Rich Words Research Articles

Finite and infinite closed-rich words

A word is called closed if it has a prefix which is also its suffix and there is no internal occurrences of this prefix in the word. In this paper we study words that are rich in closed factors, i.e., which contain the maximal possible number of distinct closed factors. As the main result, we show that for finite words the asymptotics of the maximal number of distinct closed factors in a word of length n is n26. For infinite words, we show that there exist words such that each their factor of length n contains a quadratic number of distinct closed factors, with uniformly bounded constant; we call such words infinite closed-rich. We provide several necessary and some sufficient conditions for a word to be infinite closed rich. For example, we show that all linearly recurrent words are closed-rich. We provide a characterization of rich words among Sturmian words. Certain examples we provide involve non-constructive methods.

WES-BTM: A Short Text-Based Topic Clustering Model

User comments often contain their most practical requirements. Using topic modeling of user comments, it is possible to classify and downscale text data, mine the information in user comments, and understand users’ requirements and preferences. However, user comment texts are usually short and lack rich word frequency and contextual information with sparsity. The traditional topic model cannot model and analyze these short texts well. The biterm topic model (BTM), while solving the sparsity problem, suffers from accuracy and noise problems. In order to eliminate information barriers and further ensure information symmetry, a new topic clustering model, termed the word-embedding similarity-based BTM (WES-BTM), is proposed in this paper. The WES-BTM builds on the BTM by converting word pairs into word vectors and calculating their similarity to perform word pair filtering, which in turn improves clustering accuracy. Based on the experimental results using actual data, the WES-BTM outperforms the BTM, LDA, and NMF models in terms of topic coherence, perplexity, and Jensen–Shannon divergence. It is verified that the WES-BTM can effectively reduce noise and improve the quality of topic clustering. In this way, the information in user comments can be better mined.

John Fowles’s diaries as a creative biography of the writer

J. Fowles’s diaries illustrate the emergence of the creative career of the prominent 20th-century English writer. In Russian science, there is an opinion that Fowles’s oeuvre belongs to postmodernism. However, Fowles persistently separated himself from postmodernism. A thorough study of his diaries testifies that with all the variety of themes and images and the abundance of the techniques of artistic representation of reality, the key issue of his works was the theme of the individual gaining self-awareness as a necessary condition for achieving freedom. His diaries can be considered as a compact documentary and fictional work, as a presentation of the principles of literary development and its continuity. Fowles’s diary is a peculiar confession of a young man, his creative pursuits and doubts of self–determination in society and life. In his aesthetic principles Fowles focuses on the classical tradition of literature in the 18th–19th centuries. Continuing the tradition of Rousseau, Fowles creates a model of a man who is characterized by the cult of emotions and nature. For Fowles, the world of art is the world of spirituality. Fowles’s diaries allow us to consider the attitude of the autobiographical protagonist to important phenomena of public life. In his diaries, special attention is paid to the topics of time, memory and nature. The diary of John Fowles describes the process of the person’s psychological formation with a real chronotope, with an analytical, informative and aesthetically rich word.

Rich words in the block reversal of a word

Rich words in the block reversal of a word

Use of Synonymous in The Qur'an (Semantic Analysis Study)

In the use of language, sometimes we find a difference between one speech and another speech with expressions that have one meaning. This phenomenon is also called by linguists with synonyms. Synonyms are two words that have one or more meanings, such as "death" and "died". This research aims to: 1. know the analysis of the word forms that are synonymous in Surah Al-Baqarah, 2. Analyze the meaning of rich words that are synonymous in Surah Al-Baqarah. The type of research used in this research is literature research with a qualitative approach. The primary data used are verses containing synonymous words in surah Al-Baqarah. And this research uses content analysis with the krippendorf data analysis model. The results of this research are: there are three forms of synonymous words which include: 1. synonyms inletter form , 2. synonyms in formname, and synonyms in the formfi'il. Adapum means 1. for synonyms inletter formamong them said "from"can meanli ibtida ghayyah (to begin the purpose), li tab'idh (part),liziyadatil taukid(for amplifier), while the word "on " can meanthat of (Because), min (from) 2. Tosynonyms in formnameamong them the words "the other daywhich is used to mention the end of world life, while the wordDoomsdayused for the mention of after the end of life in the world, and 3. Forsynonyms in formfi'il for example saidcreationwhich is used for the creation from nothing to exist, while the wordmake used from there then made into something new. In this study there is something new in that the division of synonym forms is different from the usual types of synonyms, namely: the synonym form consists of isim, fi'il, and letters while the synonym type consists ofat-taraduf al kamil, syibhut taraduf, at-taqaruf ad-dalali, at-tafawuf (fil 'umum, fil special, fil quwwah, Fil malamih)

Lombard effect in Algerian Dialect Speech: Investigation of boosting and bypass strategies in narrowband noisy environment

The paper presents the first investigation on the Lombard effect (LE) in the Algerian Dialect (AD) speech. It is devoted to the examination of boosting and bypass strategies in narrowband noisy environments (0.49–6.8 kHz). Speakers who adopt the boosting tactic would attempt to improve their audibility in noise by increasing the global intensity (I), the local intensity, and the duration (D) of their speech. The boost of the local intensity consists in amplifying the spectral magnitude of the speech waveform in the frequency region wherein the masking noise is beyond 55 dB. However, speakers who apply the bypass strategy would raise their speech in noise so that their fundamental frequency (F0) and first Formant (F1) will decrease. We built the AD Lombard Speech Corpus (ADLSC) that consists of continuous speech files uttered by eight native speakers in quiet and noisy conditions. The corpus contains phonetically rich words that cover all AD phonemes. To examine these strategies, we assessed the change in I, D, F0 and F1 from quiet to noisy environments. Subsequently, we evaluated the change in the local intensity via the computation of the Power Spectrum Ratio (PSR). Statistical tests were conducted to confirm the significance of the acoustic analysis. We found out that speakers raised their vocal effort in I and D. Furthermore, the measured PSRs confirmed the evidence that LE is frequency-specific in humans. Similarly, we noticed that speakers increased their F0 and F1 in noisy conditions. The results we obtained confirmed the boosting strategy but denied the bypass tactic. We compared our findings with the results reported in the state-of-the-art studies. The comparison revealed that LE in narrowband does not exhibit the same acoustic variations in AD and English.

Palindromic factorization of rich words

A finite word $w$ is called \emph{rich} if it contains $\vert w\vert+1$ distinct palindromic factors including the empty word. For every finite rich word $w$ there are distinct nonempty palindromes $w_1, w_2,\dots,w_p$ such that $w=w_pw_{p-1}\cdots w_1$ and $w_i$ is the longest palindromic suffix of $w_pw_{p-1}\cdots w_i$, where $1\leq i\leq p$. This palindromic factorization is called \emph{UPS-factorization}. Let $luf(w)=p$ be \emph{the length of UPS-factorization} of $w$. In 2017, it was proved that there is a constant $c$ such that if $w$ is a finite rich word and $n=\vert w\vert$ then $luf(w)\leq c\frac{n}{\ln{n}}$. We improve this result as follows: There are constants $\mu, \pi$ such that if $w$ is a finite rich word and $n=\vert w\vert$ then \[luf(w)\leq \mu\frac{n}{e^{\pi\sqrt{\ln{n}}}}\mbox{.}\] The constants $c,\mu,\pi$ depend on the size of the alphabet.

A concept for weighting sentiment phrase using deterministic solution of algebraic equations

Many text mining methods have used statistical information as text and language-independent procedures that are not deterministic. On the other hand, grammatical structure-based methods are limited to use in a certain language and text. We aim to suggest an algorithmic algebraic equation in a deterministic and nonprobabilistic way while maintaining the advantage of language independence. We propose a mathematical approach that transforms text and labels into a set of dumb equations. By solving the equations, each word is assigned a weight that can reflect the semantic information of that word, then we use the proposed algorithm to build a novel sentiment dictionary. We propose a purely mathematical approach to remove less informative tokens preprocessing steps and to pay attention to specific semantically rich words and contents. This is done by applying automatic weight allocation capability to understand each word?s meaning in the user?s notes in various texts. Solving a set of dumb equations is one of the strengths of the proposed algorithm. Finally, we evaluated the proposed algorithm in a sentiment analysis (SA) case study, and the Taboada database and its capability and efficiency in weight allocation and creation of automated dictionaries have been demonstrated. The numerical results show up to 15% of improvement in all parts of the database compared to existing methods.

On Morphisms Preserving Palindromic Richness

It is known that each word of length n contains at most n + 1 distinct palindromes. A finite rich word is a word with maximal number of palindromic factors. The definition of palindromic richness can be naturally extended to infinite words. Sturmian words and Rote complementary symmetric sequences form two classes of binary rich words, while episturmian words and words coding symmetric d-interval exchange transformations give us other examples on larger alphabets. In this paper we look for morphisms of the free monoid, which allow us to construct new rich words from already known rich words. We focus on morphisms in Class Pret. This class contains morphisms injective on the alphabet and satisfying a particular palindromicity property: for every morphism ϕ in the class there exists a palindrome w such that ϕ(a)w is a first complete return word to w for each letter a. We characterize Pret morphisms which preserve richness over a binary alphabet. We also study marked Pret morphisms acting on alphabets with more letters. In particular we show that every Arnoux-Rauzy morphism is conjugated to a morphism in Class Pret and that it preserves richness.

Comparison of Word and Character Level Information for Medical Term Identification Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Transformers.

Complexity and domain-specificity make medical text hard to understand for patients and their next of kin. To simplify such text, this paper explored how word and character level information can be leveraged to identify medical terms when training data is limited. We created a dataset of medical and general terms using the Human Disease Ontology from BioPortal and Wikipedia pages. Our results from 10-fold cross validation indicated that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and transformers perform competitively. The best F score of 93.9% was achieved by a CNN trained on both word and character level embeddings. Statistical significance tests demonstrated that general word embeddings provide rich word representations for medical term identification. Consequently, focusing on words is favorable for medical term identification if using deep learning architectures.

A unique extension of rich words

A word w is called rich if it contains |w|+1 palindromic factors, including the empty word. We say that a rich word w can be extended in at least two ways if there are two distinct letters x,y such that wx,wy are rich.Let R denote the set of all rich words. Given w∈R, let K(w) denote the set of all words u such that wu∈R and wu can be extended in at least two ways. Let ω(w)=min⁡{|u||u∈K(w)} and let ϕ(n)=max⁡{ω(w)|w∈R and |w|=n}, where n>0. Vesti (2014) showed that ϕ(n)≤2n. In other words, it says that for each w∈R there is a word u with |u|≤2|w| such that wu∈R and wu can be extended in at least two ways.We prove that ϕ(n)≤n and that limsupn→∞ϕ(n)n≥29. The results hold for each finite alphabet having at least two letters.

Kebijakan Ekonomi Khalifah Umar Ibn Khatab

Economics is an activity that can be said to be the same as human existence on this earth, so that then economic motives arise, namely a person's desire to fulfill his life needs. Economic principles are steps taken to meet needs with certain sacrifices to obtain maximum results. During the reign of Caliph Umar, the issue of zakat was not an issue. Even because there are many people who pay zakat, they can form councils, including military councils, social security for providing wages to employees. In this paper contains three problems. How was the economic condition of the people during the leadership of Caliph Umar, what were the forms of economic policy of Caliph Umar, and how was the influence of Umar's economic policies?. This research uses library research method (library research). The data sources used by the author are mainly primary and secondary sources. Then the author will analyze the data using a descriptive method, which is to determine the interpretation of the data collected in the form of rich words, not numbers. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the economic life of the Islamic community during the reign of Caliph Umar was the majority of economic activities with trade, agriculture, and industry. The policies of Caliph 'Umar bin al-Khathtab in the economic field include: the establishment of baitul mal, land ownership, Zakat, usyur, currency, sodaqah for non-Muslims, classification and allocation of state income. and The influence of 'Umar's economic policy cannot be separated from several factors: 'Umar's concern about economic issues, using deliberation in making every policy that is set, prioritizing the benefit of the people, and 'Umar is a responsible and ascetic person.

Ostrowski-automatic sequences: Theory and applications

We extend the notion of k-automatic sequences to Ostrowski-automatic sequences, and develop a procedure to computationally decide certain combinatorial and enumeration questions about such sequences that can be expressed as predicates in first-order logic. Our primary contribution is the design and implementation of an adder recognizing addition in a generalized Ostrowski numeration system. We also provide applications of our work to several topics in combinatorics on words, including repetitions and pattern avoidance. We partially resolve a previous conjecture about balanced words by Rampersad et al., and make the first progress on an open problem on rich words by Vesti. We also prove some known results about Lucas words using only machine computation.

Upper bound for palindromic and factor complexity of rich words

A finite word w of length n contains at most n + 1 distinct palindromic factors. If the bound n + 1 is attained, the word w is called rich. An infinite word w is called rich if every finite factor of w is rich. Let w be a word (finite or infinite) over an alphabet with q > 1 letters, let Facw(n) be the set of factors of length n of the word w, and let Palw(n) ⊆ Facw(n) be the set of palindromic factors of length n of the word w. We present several upper bounds for |Facw(n)| and |Palw(n)|, where w is a rich word. Let δ = [see formula in PDF]. In particular we show that |Facw(n)| ≤ (4q2n)δ ln 2n+2. In 2007, Baláži, Masáková, and Pelantová showed that |Palw(n)|+|Palw(n+1)| ≤ |Facw(n+1)|-|Facw(n)|+2, where w is an infinite word whose set of factors is closed under reversal. We prove this inequality for every finite word v with |v| ≥ n + 1 and v(n + 1) closed under reversal.

A study of socio-cultural elements in common proverbs in Khorasan Razavi with emphasis on Kashmar city

One of the manifestations of culture and civilization and even literature of any country is the proverbs, rulings and short and rich words that arise from the greats of science and literature or from the common people and in our vast and ancient language there are thousands of proverbs and words Which has taste, thought and kindness and good interpretation in saying the meaning. The people of a society, when they find their experiences and reserves and those of the past as accepted and certain facts, express them in short sentences, in the form of poetry or prose, so that when they use them, the audience Immerse yourself in deep thought and leave a lasting impression on him. In fact, proverbs are the essence of a nation's collective wisdom that has been polished over time and passed down to us heart to heart. In our country, due to its ancient history, there are many proverbs. Although in different Iranian ethnic groups these proverbs have differences in language and dialect, but many of them are common in terms of meaning or concept. This article tries to examine the socio-cultural elements of the proverbs common in Kashmar city, its roots, dialect and their uses.

Word formation as a source of synonymy in the Crimean Tatar language

The subject of this research is the problem of word formation in the Crimean Tatar language. The object of this research is the synonyms in the Crimean Tatar language. Synonyms contribute to clarity of expression of one or another meaning, enrich the literary language and enhance its expressiveness. The goal of this work consists in examination of word formation capabilities in the Crimean Tatar language as a source of synonymy. An important question for understanding the nature of synonymy in lexical-semantic composition of the modern Crimean Tatar language is the questions on the factors of the emergence of synonyms. In the Crimean Tatar linguistics, this question requires a detailed examination. The novelty of this research lies in the analysis of word formation as a source of synonymy. A conclusion is formulated that the lexicon of Crimean Tatar language is being enrich mostly due to the word formation. The rich word formation capabilities of the language allow creating a wide variety of derivatives based on the existing patterns. The skill of using the word formation capabilities of the language significantly enriches the speech, allows to create lexical and semantic neologisms, expands synonymy of the language. Word formation is one of the source of synonymy.

Comparing the Effects of Listening Input and Reading Input on EFL Learners’ Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition

AbstractThis study examined the effects of either listening or reading input on 88 first-year non-English-major Chinese university EFL students’ incidental acquisition in vocabulary form, meaning and production. The students were put into a Listening Group (n = 47) and a Reading Group (n = 41), each of which finished either two listening activities (each consisting of a dialogic text and an information transfer task) or two reading activities (each consisting of a reading text and five multiple-choice questions). The four texts all contained five low-frequency target words which a revised Vocabulary Knowledge Test had shown to be only slightly known by the participants before the activities. The results of the post-tests showed that the Reading Group had general acquisition advantage over the Listening Group in terms of all the three vocabulary aspects, and due to the fact of rich target word contexts and repeated access to the texts, the Listening Group manifested vocabulary meaning acquisition nearly equal to the Reading Group. Overall, the study shows the notably advantageous effects of reading input on incidental vocabulary acquisition, and concerning facilitating vocabulary acquisition through listening, it points out the importance of increasing opportunities for learners to process listening input with rich contextual clues through task repetition.

On k-abelian palindromes

A word is called a palindrome if it is equal to its reversal. In the paper we consider a k-abelian modification of this notion. Two words are called k-abelian equivalent if they contain the same number of occurrences of each factor of length at most k. We say that a word is a k-abelian palindrome if it is k-abelian equivalent to its reversal. A question we deal with is the following: how many distinct palindromes can a word contain? It is well known that a word of length n can contain at most n+1 distinct palindromes as its factors; such words are called rich. On the other hand, there exist infinite words containing only finitely many distinct palindromes as their factors; such words are called poor. We show that in the k-abelian case there exist infinite words containing finitely many distinct k-abelian palindromic factors. For rich words we show that there exist finite words of length n containing Θ(n2) distinct k-abelian palindromes as their factors.

Re-examining English and/in the Geography of (World) Literature

Re-examining English and/in the Geography of (World) Literature

Can I Get an “Amen”? Affirming the Contemporary Ghanaian Usage of Amen

"Altogether then, the claim that amen as used in the instances we have discussed is inappropriate is found to lack firm biblical or etymological foundation. Neither does the suggestion that if it is a vestige of African worship culture then that provides a reasonable ground for thus condemning it. While it is recognized that amen is often babbled from mental laxity, it is suggested that the problem lies not in amen, as a word, but in the person, as a worshipper. Amen is a rich word, capable of communicating a spectrum of positive human intellectual and emotional responses to worship; a spectrum that fits squarely within the umbrella of acceptance 2018, vol. 14 no. 2 and assent. G. B. Funderburk (1976:127) is correct is assessing that amen is “far more meaningful than a stop or signing-off word by which a prayer, song or declaration is terminated. It carries the weight of approval, confirmation, and support for what is said or sung.” Therefore, amen does not need to be curtailed to a few formal, highly rehearsed schemes of worship. It should be embraced as the bona fide, effective, biblical expression of assent it can be in contemporary Christian worship."