Rich Liquid Research Articles

Extraction of medium chain fatty acids from organic municipal waste and subsequent production of bio-based fuels

This paper provides an overview on investigations for a new technology to generate bio-based fuel additives from bio-waste. The investigations are taking place at the composting plant in Darmstadt–Kranichstein (Germany). The aim is to explore the potential of bio-waste as feedstock in producing different bio-based products (or bio-based fuels). For this investigation, a facultative anaerobic process is to be integrated into the normal aerobic waste treatment process for composting. The bio-waste is to be treated in four steps to produce biofuels. The first step is the facultative anaerobic treatment of the waste in a rotting box namely percolate to generate a fatty-acid rich liquid fraction. The Hydrolysis takes place in the rotting box during the waste treatment. The organic compounds are then dissolved and transferred into the waste liquid phase. Browne et al. (2013) describes the hydrolysis as an enzymatically degradation of high solid substrates to soluble products which are further degraded to volatile fatty acids (VFA). This is confirmed by analytical tests done on the liquid fraction. After the percolation, volatile and medium chain fatty acids are found in the liquid phase. Concentrations of fatty acids between 8.0 and 31.5 were detected depending on the nature of the input material. In the second step, a fermentation process will be initiated to produce additional fatty acids. Existing microorganism mass is activated to degrade the organic components that are still remaining in the percolate. After fermentation the quantity of fatty acids in four investigated reactors increased 3–5 times. While fermentation mainly non-polar fatty acids (pentanoic to octanoic acid) are build. Next to the fermentation process, a chain-elongation step is arranged by adding ethanol to the fatty acid rich percolate. While these investigations a chain-elongation of mainly fatty acids with pair numbers of carbon atoms (acetate, butanoic and hexanoic acid) are demonstrated. After these three pre-treatments, the percolate is brought to a refinery to extract the non-polar fatty acids using bio-diesel, which was generated from used kitchen oil at the refinery. The extraction tests in the lab have proved that the efficiency of the liquid–liquid-extraction is directly linked with the chain length and polarity of the fatty acids. By using a non-polar bio-diesel mainly the non-polar fatty acids, like pentanoic to octanoic acid, are extracted. After extraction, the bio-diesel enriched with the fatty acids is esterified. As a result bio-diesel with a lower viscosity than usual is produced. The fatty acids remaining in the percolate after the extraction can be used in another fermentation process to generate biogas.

Optimal design of sintered Ce9Nd21FebalB1 magnets with a low-melting-point (Ce,Nd)-rich phase

A systemic investigation was done on the chemistry and crystal structure of boundary phases in sintered Ce9Nd21FebalB1 (wt%) magnets. Ce2Fe14B is believed to be more soluble in the rare-earth (RE)-rich liquid phase during the sintering process. Thus, the grain size and oxygen content were controlled via low-temperature sintering, resulting in high coercivity and maximum energy products. In addition, Ce formed massive agglomerations at the triple-point junctions, as confirmed by elemental mapping results. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated the presence of (Ce,Nd)O x phases at grain boundaries. By controlling the composition and optimizing the preparation process, we successfully obtained Ce9Nd21FebalB1 sintered magnets; the prepared magnets exhibited a residual induction, coercivity, and energy product of 1.353 T, 759 kA/m, and 342 kJ/m3, respectively.

Effect of Cr2O3 on the property and microstructure of ZnO–Bi2O3 varistor ceramics in different sintering temperature

The electrical property, phase transformation, and microstructure of Cr2O3 doped ZnO–Bi2O3–Sb2O3–Co2O3–MnO2 (ZBSCM)-based varistors were investigated for different sintering temperature. The structure and morphological modifications were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Doping Cr2O3 could lower the decomposition temperature of the pyrochlore phase Zn2Bi3Sb3O14, resulting in more Bi2O3 rich liquid phase and spinel phase Zn7Sb2O2. The results indicated that Cr2O3 played multiple roles in the grain growth and microstructure. Cr2O3 which acted as an indirect sintering aid to promote the grain growth was an effective additive which contributed to lower sintering temperature of ZnO varistors.

LCD waste glass as a substitute for feldspar in the porcelain sanitary ware production

LCD glasses belong to the alkali-free alumino-borosilicate system and thus exhibit different properties from the traditional soda lime silicate glasses. In the present work, the replacement of feldspar by the waste glasses produced from LCD manufacturers was performed for porcelain sanitary ware. As the amount of LCD waste glasses increases, the sintered body showed a dense microstructure due to the rich liquid phase. Even under full replacement of feldspar, there was no pyroplastic deformation, except the exudation of liquid to the surface. The microstructure and mullite content were discussed in terms of the apparent viscosity and LCD glass composition, respectively. It is expected that LCD waste glasses enable the sanitary ware industry to save both raw material and energy simultaneously.

Chemical characterisation and microbiological quality of naturally fermenting soy milk

Soymilk is the rich creamy liquid extract of soybean and is the most available soy products. Changes that occur during natural fermentation of soymilk to soy-nono were evaluated. Clean soybean seeds were soaked, blanched and blended in order to obtain soymilk. The soymilk was filtered and allowed to undergo natural fermentation in order to obtain soy-nono. Soy-nono samples were taken at 6 h intervals from 0-72 h and analysed for their pH, titrable acidity and proximate composition. Also, the microbiological quality of the fermenting soymilk was carried out by enumerating the microbial population (total aerobic count, Lactobacillus spp., yeast and mould) and the isolated microorganism were characterised and identified. The pH of the fermenting soymilk decreased from 6.90 to 4.09 while the total titrable acidity increased from 0.42 to 1.82% (lactic acid equivalent) during the fermentation period. The crude fat and carbohydrate content decreased from 2.18 to 0.87% and 1.52 to 0.60%, respectively while total ...

Separation of FeO and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> from Steelmaking Slag Utilizing Capillary Action

The recoverability of FeO and P resources from steelmaking slag was investigated using a novel mechanical approach involving capillary action. After determining the phase relationship of the CaO–FeO–SiO2–P2O5 system with the coexisting 2CaO·SiO2 and MgO phases, it was found that P2O5 was concentrated in the 2CaO·SiO2 phase and was also distributed in the liquid phase. Due to the density difference of the FeO rich liquid phase and P2O5 containing 2CaO·SiO2 phase, the P2O5 concentration in the upper part of the sample was 2.2–3.6 times higher than that of the lower part. Also, the FeO concentration in the upper part of the sample was nearly half of that in the lower part. To improve the efficiency of the separation of the solid 2CaO·SiO2 phase and FeO rich liquid phase in steelmaking, capillary action was used to facilitate penetration into sintered CaO. Once the liquid phase had penetrated the CaO sinter, it was found that that the solid 2CaO·SiO2 phase and FeO rich phase could be effectively separated. When a sintered CaO sphere was added to a mixture of the solid 2CaO·SiO2 phase and FeO rich liquid phase, it was possible to recover 87% of the P2O5 and 90% of the FeO from steelmaking slag. The recovered CaO sinter, which includes a FeO rich liquid phase, may be used as Fe source or a dephosphorization agent, and the 2CaO·SiO2 phase, which includes P2O5, may be used as P source.

Ethanol and lignin production from Brazilian empty fruit bunch biomass

Brazil Government is promoting palm plantations to use degraded land for biofuels. Palm production is expected to increase 35 per cent in future and there would be profuse biomass available that needs to be handled efficiently. Therefore, in this study the potential of EFB from Brazil as raw material for biorefinery was explored by compositional analysis and pretreatment conditions optimization to produce ethanol and co-products. EFB from Brazil contains significant cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and low ash content. The optimized dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment conditions for efficient cellulose and hemicellulose separation were 160°C temperature, 1.025% v/v acid concentration, 10.5min and 20% solid loading. Under optimum pretreatment process conditions, low enzyme loading (10FPU, 20IU cellulase and glucosidase enzyme/g glucan) and 15% solid loading, 51.1g ethanol, 344.1g solid residue (65% lignin and 24.87MJ/kg LHV) and 3.7l xylose rich liquid could be produced per kg dry EFB.

The influence of iron powder size on pore formation, densification and homogenization during blended elemental sintering of Ti–2.5Fe

In this study it was determined that the addition of Fe to a Ti powder mixture results in pore formation either through the slow, solid state diffusion of Fe below the eutectic point (1085°C), or as a result of Fe rich liquid formation above 1085°C. The size of the pores scales proportionally with the size of the Fe particles used. Subsequent densification at 1200°C increased with a decrease in Fe particle size. The rate of Fe in-situ alloying and microstructural homogenization during sintering was determined using a newly developed differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) method. The rate of homogenization increased with a decrease in Fe particle size. The use of sub 10μm Fe powder resulted in improved densification compared to pure Ti and leads to complete homogenization during heating to 1200°C.

Silicon Diffusion Engineering in Rapid Melt Growth of Silicon-Germanium on Insulator

Ge or GeSi-on-insulator (SGOI) is a desirable system with applications in electronic and photonic devices such as photodetectors, mid-infrared waveguides and high mobility Ge complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS). A number of methods have been proposed to produce blanket SGOI films on Si wafers, including layer transfer [1, 2] and Ge condensation [2, 3]. A complementary technique to fabricate localized SGOI regions on a Si wafer is rapid melt growth (RMG) in micro-crucibles [4].In order to realize RMG a thin insulating layer is deposited onto a silicon wafer and patterned to expose seed areas. A blanket Ge layer is then deposited using a non-selective technique such as chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and patterned into strips protruding from the exposed Si seeds. These strips are then encapsulated with an insulating layer in order to form micro-crucibles which contain the Ge during the RMG. The wafers are heated using a rapid thermal annealer (RTA) at approximately 80 °C/s to a temperature above the melting point of Ge, in order to initiate the RMG process, and cooled naturally. All dislocation defects formed as a result of the lattice mismatch between Si and Ge are contained in the seed area due to defect necking, resulting in localized single crystal SiGe-on-insulator formation. Control of the Si concentration in the SiGe strips is extremely challenging. As the samples are heated Si diffuses from the seed into the Ge strips forming SiGe alloys with a solidification temperature dependent on the Si concentration. Therefore at any given temperature, once the Si concentration reaches a certain concentration recrystallization commences in the seed area and propagates along the SiGe strips during cooling. However, since there is a large separation between the solidus and liquidus phase of a SiGe alloy [5], and the Si diffusivity is high in the liquidus phase, at the regrowth front a Si rich solid phase and a Ge rich liquid phase is apparent. This leads to a lateral gradation of the Si concentration along the strips with approximately 100% Ge at the end of the strips.Here we present a method of engineering the SiGe interdiffusion using tailored structures in order to modify the RMG kinetics resulting in a more consistent Si concentration along a SiGe strip. The approximate Si concentration in the SiGe strips has been characterised using 532 nm Raman Spectroscopy by taking the ratio of the SiGe peak (seen at approximately 380-400 cm-1) and the GeGe peak (seen at approximately 300 cm-1), as shown in Figure 2.This improved control of the Si concentration in single crystal SGOI could lead to a new breed of photonic and electronic devices on insulator.

On correlating water solubility in ill-defined hydrocarbons

Saturated water solubility values in hydrocarbon liquids span more than four orders of magnitude and are characterized by high relative error. Development of reliable correlations is particularly challenging for ill-defined and asymmetric hydrocarbon mixtures where fluid characterization and pseudo binary phase behavior type are uncertain. In this work, predictive correlations targeting this application, below the critical temperature of water, are explored and two promising models are compared with computation methods available in the literature. The model inputs include easily measurable properties (hydrogen mass fraction, fluid density at ambient conditions) as well as KWatson, mean molar mass and the average boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture. These latter three inputs are complex and frequently difficult to define parameters encountered in refinery characterization of ill-defined organic mixtures. Models comprising one or two input variables were fit using a training data set comprising pure hydrocarbons and Athabasca bitumen. The average deviation of the models from these reference experimental data was found to be comparable to the uncertainty of the reference data in most cases. However most of the models exhibited high deviation and bias relative to the test data set comprising ill-defined hydrocarbon mixtures. Two models are shown to be robust numerically, insensitive to the uncertainty of input variables, and applicable irrespective of the pseudo binary phase behavior type with water (Type II, Type IIIa, or Type IIIb) up to their upper critical end point (UCEP). At temperatures above the UCEP, a hydrocarbon rich liquid phase only arises for Type IIIb pseudo binary mixtures. In this region, above 647K, correlation extrapolation options beyond the range of experimental data are discussed, and only fluid-specific Henry-like constant models are proposed.

Path analysis on CO2 resource utilization based on carbon capture using ammonia method in coal-fired power Plants

Abstract With the deepening of carbon capture research using ammonia solution, CO 2 disposal problem after carbon capture has become an important limiting factor affecting the industrial applications of carbon capture technology. It can be seen that CO 2 not only controls as a greenhouse gas, but also it is a valuable carbon resource at the same time, CO 2 resource recycling has a very good market prospects in near future. Two viable paths for CO 2 resource utilization based on carbon capture using ammonia solution are divided in the paper. One path is regenerative resource utilization, i.e., rich liquid regenerates after the decarbonization reaction; the desorbed CO 2 is sequestrated under geological layer or reused in other fields. Another path is transformed resource utilization; flue gas decarbonization combines with chemical production, and the ingredients produced from the reaction of ammonia with CO 2 are transformed, carbon is fixed into nitrogen fertilizer or other chemical products, such as soda. The existing problems and the economic performance of CO 2 resource utilization in power plants were reviewed in the paper. CO 2 resource utilization based on carbon capture using ammonia solution is beneficial to the carbon emission reduction in coal-fired power plants; especially transformed resource utilization has economic advantage and good application prospects.

Investigation of selective arabinose release from corn fibre by acid hydrolysis under mild conditions

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe high cost of pure arabinose has resulted in a growing demand to develop new cost‐effective methods of arabinose production from lignocellulosic and pectin‐rich materials. Corn fibre is an inexpensive by‐product of the corn wet‐milling process, and is a promising raw material for producing arabinose and other value‐added products. In this study fast dilute sulphuric acid hydrolysis of corn fibre was investigated for selective arabinose solubilization. Acid concentration and reaction time of hydrolysis of destarched ground corn fibre and raw corn fibre were 0.25–5 w/w% at 5–15 min and 0.25–1.25 w/w% at 25–75 min, respectively. Results were evaluated statistically and model equations were developed to predict the yields of sugars.RESULTSIn the case of raw corn fibre the most favourable conditions were 1.1 w/w% sulphuric acid concentration and 51 min reaction time at 90°C, where a total arabinose yield of 75.9% was achieved with satisfactory selectivity. In the case of destarched ground corn fibre at a sulphuric acid concentration of 4.6 w/w%, a reaction time of 5 min and a temperature of 90°C, a total arabinose yield of 80.5% could be achieved with satisfactory selectivity, according to the model equations.CONCLUSIONArabinose‐rich liquid fractions were produced by mild sulphuric acid treatments of corn fibre. Based on the models developed the mono‐ and oligosaccharide contents of the hydrolysates can be controlled under the conditions investigated. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Designing Amorphous/Crystalline Composites by Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation

The Cu-Zr-Ag system is characterized by a miscibility gap. The liquid separates into Ag-rich and Cu-Zr rich liquids. Yttrium was added to the Cu-Zr-Ag and Cu-Zr-Ag-Al systems and its influence on liquid immiscibility was studied. This alloying element has been chosen to check the effect of the heat of mixing between silver and the given element. In the case of Ag-Y system it is highly negative (-29 kJ/mol). The liquid becomes immiscible in the Cu-Zr-Ag-Y system. To the effect of Y addition the quaternary liquid decomposed into Ag-Y rich and Cu-Zr rich liquids. The Y addition increased the field of miscibility gap. An amorphous/crystalline composite with 6 mm thickness has been successfully produced by liquid-liquid separation based on preliminary calculation of its composition. The matrix was Cu38Zr48Al6Ag8 and the crystalline phases were Ag-Y rich separate spherical droplets.

定向凝固Ti-52%Al合金热稳定处理及其对微观组织的影响 *

摘要以Ti-52％Al合金为研究对象，在Bridgman定向凝固炉中进行不同时间的热稳定处理实验及相关的定向凝固实验，研究了定向凝固前糊状区的形成及其微观组织演化、界面形态和溶质分布，并考察了热稳定处理对定向凝固组织的影响．结果表明，试样熔化后形成了由a相晶粒、晶粒间富Al液滴和液相通道组成的糊状区，糊状区前沿为完全液相区．随着热稳定处理时间的增加，糊状区内a晶粒逐渐融合且沿温度梯度方向定向排布，富Al液滴和液相通道逐渐消失，固／液界面变得光滑平整．热稳定处理时间足够长时，糊状区内为单一的a相，溶质Al的成分在生长方向近似沿着a固相线变化．根据溶质守恒计算得出完全液相区内溶质Al含量为52．21％，高于试样原始成分，与实验测量结果相一致．进一步研究热稳定处理对后续定向凝固组织的影响，发现合理的热稳定处理时间（≥30min）确保了定向凝固启动界面处存在稳定的温度场和浓度场，柱状晶沿生长方向能够平行并列生长，试样具有良好的定向效果．

Influence of oxygen impurity content on transient liquid phase sintering behaviour of Cu–Ni powders

The oxygen content of a Cu powder has a significant influence on the transient liquid phase sintering (TLPS) behaviour of a Cu–Ni powder mixture. For Cu with low oxygen content, interdiffusion occurs between the Cu and Ni powders during heating and melting of the Cu phase. This interdiffusion leads to isothermal solidification of the Cu rich liquid and full TLPS behaviour. For Cu with a high oxygen content, a displacement reaction at the Cu/Ni interface occurs. Under certain conditions, this reaction leads to the formation of a continuous NiO layer over the Ni powder surface. This prevents Cu/Ni interdiffusion and wetting of the Ni particles by the molten Cu, thus eliminating the possibility for a TLPS process. Analysis of the results, indicate that the extent of NiO layer formation depends on oxygen content of the Cu, the composition of the powder mixture and the Ni particle size.

Effect of Y and Ni addition on liquid immiscibility in Cu–Zr–Ag ternary alloys

Liquid immiscibility was studied in Cu–Zr–Ag–Y and Cu–Zr–Ag–Ni liquid alloy systems. In case of Y addition the liquid decomposes into an Ag–Y rich liquid (L1) and into a Cu–Zr rich liquid (L2). In case of Ni addition the separated liquid phases are Ag-rich and Cu–Zr–Ni rich liquids. Different microstructures were found as function of the volume fraction of the L1 liquid phase. The Y addition increased the field of miscibility gap of the ternary Cu–Zr–Ag system to a greater extent compared to Ni addition. Also, the rate of coalescence of droplets in the Cu–Zr–Ag–Y system was considerably larger compared to the Cu–Zr–Ag–Ni system. These two observations are interconnected: increased miscibility means more positive excess Gibbs energy, which leads to higher liquid/liquid interfacial energy, being the driving force of coalescence. Alloys with different compositions taken from the tip of the wedge have been studied by DSC. The amorphous fraction progressively reduces when increasing the Ag-content. A small amount of amorphous phase was detected by DSC in the alloy with Ag contents of not greater than 50at%.

Magma chamber–scale liquid immiscibility in the Siberian Traps represented by melt pools in native iron

Research Article| October 01, 2013 Magma chamber–scale liquid immiscibility in the Siberian Traps represented by melt pools in native iron Vadim S. Kamenetsky; Vadim S. Kamenetsky * 1ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits and School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia *E-mail: Dima.Kamenetsky@utas.edu.au. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Bernard Charlier; Bernard Charlier 2Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, 30167 Hannover, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Liudmila Zhitova; Liudmila Zhitova 3Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia4V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Victor Sharygin; Victor Sharygin 3Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia4V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Paul Davidson; Paul Davidson 1ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits and School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Sandrin Feig Sandrin Feig 5Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Vadim S. Kamenetsky * 1ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits and School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Bernard Charlier 2Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, 30167 Hannover, Germany Liudmila Zhitova 3Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia4V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Victor Sharygin 3Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia4V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Paul Davidson 1ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits and School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Sandrin Feig 5Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia *E-mail: Dima.Kamenetsky@utas.edu.au. Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 10 Apr 2013 Revision Received: 30 May 2013 Accepted: 12 Jun 2013 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2682 Print ISSN: 0091-7613 © 2013 Geological Society of America Geology (2013) 41 (10): 1091–1094. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34638.1 Article history Received: 10 Apr 2013 Revision Received: 30 May 2013 Accepted: 12 Jun 2013 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Vadim S. Kamenetsky, Bernard Charlier, Liudmila Zhitova, Victor Sharygin, Paul Davidson, Sandrin Feig; Magma chamber–scale liquid immiscibility in the Siberian Traps represented by melt pools in native iron. Geology 2013;; 41 (10): 1091–1094. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G34638.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract Magma unmixing (i.e., separation of a homogeneous silicate melt into two or more liquids) is responsible for sudden changes in the evolution of common melts, element fractionation, and potential formation of orthomagmatic ore deposits. Although immiscible phases are a common phenomenon in the mesostasis of many tholeiitic basalts, evidence of unmixing in intrusive rocks is more difficult to record because of the transient nature of immiscibility during decompression, cooling, and crystallization. In this paper, we document a clear case of liquid immiscibility in an intrusive body of tholeiitic gabbro in the Siberian large igneous province, using textures and compositions of millimeter-sized silicate melt pools in native iron. The native iron crystallized from a metallic iron liquid, which originated as disseminated globules during reduction of the basaltic magma upon interaction with coal-bearing sedimentary rocks in the Siberian craton. The silicate melts entrapped and armored by the native iron are composed of two types of globules that represent the aluminosilicate (60–77 wt% SiO2) and silica-poor, Fe-Ti-Ca-P–rich (in wt%: SiO2, 15–46; FeO, 15–22; TiO2, 2–7; CaO, 11–27; P2O5, 5–30) conjugate liquids. Different proportions and the correlated compositions of these globules in individual melt pools suggest a continuously evolving environment of magmatic immiscibility during magma cooling. These natural immiscible melts correspond extremely well to the conjugate liquids experimentally produced in common basaltic compositions at <1025 °C. Our results show that immiscibility can occur at large scale in magma chambers and can be instrumental in generating felsic magmas and Fe-Ti-Ca-P–rich melts in the continental igneous provinces. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Liquid dynamics in a self-oscillating poroelastic model of the vocal fold

The vocal fold tissue is considered as the composite of a porous elastic frame (composed of specialized proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, collagen fibers, and elastin fibers) filled with liquid. The properties of tissue are codetermined by the porous solid, the fluid, and their interaction. The poroelastic description of the vocal fold tissue could improve our knowledge about the mechanical properties and microstructures of these biological tissues. In this study, a self-oscillating poroelastic model is proposed to study the liquid dynamics in the vibrating vocal folds, where the vocal-fold tissue is treated as a transversally isotropic fluid-saturated porous material. Rich liquid dynamics have been found in this model. In the vertical direction, the liquid is transported from the inferior side to the superior side due to the propagation of the mucosal wave. In the longitudinal direction, the liquid is accumulated at the anterior-posterior midpoint. However, the strong collision between two vocal folds forces the accumulated liquid out there in a very short duration. These findings of the liquid dynamics could be helpful for exploring etiology of some laryngeal pathology, optimizing laryngeal disease treatment, understanding hemodynamics in the vocal folds, etc.

Hydrogen-bond rich ionic liquids with hydroxyl cationic tails

To investigate if the amphiphilic feature exhibited in ionic liquids (ILs) with nonpolar cationic tails still exists in ILs with polar tails, by performing molecular dynamics simulations for 1-(8-hydroxyoctyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium nitrate (COH) and 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium nitrate (C8), we found that, in COH, cationic tail groups can no longer aggregate to form separated nonpolar tail domains, instead hydroxyl groups form a rich number of hydrogen bonds with other groups, indicating that the hydroxyl substituent changes the IL system from an amphiphilic liquid to a polar liquid. Due to the large amount of hydrogen bonds, COH has slower dynamics than C8.

Solubility of CO2 in Ethyl Lactate and Modeling of the Phase Behavior of the CO2 + Ethyl Lactate Mixture

Ethyl lactate (ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate) is emerging as an ecofriendly solvent with wide applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical industries. Furthermore, its potential use as a solvent in chemical reactions which could be performed in supercritical media and as an effective cosolvent in supercritical extraction processes and/or in antisolvent precipitation processes has also been studied. In view of this, knowledge of the phase behavior of ethyl lactate + CO2 binary is vital for the modeling and design of such processes. In this work, data on the solubility of CO2 in the ethyl lactate rich liquid phase at T = (311, 318, and 323) K and pressures ranging from (1 to 8.1) MPa is reported for the first time. The compositions of the liquid phase were measured using a variable volume view equilibrium cell. The new data measured together with previously reported data on the solubility of ethyl lactate in CO2 were employed to explore the capabilities of two different thermodynamic models, name...