Rich Fraction Research Articles

Influence of extrusion on the physicochemical properties, proximate composition, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of finger millet seed coat and endosperm rich fractions

Influence of extrusion on the physicochemical properties, proximate composition, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of finger millet seed coat and endosperm rich fractions

Insights into TLC Profiling, Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Molecular Docking & Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoid Rich Fraction of Haloxylon persicum

Insights into TLC Profiling, Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Molecular Docking & Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoid Rich Fraction of Haloxylon persicum

Validating anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties of Fagonia cretica L. through metabolic, in vitro, and in silico profiling

BackgroundFagonia cretica L. (Family: Zygophyllaceae), is a wild shrub mostly found in Mediterranean districts and extensively used in folk medicine for a vast array of purposes such as antidiabetic and anticancer during the early stages. The goal of the current study was to validate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of Egyptian F. cretica using in vitro studies, metabolic profiling, and in silico approaches.MethodsThe plant was collected from the Egyptian desert and the alcoholic extract was prepared from its aerial parts, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were evaluated spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant potential was assessed via 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was validated through in vitro COX-2, COX-1, and nitric oxide inhibition. Cytotoxicity was tested against liver (HepG2), breast (MCF-7), and intestinal (CACO2) carcinoma cell lines followed by assessment of its impact on the levels of apoptotic markers namely topoisomerase I and caspase 9 enzymes. Chemical profiling of the extract was performed using LC-HRMS technique. Saponin rich extract was prepared and tested for affecting topo I and caspase 9 enzymes. In silico studies were conducted on anti-inflammatory (COX-2 and COX-1) and cytotoxicity (topoisomerases I, IIα, and IIβ) targets using Autodock vina in PyRx platform.ResultsTotal phenolic and total flavonoid content of the extract were 2.4 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g and 0.18 ± 0.01 mg RE/g, respectively. In vitro results revealed antioxidant activity calculated as 1.4 ± 0.1 mg AEAC/g. In vitro anti-inflammatory assays unveiled inhibition of COX-2 and COX-1 enzymes with IC50 values of 13.02 ± 0.61 and 26.51 ± 0.83 µg/ml, respectively and nitric oxide with IC50 of 147.05 ± 9.61 µg/ml. Cytotoxicity on MCF-7, HepG2, and CACO2 cell line with IC50 values of 6.9 ± 0.53, 7.6 ± 0.42, and 9.2 ± 0.35 µg/ml, respectively, in addition to in vitro topoisomerase I inhibition (IC50 = 13.57 ± 0.71 µg/ml) and caspase 9 induction by 5.66 folds. Metabolic profiling using LC-HRMS technique resulted in dereplication of 21 compounds including triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, diterpenoids, etc. Interestingly, saponin rich fraction and non-saponin fraction exhibited similar effects on topoisomerase I and caspase 9. In silico investigation unveiled high binding affinities of almost all the detected metabolites to the active sites of COX-2, COX-1, topo I, IIα, and IIβ enzymes.ConclusionCollectively, we can conclude that F. cretica is a new source of many phytochemicals, and a significant natural source as cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory agent.

In vitro Evaluation of the Compatibility between Bactericides, Bioagents with Alkaloid Rich Fractions

The bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodispv. Punicae has become a conceivably dangerous infection. Though, the chemical management is efficient, their hazardous effects restrict them for their usage. In this context use of different parts of Prosopis juliflora extract along with antibiotics has become the alternative strategy for management of disease. Detection of secondary metabolites from different parts of the P. juliflorausing specific test indicated the presence of various secondary metabolites. However, leaf extract exhibited high concentration metabolites compared to green pod, yellow pod and inflorescence. Management of this disease utilizing plant extracts is an eco-friendly approach. Alkaloid rich fractions obtained from the different parts of Prosopis juliflora in combination with bactericides were found compatible. Leaf ARF with streptocycline @ 500 ppm showed maximum inhibition of 40.66 mm. Wherein combination with copper hydroxide @ 0.25% ppm and 2-bromo-2-nitro propane-1,3-diol @ 500 ppm showed inhibition of 25.00 mm and 36.98 mm whereas copper oxychloride @ 0.3% showed inhibition of 28.19 mm. These fundings can be used as an effective, eco friendly management strategy against the disease and a feasible solution for antibiotic resistance.

Structural characterization of an arabinogalactan rich fraction from Bauhinia forficata Link leaves and evaluation of its effect on THP-1 macrophages

Bauhinia forficata is a medicinal plant known as cow's paw, used for many purposes. Although there are studies that aimed to elucidate compounds from the plant leaves, there is no information about its polysaccharides. This study intended to obtain a polysaccharide rich fraction from its leaves, structurally characterize the water-soluble polysaccharides, as well as evaluate their effect on THP-1 cells. From the aqueous extract, followed by purification processes, a polysaccharide fraction (TCA-S) was obtained, constituted mainly of arabinose and galactose. Bidimensional NMR (13C/1H, HSQC) and methylation analyses identified type I and type II arabinogalactans, arabinan and starch as the major polysaccharides of the fraction. TCA-S was then submitted to starch removal process and renamed as TCA-Sα. TCA-Sα (2 to 500 μg/mL) was not cytotoxic to THP-1-cells and exhibited an immunostimulatory effect by increasing the secretion of nitric oxide and both pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Immunomodulatory effect on IL-6 secretion was observed when macrophages were treated with TCA-Sα at 500 μg/mL. Additionally, the ratio between the concentrations of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by LPS-treated cells was higher than that produced by LPS plus TCA-Sα treated ones, suggesting that the polysaccharide fraction could modulate the LPS inflammation effects.

Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomes of Fortified Bacoside: A Rich Fraction from Bacopa Monnieri for Memory Enhancement

Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomes of Fortified Bacoside: A Rich Fraction from Bacopa Monnieri for Memory Enhancement

Evaluation of specific fractions of Large White Yorkshire boar semen

The current study was conducted to evaluate the quality of specific fractions of three Large White Yorkshire (LWY) boar semen samples. Fifteen semen samples were collected by gloved hand method as an initial 10 mL of sperm rich fraction (SRF- F1), remaining SRF (F2) and whole semen. Samples were evaluated for colour, volume, pH, sperm concentration and progressive motility. The first 10 mL of SRF of boar semen contained 25 per cent of the total ejaculate spermatozoa and was able to withstand cooling, freezing and thawing better than the spermatozoa of the bulk ejaculate. A significant difference between the fractions was observed in the volume of semen ejaculated, pH and sperm concentration across different fractions of the same ejaculate. The differences in semen fractions were attributed to the differences in the composition of seminal plasma of the initial fraction of SRF Keywords: Boar semen, sperm rich fraction, semen evaluation

An in vitro evaluation of intravenous lipid emulsion on three common canine toxicants.

To determine whether intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) therapy significantly reduces the concentration of baclofen, ibuprofen, and/or bromethalin in canine whole blood over time. Seven 500 mL bags of canine DEA 1.1 negative blood were divided into aliquots of 125 mL and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (baclofen, ibuprofen, bromethalin) or four control groups (a positive control for each treatment group and a negative control group). Injectable ibuprofen (200 mg/kg), baclofen (8 mg/kg), or bromethalin (3 mg/kg) was apportioned into 125 mL aliquots of canine whole blood and incubated for 30 min at 38.5°C. ILE (12.4 mL, Intralipid® ) was added to each sample and the solution vortexed [215 rpm for 15 min at 37°C (98.6°F)]. Samples were obtained at designated time points (0, 15, 30, 60, 180, 360 min), centrifuged, and separated into serum and RBC fractions. Serum samples were ultracentrifuged (22,000 g for 10 min at 37°C) to separate lipid rich and poor fractions. Samples were stored at -80°C prior to analysis. A significant decrease in total drug concentration was established for bromethalin and its metabolite desmethylbromethalin compared to positive controls. ILE significantly reduced desmethylbromethalin at the 30-and 360-min time points. The remainder of the desmethylbromethalin time points did not reach significance. Bromethalin concentration was significantly reduced at all time points compared to positive controls. Neither baclofen nor ibuprofen had significant changes in concentration. ILE therapy was effective at reducing the total drug concentration of bromethalin and its metabolite desmethylbromethalin supporting the lipid sink theory. As a single compartment in vitro study, this study does not evaluate other proposed mechanisms of action of ILE therapy. ILE therapy may have other means of significantly decreasing lipophilic drug concentration in cases of toxicosis.

A Comparative Study on the Ameliorating Role of Flavonoids Rich Fraction Versus Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Spinal Cord of Multiple Sclerosis Rat Model Targeting PINK-1/PARKIN; A Biochemical, Histological and Immunohistochemical study

A Comparative Study on the Ameliorating Role of Flavonoids Rich Fraction Versus Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Spinal Cord of Multiple Sclerosis Rat Model Targeting PINK-1/PARKIN; A Biochemical, Histological and Immunohistochemical study

Editorial Expression of Concern: A sphingolipid rich lipid fraction isolated from attenuated Leishmania donovani promastigote induces apoptosis in mouse and human melanoma cells in vitro

Editorial Expression of Concern: A sphingolipid rich lipid fraction isolated from attenuated Leishmania donovani promastigote induces apoptosis in mouse and human melanoma cells in vitro

38. Effects of mannan rich fractions on the gut microbiome and histology of weaned pigs

38. Effects of mannan rich fractions on the gut microbiome and histology of weaned pigs

Chemical Implications of apo-8, 6' Carotendial versus Intact Lycopene on Mechanism of Enhanced Cell-cell Communication and Apoptosis Induction in Breast Cancer Cells.

Investigation on carotenoids and its cleavage products is crucial to combat the development of chronic diseases, including cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of lycopene oxidative products versus equivalent concentration of lycopene (LYC) on major molecular events of cancer cells (MCF-7). Primarily, LYC-oxidized products were generated chemically, then collected its rich fraction. Based on cell-based assays, the antiproliferation potency of rich fraction of chemically-oxidized lycopene (COL) identified as apo-8, 6' carotendial was compared with LYC. Interestingly, the inhibition of cell migration by COL strongly demonstrated anti-metastatic activity. Further, the increased connexin-43 expression confirms enhanced gap-junctional communication activity of COL than LYC and control. Fortunately, apo-8, 6' carotendial did not affect normal breast epithelial cells. We anticipated that, the chemical properties of apo-8, 6'-carotendial is similar and mimic a model compound acrolein (α, β-conjugated aldehyde) which is involved in Michael addition/Schiff base formation with specific amino acids and regulates redox signaling, reactive oxygen species sensing and cellular buffering. The chemistry of apo-8, 6' carotendial reveals a greater insight into the mechanism of selective inhibition of cancer cells proliferation. In this context, speculations of putative action of lycopeneoids through chemical biology approach facilitate greater insights in tandem with synthetic chemistry.

Feasibility of fractional distillation of Eucalyptus hybrida essential oil for the separation of valuable compounds

Raw essential oil (EO) of Eucalyptus hybrida extracted from the leaves of trees found in Uttarakhand state and nearby areas consists of a mixture of monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and several different volatile compounds of which 1,8-cineole i.e., eucalyptol, a monoterpenoid cyclic ether is a major component. The eucalyptol rich EO also holds antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, broncholytic and mucolytic potential. In this work experimental tests were done to evaluate the feasibility of batch fractionation or fractional distillation (FD) technique in performing value addition of eucalyptus essential oil. The proximity of boiling points of eucalyptol, limonene and p-cymene act as a barrier in separating these compounds. A two-stage FD procedure was devised, which recovers relatively light terpene fractions in first stage and provides eucalyptol rich fractions in second stage. The GC-MS analysis of the fractionated samples revealed good separation results with three stage-B fractions (B8, B9 and B10) containing >90% purity of eucalyptol, while two stage-A fractions (A1 and A2) containing >90% purity of pinene mixture (α-pinene and β-pinene). FD thus proved to be an effective method for adding value to the eucalyptus EO.

Phytochemicals, UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, potential acaricidal activity and molecular modeling of Datura metel grown in North-Eastern India

The present investigation emphasized exploitation of Datura metel L. for potential acaricidal activity. Extraction method suggested higher extraction efficiency with the use of 50 % methanol over aqueous medium. UPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS analysis of the extracts resulted tentative identification of eighteen tropane alkaloids such as tigloidin, hyoscyamine N-oxide, scopolamine N-oxide, hyocyamine, hydroxyapoatropine, tropinone, scopine, hyoscine, atropine, valtropine, ditigloyloxytropane, ditigloyloxytropanol, apohyoscine, tigloyloxytropane, norhyoscine, meteloidine, cuscohygrine and tropine in the aerial parts (EAP) and roots (ER). Further, nine phenolic acids such as gallic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, quinic, syringic, and sinapic acids along with fourteen flavonoids such as luteolin-7-glucoside, catechin-3-O-rhamnoside, kempferol-3,7-O-diglucoside, naringenin-6-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-glucosyl-xyloside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, flavonol-3-glucoside, luteolin, epicatechin, chrysoeriol, diadzein, genistein, hesperidin and hydroxycoumarin were also identified. Highest acaricidal activity was observed for ER showing LC50 and LC90 of 112.5 and 317.3 μg/mL after 48 h of exposure, respectively. Molecular modeling analysis revealed favourable interaction of tigloidine with UDP transferase of T. urticae through attractive charge, pi-alkyl, alkyl and conventional H bonds. Though, ER was found to be phytotoxic with the highest root growth inhibition in terms of IC50 value of 131.2 and 184.9 μg/mL against Chenopodium album and Triticum aestivum, respectively. Being eco-benign natural products, Datura phytochemicals can serve as potential bio-acaricide, thereby, a smart delivery system could be developed comprising synergistic concoction of the alkaloid rich phytochemical fractions for efficient management of the notorious acarids.

Attributive analysis of the anthropophytes fraction as a part of the urban flora of Kyiv urban area (climamorphotype, residence time category, pathway of introduction into Ukraine and geographical origin)

The significant global growth of invasions, distribution and naturalization of alien vascular plants requires clear knowledge about the volume, taxonomic and typological diversity of plant invasions in Ukraine in order to control and contain them. The screening of four features of the fraction of alien species of urban flora of the KUA is outlined: climamorphotype, time, way of immigration, and geographic spread. According to our data, the taxonomic diversity of the fraction is high. The alien flora of Kyiv urban area is 711species-level taxa recruited from 358 genera, 95 families, 6 classes, and 3 divisions. Attributive analysis relies on categories of invasive botany. The climamorphotype is represented by fanerophytes — 127 species, 18% or the total amount, hamephytes — 13 (1.8%), hemicryptophytes — 83 (11.7%), cryptophytes — 79 (11.1%), terrophytes — 389 (55%) and hydrophytes — 9 (1.3%,) other categories — 10 species. According to the time of immigration, the following are present: archaeophytes — 112 species, 16% or the total amount, kenophytes — 194 (27%) and eukenophytes — 404 (57%) and not determined one taxa. According to the method of immigration, the fraction contains acolytophytes — 149 species, 21% or the total amount, ergasiophytes — 331 (46.6%), xenophytes — 201 (28.4%) and xeno-ergasiophytes — 28 (3.9%) and 2 others. The trend of increasing the role of immigrants-ergasiophytes — «escaped plants» — has been noted. Screening of geographic origin records wide spatial amplitude: immigrant plants from five continents are present. Immigrants of Mediterranean origin dominate — 230 species, 32% or the total amount, American 179 (25%), and Asian 154 (24%), represented equally, European — 51 (7%). The geographical origin was not revealed for 38 species, 5%. Attention is drawn to "species of anthropogenic origin" (23 species, 3%), as well as the high presence of hybrid combinations at the species level — 16 hybrids, 2%, etc. The growth trends of the participation of American and East Asian immigrant species in the urban flora of KUA, predicted at the beginning of the 2000s, have been confirmed. In general, the taxonomically rich fraction of anthropophytes of the urban flora of KUA, according to the screening results, demonstrates a variety of typological features. However, each of the specified properties requires constant, detailed study for the purpose of reliable monitoring of plant invasions.

Low β-carotene bioaccessibility and bioavailability from high fat, dairy-based meal

PurposeThe original aim of the study was to determine, in a double-blind 3-arm crossover human trial (n = 7), the effect of supplemental levels of iron (25 mg) and zinc (30 mg) on β-carotene (synthetic) bioavailability (10 h postprandial). However, despite the high dose of supplemental β-carotene (15 mg) consumed with the high fat (18 g), dairy-based breakfast test meal, there was a negligible postprandial response in plasma and triglyceride rich fraction β-carotene concentrations. We then systematically investigated the possible reasons for this low bioavailability of β-carotene.MethodsWe determined (1) if the supplemental β-carotene could be micellised and absorbed by epithelial cells, using a Caco-2 cell model, (2) if the fat from the test meal was sufficiently bioavailable to facilitate β-carotene bioavailability, (3) the extent to which the β-carotene could have been metabolised and converted to retinoic acid/retinol and (4) the effect of the test meal matrix on the β-carotene bioaccessibility (in vitro digestion) and Caco-2 cellular uptake.ResultsWe found that (1) The supplemental β-carotene could be micellised and absorbed by epithelial cells, (2) the postprandial plasma triacylglycerol response was substantial (approximately 75–100 mg dL−1 over 10 h), indicating sufficient lipid bioavailability to ensure β-carotene absorption, (3) the high fat content of the meal (approximately 18 g) could have resulted in increased β-carotene metabolism, (4) β-carotene bioaccessibility from the dairy-based test meal was sixfold lower (p < 0.05) than when digested with olive oil.ConclusionThe low β-carotene bioavailability is probably due to a combination of the metabolism of β-carotene to retinol by BCMO1 and interactions of β-carotene with the food matrix, decreasing the bioaccessibility.Trail registrationThe human trail was retrospectively registered (ClinicalTrail.gov ID: NCT05840848).

Cytotoxic potential and metabolomic profiling of alkaloid rich fraction of Tylophora indica leaves

Tylophora indica (Burm f.) Merrill, belong to family Asclepiadaceae, is considered to be a natural remedy with high medicinal benefits. The objective of this work is to assess the metabolomic profile of T. indica leaves enriched in alkaloids, as well as to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of these leaves using the MTT assay on human breast MCF-7 and liver HepG2 cancer cell lines. Dried leaves of T. indica were extracted by sonication, using methanol containing 2 % (v/v) of acetic acid and obtained fraction was characterized by HPTLC and UPLC-MS. The UPLC-MS study yielded a preliminary identification of 32 metabolites, with tylophorine, tylophorine B, tylophorinine, and tylophorinidine being the predominant metabolites. The cytotoxicity of the extract of T. indica was evaluated on HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines, yielding inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 75.71 μg/mL and 69.60 μg/mL, respectively. Data suggested that the phytochemical screening clearly showed presence of numerous secondary metabolites with moderate cytotoxic efficacy. In conclusion, the future prospects of T. indica appear promising for the advancement of phytopharmaceutical-based anticancer medications, as well as for the design of contemporary pharmaceuticals in the field of cancer chemotherapy.

Anti-inflammatory activity of the phenol rich fraction of Garcinia pedunculata Roxb (ex. Buch Ham): an in vitro and in vivo study.

Garcinia pedunculata, a tropical plant found abundantly in the north-east region of India, has been used by many traditional healers for various gastrointestinal ailments. Studies are being carried out for the proper pharmacological identification of the compounds as well as the mode of action for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, phytochemistry of the fruit was evaluated, followed by a quantitative analysis of the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the methanolic crude extract as well as different fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol). The fraction with the most potent flavonoid and phenolic content was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The chloroform fraction of G. pedunculata fruit extract was found to have a substantial amount of phenols and flavonoids. This fraction inhibited the denaturation of BSA and significantly stabilized human RBC membrane compared to the standard drug Diclofenac sodium. The fraction also significantly reduced the formaldehyde-induced paw edema in mice and normalized the blood parameters. This study provides evidence that G. pedunculata fruit extract plays a critical role in anti-inflammatory activity, indicating that it can be a potential candidate for further investigation in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

Iridoids rich fraction from Valeriana jatamansi Jones promotes axonal regeneration and motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Valeriana jatamansi Jones (VJJ), renowned for its extensive history in traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine within China, is prevalently utilized to alleviate ailments such as epigastric distension and pain, gastrointestinal disturbances including food accumulation, diarrhea, and dysentery, as well as insomnia and other diseases. Moreover, the Iridoid-rich fraction derived from Valeriana jatamansi Jones (IRFV) has demonstrated efficacy in facilitating the recuperation of motor functions after spinal cord injury (SCI). This study is aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of IRFV on SCI and its underlying mechanism. Initially, a rat model of SCI was developed to assess the impact of IRFV on axonal regeneration. Subsequently, employing the PC12 cell model of oxidative damage, the role and mechanism of IRFV in enhancing axonal regeneration were explored using the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002. Ultimately, the same inhibitor was administered to SCI rats to confirm the molecular mechanism through which IRFV promotes axonal regeneration by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The results showed that IRFV significantly enhanced motor function recovery, reduced pathological injury, and facilitated axonal regeneration in SCI rats. In vitro experiments revealed that IRFV improved PC12 cell viability, augmented axonal regeneration, and activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Notably, the inhibition of this pathway negated the therapeutic benefits of IRFV in SCI rats. In conclusion, IRFV promote promotes axonal regeneration and recovery of motor function after SCI through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Post‐drought community turnover and functional redundancy in a tropical forest understorey

AbstractQuestionsDrought events are increasingly frequent, threatening the biodiversity of tropical forests. The understorey comprises a large fraction of the total plant species richness of these systems with the presence of highly diverse angiosperm families. Here, we quantified the effects of a drought on abundance and functional structures and on the ecosystem functioning of Rubiaceae assemblages along a topographic gradient.LocationMata das Flores State Park, an Atlantic Forest fragment in southeast Brazil.MethodsTwo vegetation surveys were performed: one during an El Niño‐induced drought, and the other three years after this drought. Abundance and functional structures were assessed using the 16 most‐abundant species of Rubiaceae, which comprised 92% of the total abundance. A litter decomposition experiment was carried out to estimate the percentage of mass loss by the Rubiaceae species. We carried out Procrustes analyses on abundance and functional structures and used Generalized Linear Mixed Models to test the effects of drought and topographic habitats on taxonomic and functional compositions, and mass loss.ResultsWe found that the functional structure and mass loss remained constant despite significant changes in the abundance structure after the drought.ConclusionThe evidence points to the maintenance of ecosystem functioning through functional redundancy, because functionally similar less‐abundant species replaced each other after the drought. We show that swarms of species can maintain biological diversity and stability in ecosystem functioning under drought in the understorey of a tropical forest.