutritional risk, which in turn leads to poor health, development of chronic diseases, poor psychological and cognitive functioning, and substandard academic achievements. There is limited data on the importance of food insecurity in a rich country such as Switzerland. This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from a structured survey in an elderly population of Switzerland. The data was assessed between June and August 2021 in the course of a 7-year phone call follow-up from the EFFORT trial, which included medical inpatients at nutritional risk from 2014 to 2018. A validated questionnaire (Six-Item Short Form 2012 of the U.S: Household Food Security Survey Module) was used to assess food security status. Of the 433 included patients, 30 (6.9%) were food insecure. A significant association between food insecurity and age, governmental financial support and self-reported loneliness was found. When compared with the food secure group, there was a significant lower quality of life measured by the EQ-5D VAS. In an older Swiss population of patients at nutritional risk, food insecurity was named as a contributing factor for malnutrition in about 7% of patients, particularly younger individuals with financial support, and self-reported loneliness. In the assessment of malnutrition, physician and dieticians should ask for food insecurity and if detect take appropriate actions.

Bardhan, Pranab: A world of insecurity. Democratic disenchantment in rich and poor countries, Harvard university press, 2022, 240 pp., $ 27.95 (hardcover)

Bardhan, Pranab: A world of insecurity. Democratic disenchantment in rich and poor countries, Harvard university press, 2022, 240 pp., $ 27.95 (hardcover)

A pioneering study on measuring poverty in the hydrocarbon-rich state of Brunei Darussalam

ABSTRACT Poverty exists not only in low and middle-income countries but also in high-income countries. Brunei, a rich country heavily reliant on hydrocarbon in Southeast Asia, is not an exception. Though poverty is not a topic that is politically taboo in Brunei, there are no statistics on poverty in Brunei. Yet, having such statistics would aid the government to achieve the target of zero poverty in 2035. Therefore, this technical paper provides a pioneering estimation of poverty rates in Brunei, utilising published data from ‘Household Expenditure Surveys’ and focusing on the basic need approach. It calculates monthly household poverty rates based on the World Bank’s poverty lines and OECD median income approach. It produces poverty rates based on expenditure and income. The research employs two models: a proportional model and a refined model. The results show declining rates of poverty, regardless of the poverty lines and models.

The Social Protection Engel Curve

Abstract Why do richer countries spend a higher share of their income on social protection than poor countries? A newly assembled dataset on social protection spending for 142 countries since 1995 allows an exploration of alternate hypotheses, treating the pandemic period separately, as it entailed a large expansion in social protection efforts. While the mean income share devoted to social protection rises with income, this is attributable to multiple confounders, including relative prices, weak governance in low-income countries, and access to information-communication technologies. Controlling for these, social protection spending is similar between rich and poor countries. This was also true during the pandemic.

Catalogue and red list of Acalypha L. (Euphorbiaceae) from South America

A checklist with preliminary conservation assessments of native South American species of Acalypha is presented. This work is supported by the study of ca 6500 herbarium specimens and an in-depth literature review. As a result, 87 species (83 native and four introduced) and eight subspecies are accepted, and a further 395 names are considered synonyms. Geographical distribution, habitat, and altitudinal range for all species are also indicated. Brazil is the richest country in number of species of Acalypha (40), followed by Peru (32), Bolivia (29), Colombia and Ecuador—including Galapagos Islands—(24), Venezuela (18), Argentina (17), Paraguay (13), Guyana (8), Uruguay (5), French Guiana (4), and Suriname (3). The presence of the genus Acalypha in Chile is reported for the first time, alongside new country records of A. poiretii in Peru and A. venezuelica in Guatemala. The specimens previously identified as A. plicata from Colombia and Venezuela, are here considered belonging to A. cuspidata. The red list provided follows IUCN criteria and includes 39 species and three subspecies, 47% of total native species of Acalypha in South America: 16 species and one subspecies Critically Endangered (nine of them probably extinct), 15 species and two subspecies Endangered, and eight species Vulnerable.

Policy-induced expansion of organic farmland: implications for food prices and welfare

Abstract Public policies increasingly support the expansion of organic agriculture as part of a menu of food and environmental initiatives. A little-studied yet crucial element of such expansion, especially in light of scientific evidence on lower yields of organic crops, is its impact on overall food production and food prices, especially for poorer households. In this paper, we first establish a positive empirical relationship between countries’ propensity to produce and consume organic foods and their per-capita income. Such correlation suggests that, even if rich countries’ consumers can benefit from an increase in the organic farmland share, poor countries’ consumers would likely face higher conventional food prices. We then develop and calibrate a model of world food demand and supply to assess the implications of a policy-driven expansion in organic farmland. Our results for four major grains and oilseeds show that raising the organic cropland share in rich countries from 3 to 15 per cent increases food prices in poor countries by up to 6.3 per cent, with central values of 1.2–2.5 per cent, and a commensurate reduction in consumer welfare. Model parameterisations indicate that farmers in poor countries benefit from higher crop prices, while consumers in rich countries are largely unaffected and sometimes benefit. In all cases, poor countries’ consumers bear most of the distortion burden. In our preferred parameterisation, a 3 per cent increase in cropland in rich countries is needed to offset the food price increase in poor countries.

Maternal Employment and Childcare Use from an Intersectional Perspective: Stratification along Class, Contractual and Gender Lines in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK

Abstract Connecting streams of feminist and comparative social policy literature, this article investigates stratification in maternal employment and childcare use along class, contractual, and gender lines across six countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and five family policy models. Detailing the different stratifying factors that intervene in the relation between maternal employment and childcare use offers a concrete analysis of the complex link between social reproduction and work. Employing multivariate regressions and EU-SILC (2007–2018) data, it provides an intersectional perspective to the literature. First, we observe a process of formalization in childcare use with a parallel reduction of nonformal care for couples; this process is slower for single mothers. Second, we document a paradox in relation to the social investment approach: the relation between childcare use and maternal employment is stronger in countries that recently expanded childcare to modify their male-breadwinner orientation, but in these countries childcare use is more stratified along class/contract types, a concern for the outcomes of social investment strategies outside of Scandinavia. Being out of work, being in a lower social class, fulfilling domestic tasks and/or care activities, and having an atypical contract negatively correlates with childcare use in most countries. Third, households where partners have more similar earning levels use childcare to a greater extent. The article also provides models employing different dependent and independent variables, alternative family structures, full and part-time work, formal and nonformal childcare, and rich country details.

Are Developed Countries Outsourcing Pollution?

Have rich countries improved their environments by importing polluting goods? No, the mix of goods imported has shifted towards those from cleaner industries, not dirtier. Has pollution worsened in poor countries manufacturing goods for export to rich ones? That depends. Emissions intensities for similar industries are higher in poor countries, which means that even balanced trade causes more pollution there, even for the same goods. And proportional growth in trade has increased that gap. Whether we should consider that to be “outsourcing pollution” is debatable. Have environmental regulations enacted by rich countries caused either of the first two changes? No, the evidence does not show that regulations cause outsourcing.

Uji Organoleptik Dan Mikrobiologi Classic Enzim Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.)

Indonesia is a rich country in sources of medicinal plants that can be easily obtained. the belimbing wuluh through the fermentation to turn the raw material into a classic enzyme. the purpose of this research are to make classic enzyme and hand sanitizer from belimbing wuluh, identify the lactic acid bacteria(BAL) from the fermentation of classic enzim belimbing wuluh, and to know the effectiveness of handsanitizer belimbing wuluh. The implementations of the research are preparation of raw materials, to make classic enzyme with anaerobic fermentation method, and laboratory analysis of organoleptic and microbiology tests. The results of the reseach are classic enzim and hand sanitizer products, the identification of lactic acid bacteria (BAL), and the effectiveness of hand sanitizer.from this research, it is known that the process of making the classic enzyme is done by fermentation for three months or 90 days with the composition 1:3:10. The results of this research are the lactic acid bacteria (BAL) is not identified. it because of pH 1,96 and the liquid has been convered into alcohol, the effectiveness of handsanitizer is quite good depend on morphology and ALT tests. The number of colonies formed on sampel after applied hand sanitizer was not found.

Risk Assessment of Esophageal Cancer Prevalence in North East India

Background: The North East (NE) India region has a quite distinct gene pool with over 160 scheduled tribes and 400 other sub-tribal populations. This region is the fourth contributor to the gene pool of the Indian sub-continent, which has associations with Tibeto-Burman speakers and Austro-Asiatic speakers settled in East and NE-India with Asian ties. Methods: Literature search and studies have shown that in India, notwithstanding the lack of data on population coverage, there exists no such evidence for a decline in age-standardized mortality rates in cancer and the number of deaths mostly in individuals less than 70 years. Results: Analytical epidemiological studies using molecular markers are currently the need of NEIndia for prognostication of cancers in this region, which are quite different from the rest of India, such as esophageal cancer, lung cancer in females, stomach cancer, and nasopharyngeal cancers. In addition, there is a dire need for translational research in NE-India, as for cancer survival, it is not always feasible to generalize the current international guidelines for cancer to the population of NEIndia so that high survival rates are achieved just like the rest of India and high-income rich countries. Factors, such as difference in incidence rate, socioeconomic factors, tumor biology and availability of resource in this region, determine the survival rates. Conclusion: In this review, various factors involved in the high cancer burden in this region are discussed, particularly focusing on the genetic basis.

Epilogue: Asylum Law and Linguistic Fragility

This paper provides an overview of the contributions of the special issue, using these to arrive at an inventory of five ways in which we can critically approach the role of legal language in the systems of asylum determination in rich countries. It also draws out a series of broader lessons from the special issue and concludes by reflecting on the influence of scholarly work amongst the judges, lawyers, interpreters, and others involved in administering asylum processes.

The Traditional Knowledge Bill, 2016: Biopiracy and Protection of Cultural Rights

Traditional knowledge is such knowledge which has been present and preserved by a traditional or indigenous community from time immemorial which has a market potential to be exploited commercially. The authors through this paper put forth the urgency of this critical legal issue which can be a huge monetization market for developing and culturally rich countries like India. The research has given a special focus on the historical background of various cases of biopiracy which can create a base in understanding this urgency both in terms of substantive and procedural law. As an apt description given under the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Traditional Knowledge Bill, 2016[1], it is of urgent consideration to identify legal regulation over commercial misappropriation of Traditional Knowledge. Against this background, it would be pertinent to examine The United Nations’ Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007 (UNDRIP) with the central aim of understanding the scope and extent of protection of traditional knowledge owned by indigenous people.
 

Does renewable energy reduce per capita carbon emissions and per capita ecological footprint? New evidence from 130 countries

This study explores whether increasing renewable energy consumption can alleviate environmental pressures (per capita carbon emissions and per capita ecological footprint) and the heterogeneity of the effects of increasing renewable energy consumption on the environmental pressures of countries in different income groups. We analyze 130 countries and three income groups from 1992 to 2019 based on a panel threshold regression estimation approach. The results show that (i) There is a negative relationship between renewable energy consumption and per capita ecological footprint and per capita carbon emissions, indicating that renewable energy consumption alleviates environmental pressure. (ii) When renewable energy consumption increases, the negative effects of renewable energy on per capita ecological footprint and per capita carbon emissions become more significant. This means that the more renewable energy is developed, the more it helps to alleviate environmental pressure. (iii) The inhibitory effect of renewable energy consumption on per capita ecological footprint is more significant in low-income countries than in middle-income countries. This indicates that renewable energy is more effective in reducing environmental pressures in poor countries than in rich countries.

Does natural-resource-dependency create the need of green innovation?

This paper examines the relationship between natural-resource-dependency and green innovation. Specifically, we analyse the effect of natural resources on green innovation across sixty different countries during the 2010–2018 period. We collect data from various sources, such as the World Development Indicators, World Governance Indicators and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) statistics. The findings show that reliance on natural resources positively and significantly affects green innovation, particularly for oil and gas rich countries. This positive effect is more pronounced in OECD countries. Further analyses show that carbon emissions significantly moderate the relationship between natural resource dependency and green innovation. This study has policy and practical implications and suggests that governments and policy-makers should prioritise investment in green innovation. They should build green recovery strategies by offering incentives and encouraging firms to develop green innovation as a sustainable practice.

Self-Compassion during COVID-19 in Non-WEIRD Countries: A Narrative Review.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacted people's mental health negatively worldwide, including in non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic) countries. Self-compassion, kindness and understanding towards oneself in difficult times have received increasing attention in the field of mental health. Self-compassion is strongly associated with good mental health in various populations. This narrative review aimed to synthesise the evidence on self-compassion and mental health in non-WEIRD countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. MEDLINE and PsycINFO were searched for empirical studies. Self-compassion was consistently associated with positive mental health in non-WEIRD countries too. However, how, and to what degree, each component of self-compassion impacts mental health remains to be evaluated across different cultures. Future research such as multi-national intervention studies, or component network meta-analysis, is needed to advance our understanding of how self-compassion improves mental health in different populations.

Understanding Patterns and Trends in Income Mobility through Multiverse Analysis

Rising inequalities in rich countries have led to concerns that the economic ladder is getting harder to climb. Yet, research on trends in intergenerational income mobility finds conflicting results. To better understand this variation, we adopt a multiverse approach that estimates trends over 82,944 different definitions of income mobility, varying how and for whom income is measured. Our analysis draws on comprehensive register data for Swedish cohorts born 1958 to 1977 and their parents. We find that income mobility has declined, but for reasons neglected by previous research: improved gender equality in the labor market raises intergenerational persistence in women’s earnings and the household incomes of both men and women. Dominant theories that focus on childhood investments have blinded researchers to this development. Methodologically, we show how multiverse analysis can be used with abduction—inference to the best explanation—to improve theory-building in social science.