Rice-rice Cropping System Research Articles

Soil Test Based Inorganic Fertilizer and Integrated Plant Nutrition System for Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Cultivation in Inceptisols of Bangladesh

A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur during 2013 to study the potential of different organic materials in integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS) and soil test based (STB) inorganic fertilizer on the growth, nutrient uptake and yield of rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.): variety BRRI dhan29. Five treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were: (1) soil test based inorganic fertilizer (NPKS @ 138-7-80-3 kg ha-1), (2) cow dung (3 t ha-1), (3) poultry manure (2 t ha-1), (4) mustard oil cake (2 t ha-1) and (5) control. Organic fertilizers were applied on dry weight basis. Inorganic fertilizers were applied along with poultry manure (PM), cow dung (CD) and mustard oil cake (MOC) as IPNS. Soil test based STB fertilizer and PM in IPNS provided maximum grain yield of rice (6.11 t ha-1). Maximum plant height and tiller numbers were found in MOC treatment, while the numbers of filled grains were higher in STB fertilizer and PM treated plots. The application of different organic sources as IPNS significantly influenced the N, P, K and S uptake in rice. However, the highest N, P, K and S uptake were found in the PM treatment. The benefit cost ratio of different treatments followed the order of STB>PM>CD>Control>MOC. Considering yield potential and BCR, STB fertilizer and PM treatments were found economically profitable. However, from environmental point of view and sustainable management of soil health and crop productivity, application of PM and CD in rice-rice cropping system is recommended for rice cultivation.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(1) 33-42

Influence of long term application of farm yard manure and in situ green manures on crop productivity and soil organic carbon under rice-rice system in a typic haplustalf

ABSTRACT : The effect of long- term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic materials (farmyard manure, in situ green manuring with daincha) on rice productivity, soil organic carbon and nutrient availability was analysed at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Kerala Agricultural University. 15 year rice-rice cropping system experiment consisted of twelve treatments including control, inorganic fertilizers alone and fertilizers along with organic materials such as farmyard manure (FYM) and in situ green manuring with daincha. Long term fertilizer experiments (LTFE) provide an opportunity to evaluate the sustainability of agricultural practices. Integrated nutrient management and in situ green manuring with daincha recorded higher grain and straw yields and in situ green manuring was identified as a cost effective and farmer friendly technology. The organic carbon content (%) in soil in 100 per cent NPK+ FYM plot and that in 100 per cent NPK+ in situ green manured (daincha) plot was higher than the plot receiving inorganic nutrients alone. In addition to high productivity, these also had retained soil fertility.

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Prevalence of Lowland Ecotype Cyperus rotundus L. and Weed Management of Rice Farmers in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

Cyperus rotundus L. was reported as dominant weed in upland rice areas and a minor problem in the rainfed lowland. However, it has evolved as second mostdominant weed in rainfed and irrigated lowland rice fields (rice-vegetable system) in three villages of San Jose City, Nueva Ecija. Its occurrence in the monoculture rice production system has never been explored especially in irrigated lowland rice fields of Nueva Ecija. Field surveys and interviews were conducted in 2005- 2006 to determine the prevalence of lowland ecotype C. rotundus and how farmers manage it in irrigated lowland rice fields of Aliaga, Nueva Ecija. In 2004, lowland rice fields of Nueva Ecija where the rice-rice cropping system was commonly established were surveyed. Aliaga was surveyed to calculate the incidence and map the distribution of the weed. To check whether C. rotundus was a problem, 40 randomly selected rice farmers were interviewed using a guided questionnaire. Results of the survey revealed that 9 of 26 villages in Aliaga had 1 - 10% infestation of C. rotundus; 3 had 11 - 20%; and 5 had more than 20%. Infestation was high in areas with low elevations. Even taller than cultivated rice, C. rotundus was the most commonly encountered and dominant weed species and had already existed for 5-20 years in the field. Herbicide application (MCPA at a rate of 1-1.5 L ha) was the most commonly used weed management practice against the weed. Keywords - Cyperus rotundus, weed control, herbicide, prevalence, farmers’ practices, ecotype, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

Soil Fertility Status of Rice Field in Paundi Watershed, Lamjung District, Nepal

From May to November 2014, a research was carried out to study the soil fertility status of lowland paddy field differed in the cropping system in Paundi watershed, Nepal. A total of 20 soil samples were collected and analyzed, and a household survey was carried out to collect the information regarding soil fertility management practices being adopted along with crops yield. Average annual inputs of the organic manure, urea, Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and Muriate of potash (MoP) were 21 t ha-1, 143 kg ha-1, 116 kg ha-1 and 16 kg ha-1 respectively. Maize field received significantly higher amount of the organic manure, whereas the rice crop received the higher amount of the urea and DAP. Terrace riser slicing and the legume integrations were the other soil fertility management strategies being adopted by farmers. Soils were silt clay loam and were acidic. The soil organic matter in paddy field was low though the level was significantly higher in rice-rice cropping system than that of in rice-maize system. Most of the soils were low in the soil total nitrogen and available phosphorus. Potassium appeared to be low in the study area. Available zinc was found to be adequate in both types of the paddy field. The yield of the wet season rice, dry season rice and maize crop were 3.75, 2.0 and 2.6 t ha-1 respectively. Appropriate soil fertility management practices should be adopted to improve the soil fertility level in the study area.

Identification of climate-resilient integrated nutrient management practices for rice-rice cropping system--an empirical approach to uphold food security.

Yield datasets of long-term experiments on integrated nutrient management in rice-rice cropping systems were used to investigate the relationship of variability in rainfall, temperature, and integrated nutrient management (INM) practices in rice-rice cropping system in three different agroecological regions of India. Twelve treatments with different combinations of inorganic (chemical fertilizer) and organic (farmyard manure, green manure, and paddy straw) were compared with farmer's conventional practice. The intraseasonal variations in rice yields are largely driven by rainfall during kharif rice and by temperature during rabi rice. Half of the standard deviation from the average monthly as well as seasonal rainfall during kharif rice and 1 °C increase or decrease from the average maximum and minimum temperature during rabi rice has been taken as the classification of yield groups. The trends in the date of effective onset of monsoon indicate a 36-day delay during the 30-year period at Rajendranagar, which is statistically significant at 95 % confidence level. The mean annual maximum temperature shows an increasing trend in all the study sites. The length of monsoon also showed a shrinking trend in the rate of 40 days during the 30-year study period at Rajendranagar representing a semiarid region. At Bhubaneshwar, the application of 50 % recommended NPK through chemical fertilizers and 50 % N through green manure resulted in an overall average higher increase of 5.1 % in system productivity under both excess and deficit rainfall years and also during the years having seasonal mean maximum temperature ≥35 °C. However, at Jorhat, the application of 50 % recommended NPK through chemical fertilizers and 50 % N through straw resulted in an overall average higher increase of 7.4 % in system productivity, while at Rajendranagar, the application of 75 % NPK through chemical fertilizers and 25 % N through green manusre resulted in an overall average higher increase of 8.8 % in system productivity. This study highlights the adaptive capacity of different integrated nutrient management practices to rainfall and temperature variability under a rice-rice cropping system in humid, subhumid, and semiarid ecosystems.

Productivity, soil fertility and sustainability of continuous rice system under long term substitution of nitrogen through organics

A permanent plot experiment was being conducted since 1988 on Inceptisols of College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar to study the long term effects of chemical fertilizers alone and in combination with organic sources on the sustainability and soil fertility under rice-rice cropping system. The study was made with 12 treatments in which major nutrients were supplied either through fertilizers alone or in conjunction with FYM, paddy straw or gliricidia at 50% and 25% substitution level of nitrogen during kharif and with fertilizers alone to supply 75 and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer during rabi. The system productivity of rice averaged over 24 years was highest in plots which received 50% N through gliricidia+50% RDF in kharif and 100% RDF in rabi seasons. However, the sustainability yield index of rice-rice system was highest (0.67) when all the nutrients were applied through fertilizers during both the seasons, and also when 25% N was substituted through gliricidia during kharif and 25% NPK was saved during rabi season. However, improvement in soil organic carbon content was more prominent when 25% or 50% of N was substituted through paddy straw and FYM during kharif season With all the nutrient management practices, available nitrogen in the soil was maintained, there was a build-up of available phosphorus, while available potassium was depleted considerably.

Effects of Irrigation Water Arsenic in the Rice-rice Cropping System

Effects of Irrigation Water Arsenic in the Rice-rice Cropping System

Impact of organic manure and inorganic phosphatic fertilizer on yield and nutrient uptake in a rice-rice cropping system

The complementary use of organic manures and chemical fertilizers augments the efficiency of both substances to sustain a higher level of rice productivity. An increase in grain and straw yields has been reported with increasing levels of Gliricidia leaves because of the overall improvement in soil properties such as water and nutrient retention. Field experiments were conducted at the ACRI research farm during the 2000-01 wet seasons (Aug-Dec) to study the influence of organic manures and inorganic phosphatic fertilizers on the rice-rice cropping system.

Influence of nutrient substitutioin through sugarcane trash composts and inorganic fertilizers for rice-rice cropping system

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute Killikulam during 1996-97 to study the effect of sugarcane trash compost (ST) and inorganic fertilizers on rice-rice sequence. Before initiation of field experiment, sugarcane trash composts were prepared by using various additives. The experiment was conducted in split-plot design, assigning trash composts along with raw trash and no trash treatment in main plot and four levels of fertilizers (F0 F50 F75and F100) to subplots with three replications. Residual effect of composts and fertilizers was tested by raising residual rice crop. The data on plant height, dry matter production, number of productive tillers, number of grains panicle", grain yield and straw yield were recorded. The results revealed that among the various composts tested, trash composted with urea, SSP and MOP in 1:2:2 ratio @ 25 kg t-1 of trash applied @ 10 t ha' recorded higher number of productive tillers (525 m) and grain yield (6337 kg ha-1). The nutrient content of the applied compost was 1.21, 0.73 and 0.82 per cent N2 P2O5, K2O respectively with lower CN ratio of 24.1:1. This compost along with 50 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizer (120:60:60 kg NPK ha-1) recorded higher yield parameters, yield and it was comparable with the same compost +100 per cent of recommended dose.

Effect of continuous cropping and integrated nutrient management practices on soil properties and yield of rice (Oryza sativa)rice cropping system in acid soil

The long-term effects of inorganic alone and combine effect of inorganic as well as organic sources of nutrients on soil fertility and crop productivity were investigated in rice (Oryza sativa L.)rice cropping sequence in acid soils of north-east India from 1987 to 2014. The higher average grain (6.50 t/ha) and straw (8.25 t/ha) yields of the rice rice sequence were recorded in case of 75% recommended nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) through fertilizers along with 25%N through incorporation of crop stubbles in winter rice at the time of puddling and 75% recommended NPK through fertilizers in autumn rice. The higher available N, P and K status of soil were recorded when recommended 50% NPK through chemical fertilizers applied along with 50%N through Azolla in winter rice and 100% recommended dose of NPK through chemical fertilizers to autumn rice. However, uptake of NPK by ricerice sequence was higher when 75% recommended NPK dose was applied through chemical fertilizers to both winter and autumn rice along with 25%N through crop stubbles only in case of winter rice. Thus, integrated nutrient management involving organic and inorganic sources not only increases the availability and uptake of ma- jor nutrients but also helps in yield sustainability in ricerice cropping system under long run in acid soils.

Rice (Oryza sativa)-based system intensification in north-eastern India: Effect on yield, economics and soil properties

Attempt was made to adjust three rice crops in a cropping sequence in irrigated lowland, and also to compare productivity and efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.)ricerice cropping system with ricerice and ricefallow. Re- sults of the 8 years study (200109) revealed that rice variety Chandrama as winter crop, followed by the same variety as summer crop and Vandana as autumn crop could be grown in sequence. The grain yield from the 3 rice cropping sequence was 15.3 t/ha. The productivity of the summer crop (6.8 t/ha) was the highest, followed by the winter crop (5.6 t/ha). The lowest productivity was obtained from autumn crop (2.9 t/ha). Ricerice cropping system produced the lower grain yield of 12.4 t/ha. However, considering production efficiency (48.8 kg grain/ha/ day), sustainable yield index (0.98), net return ( 23,187/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.43), it was better than rice ricerice cropping system. Results on soil chemical properties after eight cropping cycles under ricericerice cropping system revealed that soil pH and available N content were similar to the initial value. However, a buildup of organic carbon (12%), and available phosphorus (39.5%) and potassium (6.4%) in soil was noted.

Efficient cropping systems and their energetics for sustainable irrigated tropical ecosystems

An experiment was conducted at Bheemarayanagudi, Karnataka, during 201011, 201112 and 201213 to find out efficient cropping systems and to know energetics of different cropping systems. Ten cropping systems, viz. sole Bt cotton ( Gossypium spp.), Bt cottongreengram [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek], Bt cottongreen-manure crop sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea (L.), Bt cottonsesame (Sesamum indicum L.), maize (Zea mays L.)chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) Emend. Fiori & Paol.], sun- flowerchickpea, chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) + onion (Allium cepa L.) (1:2 row proportion), transplanted Bt cot- ton and ricerice (Oryza sativa L.) as check were evaluated under irrigated condition to find out efficient cropping systems. The transplanted Bt cotton gave the maximum cotton-equivalent yield (2.73 t/ha ) and was significantly superior to that of ricerice (2.29 t/ha), while Bt cottongreengram (2.53 t/ha), Bt cottonsesame (2.61 t/ha), maizechickpea (2.47 t/ha) and chilli + onion (2.41 t/ha ) were at par with transplanted Bt cotton as well as rice rice. All cropping systems gave significantly higher net returns over ricerice cropping system ( 44,730/ha) ex- cept sunflowerwheat or chickpea; highest being with transplanted cotton ( 79,507/ha). All the systems were sig- nificantly superior to ricerice (0.96) in benefit: cost ratio and maizechickpea recorded the highest benefit: cost ratio (3.31). Energetics revealed different trend, wherein protein yields were higher with maizechickpea (0.73 t/ ha), while carbohydrate yield (6.32 t/ha) was higher with rice-rice. Among all the systems, the highest land-utiliza- tion index was observed with Bt cottonsesame cropping system (76.7%).

CHANGES IN AVAILABLE NPK STATUS AFTER 8 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS MANURING AND FERTILIZATION IN RICE-RICE CROPPING SYSTEM

The influence of long term fertilization with organic manure and inorganic fertilizers under Rice-Rice cropping system on the available NPK status was investigated in the permanent manurial experimental plots of Agricultural College farm, Madurai. Continuous addition of FYM along with NPK fertilizers for eight years resulted in higher available N and P content while addition of compost along with K fertilizer resulted in higher available K content. Accumulation of more of available NPK was observed in the surface soil than sub surface soil. Addition of Nhad a depressive effect on the available K status of soil.

CHANGES IN YIELD RESPONSE TO MAJOR NUTRIENTS AND IN SOIL FERTILITY UNDER INTENSIVE RICE CROPPING

Nutrient balance is a critical factor in maximizing grain yield of a single crop and in crop intensification. This paper summarizes data on rice yield and soil fertility parameters from long-term fertility trials, under a rice-rice cropping system, conducted at four sites in the Philippines: three rice experiment stations, namely, Bicol (Pili clay: Typic Pelludert), Maligaya (Maligaya silty clay: Vertic Tropaquept), and Visayas (Santa Rita clay: Typic Pelludert) from 1968 to 1986; and the IRRI farm (Maahas clay: Andaqueptic Haplaquoll) from 1964 to 1986. Large responses to complete NPK fertilizer were observed at all four sites, but response to individual nutrients (N, P, or K) differed greatly among sites. N-use efficieny did not change over time at IRRI and Bicol, but decreased substantially over time at Maligaya and Visayas. P-use efficiency, however, increased drastically over time both at Maligaya and Visayas, more so after 10 yr of cropping, but no change in P response over time was observed at Bicol. At IRRI, there were no appreciable responses to P or K throughout the 23-yr period; at the other sites where there were appreciable responses to P and K, interactions between P and K were large, i.e., response to P was larger when K was applied than when no K was applied, and response to K was larger when P was applied than when no P was applied. The difference in response between the dry and the wet seasons was more pronounced in responses to P and K than with response to N. Yields from organic + inorganic NPK fertilizer (tested only at IRRI) did not differ from those from NPK inorganic fertilizer alone at any time in the 23-yr period. Under intensive rice-rice croppings, the soil pH decreased, and the total N and organic matter content increased, with successive applications of one or more nutrients over time. Extractable P values in P-fertilized plots were higher than those in plots that did not receive P over time. The exchangeable K values decreased with successive application of P and increased with successive application of K, over time. The effects of successive application of fertilizers on CEC and exchangeable Ca in the soil were not consistent.

Effect of integrated use of organic manures with chemical fertilizers in the rice-rice cropping system and its impact on soil health

A field experiment was conducted during 2003-2004 at Bangladesh Agricultural University farm, Mymensingh to evaluate the suitability of different sources of organic materials for integrated use with chemical fertilizers for the Boro-Fallow-T. Aman rice cropping pattern. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Eight-treatments, formulated from organic manure and chemical fertilizers have been imposed. The treatment combinations are T1: control, T2: 70% NPKS, T3: 100% NPKS, T4: 70% NPKS + rice straw (RS) @ 5 t/ha, T5: 70% NPKS + dhaincha (DH) @ 15 t/ha, Tb: 70% NPKS + mungbean residue (MBR) @ 10 t/ha, T7: 70% NPKS + cowdung (CD) @ 5 t/ha and T8: 70% NPKS + poultry manure (PM) @ 3 t/ha. Organic manure or crop residue was applied to T. Aman rice and their residual effects were observed in the following Boro rice. Application of 70% NPKS + PM produced the highest grain yield of T. Aman rice, which was identical to that obtained with 100% NPKS with no manure. In Boro season. application of 100% NPKS produced the highest grain yield of 6.87 t/ha, which was identical with the application of 70% NPKS + PM (6.57 t/ha). The total grain yield in the cropping pattern ranged from 5.14 t/ha in T1 (control) treatment to 12.29 t/ha in the 100% NPKS. The application of 3 t/ha PM with 70% NPKS (T8) produced the total yield of 12.09 t/ha followed by 11.59 t/ha in the treatment containing 10 t/ha MBR plus 70% NPKS (T6). It appears that the application of 3 t/ha PM once in a year with 70% NPKS can reduce the use of 30% NPKS as fertilizers. There were negative balances for N and K with the highest mining of K, while the balances for P and S were positive. The economic analysis reveals that most of the treatments produced BCR (benefit-cost ratio) of more than 3.0 showing that they all are economically viable. The integrated use of fertilizers and manure resulted in considerable improvement in soil health by increasing organic matter, available P, and S contents of soils. The overall findings of the study indicate that the integrated use of chemical fertilizer and manure is important for sustainable crop yield in a rice-rice cropping pattern. Key Words: Organic manures; chemical fertilizer; soil health. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5757Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 81-90, March 2009

Effects Of Organic And Inorganic Sources Of K On Rice Yield And Soil K Balance In The Rice-Rice Cropping System

Field experiments were conducted through T. Aman 2003–Boro 2008 at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur Farm with a view to determining the appropriate dose of K fertilizer in soils under double rice cropping system and to find out the alternative source of K for wet land rice cultivation. Four levels of inorganic K (0, 33, 50 & 66 kg K/ha and farmers’ practice from MoP) and one recycling of rice straw 4.5 t/ha (dry basis) were tested. Incorporation of rice straw into soil contributed significantly to grain yield in successive growing seasons comparable with inorganic K fertilizer. In clay- loam soil, K at the rate of 50 kg K/ha should be applied to obtain the maximum yield in both T. Aman and Boro rice seasons. Rice straw may be a potential alternative source of K for sustaining soil K fertility and maximizing rice yield. Agronomic use efficiency of K decreased with increasing K levels. A narrower balance of K was observed when rice straw or a higher dose of inorganic K fertilizer was used. Keywords: K; rice yield; soil K balance; rice straw. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i2.9258 BJAR 2011; 36(2): 305-311