Rich List Research Articles

Carbon stocks and cocoa yields in agroforestry systems of Central America

The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is cultivated typically in agroforestry systems in close association with a rich list of tree species and other useful plants on the same plot. Cocoa based agroforestry systems are credited for stocking significant amounts of carbon and hence have the potential to mitigate climate change. Since cocoa yields decrease non-linearly with increasing shade, a need is to design optimal cocoa agroforestry systems with high yields and high carbon stocks. We estimated the carbon stocked in a network of 229 permanent sample plots in cacao-based agroforestry systems and natural forests in five Central American countries. Carbon stocks were fractioned by both system compartments (aboveground, roots, soil, litter, dead wood – fine and coarse, and total) and tree use/form (cocoa, timber, fruit, bananas, shade and ornamentals, and palms). Cocoa plantations were assigned to a five-class typology and tested for independence with growing region using contingency analysis. Most Central American cocoa plantations had mixed or productive shade canopies. Only 4% of cocoa plantations were full sun or rustic (cocoa under thinned natural forest). Cocoa tree density was low (548±192treesha−1). Total carbon (soil+biomass+dead biomass) was 117±47Mgha−1, with 51Mgha−1 in the soil and 49Mgha−1 (42% of total carbon) in aboveground biomass (cocoa and canopy trees). Cocoa trees accumulated 9MgCha−1 (18% of carbon in aboveground biomass). Timber and fruit trees stored 65% of aboveground carbon. The annual rate of accumulation of carbon in aboveground biomass ranged between 1.3 and 2.6MgCha−1y−1. Trade-offs between carbon levels and yields were explored qualitatively using functional relationships documented in the scientific and technical literature, and expert knowledge. We argue that it is possible to design cocoa-based AFS with good yields (cocoa and shade canopy) and high carbon stock levels. The botanical composition of the shade canopy provides a large set of morphological and functional traits that can be used to optimize shade canopy design. Our results offer Central American cocoa producers a rigorous estimate of carbon stocks in their cocoa plantations. This knowledge may help them to certify and sell their cocoa, timber, fruits and other goods to niche markets with good prices. Our results will also assist governments and the private sector in (i) designing better legal, institutional and policy frameworks, local and national, promoting an agriculture with trees and (ii) contributing to the development of the national monitoring, reporting and verification systems required by the international community to access funding and payment for ecosystem services.

Do Wealth Distributions Follow Power Laws? Evidence from 'Rich Lists'

We use data on wealth of the richest persons taken from the rich lists provided by business magazines like Forbes to verify if upper tails of wealth distributions follow, as often claimed, a power-law behaviour. The data sets used cover the world's richest persons over 1996-2012, the richest Americans over 1988-2012, the richest Chinese over 2006-2012 and the richest Russians over 2004-2011. Using a recently introduced comprehensive empirical methodology for detecting power laws, which allows for testing goodness of fit as well as for comparing the power-law model with rival distributions, we find that a power-law model is consistent with data only in 35% of the analysed data sets. Moreover, even if wealth data are consistent with the power-law model, usually they are also consistent with some rivals like the log-normal or stretched exponential distributions.

Armed Resistance: Cultural Representations of the Anti-Francoist Guerrilla. Hispanic Issues Edited by Antonio Gómez López-Quiñones and Carmen Moreno-Nuño (review)

Reviewed by: Armed Resistance: Cultural Representations of the Anti-Francoist Guerrilla. Hispanic IssuesEdited by Antonio Gómez López-Quiñones and Carmen Moreno-Nuño David K. Herzberger Armed Resistance: Cultural Representations of the Anti-Francoist Guerrilla. Hispanic Issues. Volume 10, Fall2012 Edited by Antonio Gómez López-Quiñones and Carmen Moreno-Nuño. Generally speaking, the more that we scrutinize the past the bulkier it tends to become. This is especially the case when we widen access to history beyond the institutional renderings of historians, whose disciplinary training often advises them to protect the past from unorthodox intrusions. Keith Windschuttle’s The Killing of History(1996) sums up this thinking with urgent passion and not a small amount of defensiveness. However, when previously unheard voices are able to enter the debate, when unknown facts emerge and perspectives change, the past can be expanded, shaped, and reinvigorated with new and diverse meanings. In other words, opening up the past allows it to be useful in ways not yet perceived. In Spain over the past three decades or so, this is precisely what has happened with the Spanish Civil War—historians, novelists, memoirists, and numerous community and professional associations formed to recover historical memory have flourished. As a result, historical terrain has been covered more broadly and more deeply than perhaps could have been imagined when Francisco Franco died in 1975. But as often occurs when knowledge about the past grows and accumulates in a general way, smaller and discrete areas outside the mainstream often lag behind. Such has been the case with the study of the maquis in postwar Spain, about whom, as Carmen Moreno-Nuño points out in her introduction to Armed Resistance: Cultural Representations of the Anti-Francoist Guerrilla, there has yet to be devoted a book-length study focusing on representations of the guerrilla in both Francoist and democratic Spain. The essays gathered together by Moreno-Nuño and Antonio Gómez López-Quiñones in their jointly edited volume of Hispanic Issuesbegin to fill this lacuna in felicitous and intelligent fashion. It is not that the figure of the maquis has been completely ignored in various forms of cultural production since the Civil War (one need only examine the record from Hemingway to Guillermo del Toro to come up with a lengthy and rich list of works) but, as Moreno-Nuño rightfully observes, the representation of the maquis has undergone significant transformations “in response to hegemonic sociopolitical models”(6) over the past seventy years. Indeed, the maquis has been ascribed a range of identities in response to an assemblage of perceived needs by one group or another in both Francoist and democratic Spain. The essays included in Armed Resistanceexplore a broad spectrum of these identities from multi-disciplinary approaches that focus on historiography, film, literature, and oral tradition. Violence and armed resistance are always vexed by political, moral, and legal issues, and many of the essays address these problems at least implicitly, though they do not make them the principal focus of their analyses. What does stand out in the collection as a whole is the awareness of how stories and their tellers inevitably serve changing purposes over time. For example, in “Deep Space, Mobilized Time: The Anti-Francoist Guerrilla—Politics and Aesthetics of Armed Resistance (1938–1997),” Ulrich Winter examines political and aesthetic symbiosis as a temporal exigency. As he puts it, it is “clear how the paradigm of armed resistance as asymmetric warfare changed between war time, post-war time, and democracy” (6). He thus sees a kind of chronotopic transformation in stories about the maquis that reveals the need to continue the myths of anti-Francoism in order to make the past continually usable. [End Page 276] Several of the essays draw upon the centrality (and contingencies) of memory in the representation of armed resistance to Francoism: for example, “The Black Sun of Anarchy: From Historical Memory to Sinister Imagination (A Meditation on the Film El Honor de las Injuriasby Carlos García-Alix),” by Santiago Morales-Rivera; “The Magic Mountains: Narratives of Historical Memory, Folk Literature, and Communities of Memory in...

Estimating Gini Coefficient Based on Hurun Report and Poverty Line

Based on the review of various methods of estimating Gini coefficient, the paper applies a quintile rule to estimate Gini coefficient of rural areas, urban areas and the whole country using the grouped income data of urban and rural residents. Besides, the paper uses the curve-fitting method to roughly estimate Gini coefficient from eye-catching Hurun Rich List and the latest poverty line. The result shows that the estimation of Gini coefficient using quintile rule is small for both urban and rural area, while the value of the whole country is obviously larger, which is above the warning line of 0.4. It is indicated that the wealth gap mainly comes from the gap between urban and rural areas. On the other hand, the estimation of Gini coefficient using curve-fitting method is as large as more than 0.7, which implies that the wealth gap is highlighted from the analysis of the lowest and highest part of the wealth distribution. All in all, China’s current gap between the poor and the rich is serious. The reform of the income distribution needs to speed up to ensure social harmony and stability.

The Price of Being a Billionaire in China: Evidence Based on Hurun Rich List

This paper studies how culture affects economic behavior. We explore the reactions of investors, governments and entrepreneurs to the publication of the Hurun Rich List to study the impact of egalitarianism within Chinese Confucian culture. We find that when the Rich List is announced, investors react negatively to the companies controlled by the listed entrepreneurs and their market values drop significantly in the following three years and the government is reluctant to assist listed entrepreneurs and their companies, and even monitors them more closely. Furthermore, listed entrepreneurs are far more likely to be investigated, arrested and charged than other entrepreneurs. In addition, they tend to conceal profits through negative earnings management to avoid public attention. Finally, we observe that the foregoing negative reactions are more pronounced for firms involved in rent-seeking industries and with lower charitable donations.

SUPERSYMMETRY PHENOMENOLOGY BEYOND THE MSSM AFTER 5/fb OF LHC DATA

We briefly review the status of motivated beyond-the-MSSM phenomenology in the light of the LHC searches to date. In particular, we discuss the conceptual consequences of the exclusion bounds, of the hint for a Higgs boson at about 125 GeV, and of interpreting the excess of direct CP violation in the charm sector as a signal of New Physics. We try to go into the various topics in a compact way while providing a relatively rich list of references, with particular attention to the most recent developments.

New Capitols of Capital

New Capitols of Capital

Nomadic Criticism

Nomadic Criticism Margaret R. Higonnet (bio) Mondialisation et littérature de jeunesse, by Jean Perrot. Paris: Editions du Cercle de la Librairie, 2008. Honored by the IRSCL Book Award in 2009, Jean Perrot's Mondialisation et littérature de jeunesse ("Globalization and Youth Literature") extends a well-known French tradition of the literary grand tour. One of the first such tours was Xavier de Maistre's satiric Voyage autour de ma chambre ("A Journey Round My Room" [1794]), in which the chamber serves as an imaginatively resistant reading space: as the author travels through his room, he writes; he rarely follows a straight line. He describes the cost of such peregrinations as low; in fact, he wrote while in prison, and he recommends the benefit of an imagination liberated through texts to rich and poor, old and young—the entire family of men. Half a century later, following a spate of individualist French robinsonnades, G. Bruno (Augustine Fouillée, née Tuillerie) applied the concept of the tour for children to the national horizon. Her Tour de la France par deux enfants ("Tour of France by Two Children" [1877]) mapped a republican space through the travels of two Alsatian boys on the road, who were searching for their family; it became a school classic that sold seven million copies by 1914. Following the French territorial losses in 1871, this adventure story imagined a reconstituted French whole, in which children would become citizens of the future. Now, in Mondialisation, Perrot offers us a richly comparative exploration of a globalized literary marketplace with international publishers, multicultural themes encouraged by educational institutions, and a potential new readership of polyglot and creolized children. Moving beyond a national children's literature, he has progressed to international and transnational literatures that must wrestle with the commodification of children themselves. While big topics such as the expansion of social or cultural horizons and the rights of the child draw Perrot's attention, the book also wanders around the globe gathering and analyzing diverse recent publications from Mongolia, India, Japan, Alaska, and New Zealand. Part of the cultural work Perrot's book performs is to call attention to important translation series within the French marketplace, such as the rich list of Japanese books published by Ecole des loisirs or Seuil; such internationalist publishers bring a [End Page 270] lively array of fiction and picturebooks home for French consumption. At the same time, he singles out recent French books that focus realistically on immigrants or other groups marginalized in France, such as the homeless, as well as those that borrow their aesthetic from cultures of the Third World. Like one of Sendak's jolly Wild Things, Perrot insatiably devours new texts and new media, and encourages us to embrace a similar cannibalism of readerly love. From the start, he emphasizes the problem that the banquet Western children encounter at the bookstore or in the media is a product of a consumer society. Children must therefore learn to transform texts into vehicles of exploration instead of merely fast-food fun to be gobbled by intellectual couch potatoes. They must become smart consumers, "writerly" and actively open readers rather than merely "readerly" decoders with short attention spans, trained by quick responses to games played with only the thumbs, not the whole hand or the brain. Citing Zygmunt Bauman's analysis of modern mobility, accompanied by a dissolution of values and thirst for immediate satisfaction, Perrot brings a particular passion to the discovery of texts that celebrate respect for the individual and that portray traditional cultures such as those of the Pacific Island Kanak or Indian Dalit tribals, whose survival is at risk. While France often has been accused of racism in its failure to integrate the children of immigrants, Perrot here responds by reading with care works about minority cultures not only in France but around the world. Some of the French authors whose pages he opens up for us encourage readers to become interested in homelessness, the diseases such as AIDS endemic in ghettos and orphanages, girls' desire for an education, or the disappearance of the languages of a group's elders. It is no surprise that one of the...

An Overview of Radio Resource Management in Relay-Enhanced OFDMA-Based Networks

Researchers in both academia and industry have accepted OFDMA as the most appropriate air-interface for the emerging broadband wireless access networks and standards. A number of IEEE working groups and various research forums are focusing on developing relay and mesh-enabled networks with cooperative communication features. Among these research efforts are IEEE 802.11s, IEEE 802.16j/m, and 3GPP's advanced long term evolution (LTE-advanced). The combination of OFDMA with relaying techniques provides rich opportunities for cost-effective and high-performance networks. To exploit such opportunities requires intelligent radio resource management (RRM) algorithms. Although a number of publications have highlighted the important and challenging issues involved in designing RRM algorithms for OFDMA networks, only recently a number of papers have investigated relay-enhanced OFDMA-based multicellular networks. By and large, the literature indicates that these issues constitute a hot research topic that will continue to attract interest. This paper provides a survey of the current literature on OFDMA networks enhanced with decode-and-forward relaying and provides their link to earlier literature in non-OFDMA networks. In addition, a rich list of references is provided to direct the readers toward some of the emerging techniques.

A survey of weak connectives and the preservation of their properties by aggregations

The aim of this paper is to choose diverse definitions of generalized logical connectives and to present them in a coherent order, from the weakest to the richest. Such a rich list of notions allows us to consider the problem of admissible aggregations in the presented classes of unary and binary operations. This gives a contribution to the discussion of tolerance analysis in soft computing, decision making, approximate reasoning, and fuzzy control. First, we present a short survey of the development of MV-logic's connectives. Next, we discuss postulates used for generalized logical connectives. Finally, we describe families of weak connectives and indicate the preservation of their properties by some aggregation functions.

Invasion and Transformation: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico

The selection of plates that forms the core of Invasion and Transformation offers the reader a chance to enter a virtual art museum illustrating the conquest of Mexico. The greatest merit of this book lies in the combination of illustrations of seventeenth-century art and artifacts of the Americas from the Jay I. Kislak Collection at the Library of Congress with the contributions of a substantial group of scholars. Given the weight of the illustrative element in this study, the structure of Invasion and Transformation can be analyzed in pictorial terms. Divided into three parts (plus a final coda about the Kislak paintings), the basic argument resembles a triptych. The main participants of the conquest are placed in the foreground. The four articles grouped in part 1 reflect on the historically accepted values attributed to Moteuczoma, Cortés, and Malinche. On one extreme stands Moteuczoma, the fearful and passive Aztec leader who abandoned himself to the eight omens that anticipated what was to come, thus bearing the guilt of Mexica’s defeat. On the other end looms Cortés, the brave hero famous not only for decimating a resistance that outnumbered the Spanish forces but also for being able to combine his dexterity at war with literary skills. Malinche serves as the ambivalent nexus between the two extremes, with emphasis on her active role as mediator in the sixteenth century. As Constance Cortez indicates in her article, Malinche’s role was downgraded to a premeditated passivity in the next century, due to a process of historical revision to accommodate the new reality of Spanish domination in the seventeenth century.In part 2, Matthew Restall’s chapter “Spanish Creation of the Conquest of Mexico” centers on the conquest in mythistorical terms. By “mythistory” Restall means “a vision of the historical past heavily infused with misconceptions and partisan interpretations so deeply rooted as to constitute legends or myths” (p. 94). This mythistorical vision allows him to consider the portrayal of conquistadors as soldiers in a royal army, the perception of native peoples by Spaniards, Cortés as the main driving force of the conquest, and finally the justification of the conquest on religious grounds. The transformation of history acquires a new dimension through the transformation of space. “The Conquest of Mexico and the Representation of Imperial Power in Baroque New Spain” by Michael J. Schreffler follows that train of thought. Some examples of seventeenth-century biombos (folding screens) and enconchados (paintings encrusted with shell) have traditionally been perceived as evidence to extol creole patriotism. This article reverses this traditional reading and demonstrates that these artistic forms could have been used to enhance Spanish imperial power, precisely at a time when the Spanish empire was in decline. Diana Magaloni-Kerpel closes part 2 with a detailed description of the prophetic world of the Mexica people. She focuses on the eight omens preserved in Sahagún’s Book 12 from the Florentine Codex to indicate that omens were not a random expression of the Mexica’s cosmogony. Instead they served a clear, preestablished purpose to create a prophetic history according to the Nahua calendar.The “Effects of Invasion” (part 3) are considered by Martha Few and Ximena Chávez Balderas, mainly in medical terms. These two authors focus their attention on Indian autopsy and epidemic disease during the conquest era.This is an extraordinary book of history accessible to a wide variety of audiences. Its interdisciplinary nature will provide newcomers with a rich list of topics about one of the most decisive events of colonial history. Scholars will find a challenging twist in traditionally accepted arguments about the conquest of Mexico. Most readers will be captivated.

Multi-scale trajectory analysis: powerful conceptual tool for understanding ecological change

The model at the basis of trajectory analysis is conceptually simple. When applied to time series vegetation data, the projectile becomes a surrogate for vegetation state, the trajectory for the evolving vegetation process, and the properties of the trajectory for the true process characteristics. Notwithstanding its simplicity, the model is well-defined under natural circumstances and easily adapted to serial vegetation data, irrespective of source. As a major advantage, compared to other models that isolate the elementary processes and probe vegetation dynamics for informative regularities on the elementary level, the trajectory model allows us to probe for regularities on the level of the highest process integrity. Theories and a data analytical methodology developed around the trajectory model are outlined, including many numerical examples. A rich list of key references and volumes of supplementary information supplied in the Web Only Appendices rounds out the presentation.

Case Studies in Stroke: Common and Uncommon Presentations

Michael G. Hennerici, MD, Michael Daffertshofer, MD, Louis R. Caplan, MD, et al. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2007. ISBN 0-521-67367-4, $72.00. Scope: This is a multiauthored book encompassing 60 common and uncommon cases related to stroke. Each vignette introduces a short history and salient features of the neurologic examination. Most of the cases include CT, MRI, angiography, transcranial Doppler, or cerebral perfusion scanning. The core of the series lies in the discussion sections. Here, the authors provide a historical perspective and evidence. The reference section at the end of each chapter provides a means to explore the sentinel publications in further detail. Strengths: The utility of the book stems from its readability and use as an efficient stroll through the usual and unusual manifestations of cerebrovascular disease. Not only does it benefit the novice student or resident physician, but it also serves as a means to expand the differential diagnosis in an interesting way for the most seasoned stroke neurologist. The advanced imaging studies and rich list of historical and current references broaden the appeal. The viewpoints of Drs. Hennerici and Caplan reveal an impressive expertise. Weaknesses: The neurologic findings in most cases are neglected in favor of intricately described diagnostic studies. Although the random compilation of the cases adds suspense to the page turning, the series lacks organization. As such, its usefulness as a reference guide is probably limited to finding and reviewing one of the chosen pertinent publications cited at the end of each section. Recommended Audience: Medical students or residents working on an inpatient stroke service, neurologists seeking to expound on the differential diagnosis of stroke, and physicians or other clinical providers seeking an enjoyable read on diagnosis and management of stroke will find this book useful. Critical Appraisal: The authors remind their readers that the pathologic manifestations of the brain and its vascular supply are far from ordinary and at times can, in fact, be extraordinary. Andrew M. Southerland, MD Bradford B. Worrall, MD, MSc Department of Neurology University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Assessing Welfare Reform, Over a Decade Later

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Assessing Welfare Reform, Over a Decade Later

Double power laws in income and wealth distributions

Close examination of wealth distributions reveal the existence of two distinct power law regimes. The Pareto exponents of the super-rich, identified, for example in rich lists such as provided by Forbes, are smaller than the Pareto exponents obtained for top earners in income data sets. Our extension of the Slanina model of wealth is able to reproduce these double power law features.

Dynamism and Enterprise

The aim of this paper is to see how Asian female entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom have developed and to increase our understanding of this entrepreneurial minority. The study looks at some of the more successful Asian women who are prominent in the United Kingdom by being featured in the top 200 Asian rich list. Both primary and secondary sources were used to profile these women. Open ended face-to-face interviews were also conducted with Asian women from second/third generations who had some business ownership stake in the more traditional low value added, labour intensive businesses. Questions centred around why they started their business, the support they received, the challenges facing them specifically as Asian women in business both at start up and beyond, their aspirations for the future of the business and their motivations. The findings show that the gap appears to have widened between the more successful Asian business woman and those women who are still opting for low value added, labour intensive firms. The practical implications of this study are that Asian women are an increasingly important part of the SME group and thus increasing the quality of business provision, advice, start up and growth would make this vital sector even more productive. This study will also help sensitise and inform business support agents, banks, advisors both public sector and private. Understanding the needs of this entrepreneurial minority is important for academic, policy makers and support professionals.

Riddling The Da Vinci Code

A major event in publishing world, Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code inspired a stream of books reacting to its subjects and presentation. Readers became caught up in mix of fiction and fact, often confused two, and looked for nonfiction titles to shed light, support ideas, or further debate. Readers also asked for books that read like Brown's novel, and fiction authors scrambled to capture some of his audience, creating a slew of fiction works rifting off of his themes and approach. Terry Beck has gathered a rich list of works that inform Dan Brown's novel. As outgoing chair of ALEX Awards (an award from American Library Association [ALA] and Young Adult Library Services Association [YALSA] honoring best adult books for teen readers), she has a unique view of what captures readers' interest and what sustains reading pleasure. Certainly books included in this column are highly appealing and fascinating, but what makes this column so interesting is Beck's look at how readers approach such a keystone title through public library collections and how they think about such bedrock academic subjects as religion, art, history, and symbology. All types of librarians can find myriad uses for her annotated bibliography, that is, if they don't give into temptation and duck into stacks for some reading of their own!--Editor. Dan Brown's breakout bestseller, The Da Vinci Code, continues to create controversy more than three years after its initial publication. Rarely has a work of fiction ignited such furor over its plot, background, or premise. The book seemed to offend many, garnering criticism from theologians, church groups, fraternal organizations, and scholars. Yet readers were hooked, and it maintained a two-year presence on New York Times Best Seller list for hardcover fiction, sold more than sixty million copies (in both hardback and paperback formats), and changed our collective culture. The novel relates story of Robert Langdon, a Harvard professor called upon to interpret symbols drawn in blood on floor of Louvre--cryptic messages left by a murder victim, Jacques Sauniere, a noted curator of Louvre's collection. Langdon quickly finds himself chasing one of history's greatest mysteries. It's conspiracy theory of time: Holy Grail, which has supposedly been secreted in a place known only to chosen few, members of select secret societies. Throughout centuries, elaborate shields and intricate plots reportedly have been concocted to keep its location hidden. But greatest mystery is defining what Grail actually is--a cup, or something so unbelievable that if it were known, Christian world would be forever changed. With lightning-paced speed and a fabulous mix of history, legend, art, and puzzles, Brown takes readers on a ride millions have found addictively enjoyable and compelling. At first book was treated as a a work of fiction, and no one seemed to look at it as anything but highly entertaining. Janet Maslin of New York Times deemed it a riddle-filled, code-breaking, exhilarating brainy thriller, while Booklist reviewer declared the story is full of brainteasing puzzles and fascinating insights. (1) That nothing more than a thriller perception soon changed however. Brown culled a mix of information from books, monographs, documents, and art to create a work of fiction that many readers took as fact. While he was careful to note all descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents, and secret rituals in this novel are accurate, many readers carried this statement a step further and assumed that theories being discussed by characters were accurate as well. (2) The line that distinguishes fiction and nonfiction just simply wasn't present for these readers, caught up as they were in tantalizing mix of real and pretend that Brown created. Passion, emotion, and fervor erupted from sides, with books, television programs, and Web sites promoting what each group perceived as true. …

Using names to segment customers by cultural, ethnic or religious origin

In advanced European economies, it is typical for some 20 per cent of the residential population to be either immigrants or descendants of recent immigrants. By no means are all of these people occupied in menial jobs. Indeed, a recent analysis of the British ‘Rich List’ suggests that these groups are now disproportionately found among the extremely wealthy. Although this 20 per cent of population are likely to have very distinctive consumer preferences, very few organisations have found effective means of identifying the extent of this population on their customer databases or of reaching them with targeted media or communications. This paper explains how, from detailed analysis of personal and family names, it may be possible to profile and target consumers according to their origins in a much more effective way than by including ethnicity, birthplace or religion on either customer or market research questionnaires.

How Creative are the Super-Rich?

This paper seeks to analyse the contribution of the ‘creative industries’ to the ranks of the super-rich. Rich list 2005-6 data for Australia and several other countries, indicate that while the creative industries represent only a small share of aggregate income (about five per cent) and an even smaller share of the largest national and global companies, they are disproportionately represented as generators of extreme personal wealth (about 10 per cent) and even more-so forthe young rich (approximately one-third). Young fortunes are the stand-out feature of the creative industries from this perspective, and a tangible sign of their economic significance in both an open economy and an open society. The paper seeks to explain, from the evolutionary economic perspective, what this empirical finding might mean for public policy.

Book Review: Psychotherapy: Treating Difficult Couples

Psychotherapy Treating Difficult Couples. Douglas K Snyder, Mark A Whisman, editors. New York: The Guilford Press; 2003. 448 p. US$45.00. Reviewer rating: Good This book provides an ample overview of the field of couple therapy. In a novel, disorderspecific approach, it focuses on important dilemmas couples face and proposes a partnerassisted form of treatment for specific disorders. The book fulfills its purpose quite well; however, the quality of the chapters is uneven. Some of the 37 authors are concise and illuminating; others are somewhat nebulous and impractical. That said, the writers are experts in their field, and their clinical expertise shows. When they include a clinical illustration (at the end of most chapters) the reader can see they practise what they preach. The style is clear, to the point, and easily readable. I could detect only 2 errors: a reference quoted in the text but not listed in the Bibliography (Chapter 3, p 65) and a typographical mistake where the text says intimate rather than intimidate (Chapter 14, p 340)-an important error in the context of the disorder depicted. The layout is not innovative, but within its traditional format, the book is pleasant to read. The chapters are uniformly structured. They start with an overview of the disorder at hand, and then they elaborate on how such a disorder affects couple interaction and how couple distress affects the disorder. Next, they describe methods of couple assessment and diagnosis and include a treatment section (covering theory and technique). They end with a case illustration, a brief conclusions coda, and a rich list of references. The chapters focus on how couples are affected by anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, alcohol and other substance abuse, sexual dysfunction, physical aggression, borderline personality disorders (BPDs), paranoia, narcissistic dis- order, posttraumatic stress (PTSD), childhood sexual trauma, physical illness, aging and cognitive impairment, and bereavement and complicated grief. As noted above, each chapter also elaborates on how couple dysfunction and dissatisfaction can affect the evolution of the disorders listed. The authors summarize the methods they find useful to treat these conditions, and the bibliographies invite readers to deepen their knowledge of the problem discussed. Three chapters stand out as good theoretical and clinical rerviews: the chapter on sexual dysfunction, by Lisa G Regev, William O'Donohue, and Claudia Avina; the chapter on paranoia, by Kenneth G Terkelsen; and the chapter on bereavement and complicated grief, by Robert E Willis. …