Wetland Rice Research Articles

Analysis of total arsenic content in purchased rice from Ecuador

Natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to arsenic contamination in water and human food chain in Andean countries. Human exposure to arsenic via rice consumption is of great concern in countries where this crop is the dominant staple food, and limited information is available on the arsenic contamination on rice in Ecuador. This work was to contribute to the lack of knowledge analysing total arsenic by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry in the samples of white, brown and parboiled rice purchased in Ecuadorian markets and produced in the two main rice wetlands in Ecuador, Guayas and Los Ríos, were carried out. For the samples from Guayas, arsenic concentration in white, brown and parboiled rice were 0.174 ± 0.014, 0.232 ± 0.021, and 0.186 ± 0.017 mg/kg respectively, whereas samples of white rice from Los Ríos showed a total arsenic level of 0.258 ± 0.037 mg/kg. This last arsenic concentration exceeds recommended maximum permissible limit by the FAO/WHO. Obtained data have available to estimate the Ecuadorian dietary exposure revealing serious health risk for population.

Movement and Retention of NH4-N in Wetland Rice Soils as Affected by Urea Application Methods

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamics of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) in the soil during an entire rice-growing season. The NH4+-N dynamics were measured in paddy soils from two N application methods, namely, urea deep placement (UDP) and broadcast prilled urea (PU). The pore water samples from a 10 cm soil depth were collected using a “rhizon sampler.” The samples were collected at 0, 7, 10, 14, 20, and 22 cm from the urea briquette (UB) placement point at 7, 14, 21, 35, 64, and 83 days after transplanting (DAT) of rice. The NH4+-N in the floodwater sample was measured for a week after each split application of PU. UDP retained NH4+-N at the placement site (7–10 cm depth) until 64 DAT. A small amount of NH4+-N moved horizontally up to 14 cm from the placement site. It’s movement to the soil surface and floodwater was very low to negligible. In contrast, PU produced more NH4+-N in both the floodwater and in the soil surface. Therefore, broadcast urea had significantly (p < 0.05) higher ammonia volatilization (~15% of applied N) compared to UDP (<1%). UDP significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields, N uptake, and N recovery compared to broadcast urea. These results confirm that a single application of UDP could meet plants’ N demand throughout the rice-growing period, particularly for short- and medium-duration rice varieties.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI GIBERELIN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL BEBERAPA VARIETAS PADI SAWAH PADA CEKAMAN SALINITAS TINGGI

ABSTRACT This study aimed to: (1) study the effect of interactions between gibberellin concentration and several wetland rice varieties on conditions of high salinity stress on growth and yield, (2) gibberellin concentration and lowland rice varieties which have the best influence on growth and the results of lowland rice. The research was carried out at the screen house of the Faculty of Agriculture, Winaya Mukti Tanjungsari University - Sumedang Regency with altitude 850 m above sea level. The time of the study was carried out in December 2014 until April 2015. The study used a factorial Randomized Block Design method, which consisted of two factors: gibberellin concentration and several varieties of lowland rice in high salinity stress. The first factor is the concentration of gibberellin (G), consisting of four levels: g0 = soaking the seeds for 24 hours in giberelin 0 mgL -1 = soaking the seeds for 24 hours in gibberellins 20 mgL -1 , g2 = soaking the seeds during 24 hours in gibberellins 40 mgL -1 , g3 = soaking the seeds for 24 hours in giberelin 60 mgL -1 . The second factor is rice paddy variety (P), consisting of eight levels: p1 = Inpari 10, p2 = Inpari 20, p3 = Inpari 25, p4 = Inpari 26, p5 = Inpari 27, p6 = Inpari 30, p7 = Inpara 4, and p8 = Banyuasin. The results of the study indicate that here is an interaction effect between gibberellin concentrations and some lowland rice varieties in high salinity tresses against root drop ratio at ages 7, 35 and 49 HST. Rice varieties independently affect the age of harvest and the weight of 1000 seeds. There is a concentration of gibberellins and lowland rice varieties that produce the best growth and yield in high salinity stress.

Analysis of Factors that Influence the production of wetland rice in Banten Province

Banten Province has a harvested area of paddy fields on the 2017 year of 415,687 ha and production of 2,369,731 tons of milled dry grain (MDG). The objectives of this study are: 1) Knowing the condition of wetland rice farming in Banten Province, 2) Knowing the factors that influence the production of wetland rice in Banten Province, 3) Knowing the efficiency of the use of production inputs. The sampling method used purposive sampling with 123 respondents. The analytical method used multiple linear of Cobb Douglas production functions and descriptive analysis. The results of the study are: 1) Rice paddy farming in Rainy Season (RS) 2017/2018 has a B/C ratio of 1.7. The productivity of paddy rice is 5.91 tons harvested dry grain (HDG)/ha. 2) Significant factors affecting the production of paddy rice in RS 2017/2018 are The amount of use of solid organic fertilizer, The amount of solid herbicide use, The amount of use of human labor rent, and the arable land area, 3). The cumulative elasticity is 0.97, is inelastic, meaning that the addition of 1% of the production factor will increase production by 0.97% or decreasing return to scale. So rice farming is relatively inefficient.

Silicon nutrition mitigates the negative impacts of iron toxicity on rice photosynthesis and grain yield.

Excess iron (Fe) is commonly observed in wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants, impairing crop growth and productivity. Some information suggests that silicon (Si) can reduce Fe content in leaves and roots of rice (vegetative phase), but nothing is known if Si could mitigate the effects of Fe toxicity on rice production and photosynthesis. Here, we assessed the role of Si in alleviating the well-known effects of Fe toxicity on nutritional imbalances, biomass accumulation, photosynthesis and grain yield using two rice cultivars having differential abilities to tolerate excess Fe. Plants were hydroponically grown under two Fe levels (25μM or 5mM) and the nutrient solutions were amended with Si (0 or 2mM). Under excess Fe were detected (i) nutritional deficiencies, especially of calcium and magnesium in leaves; (ii) negligible changes in grain nutritional composition, independently of Si application; (iii) decreases in net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance and electron transport rate, in parallel to decreased grain yield components (total grain biomass, 1000-grain mass, percentage of filled grains, number of grains per plant and harvest index), especially in the Fe-sensitive cultivar. These impairments were partially reversed by the application of Si. Results also suggest that Si alleviated the negative impacts of Fe on spikelet sterility. In summary, we conclude that the use of Si can be recommended as an effective management strategy to reduce the negative impacts of Fe toxicity on rice photosynthetic performance and crop yield.

Sustainability Assessment of Wetland Rice Farming in Sri Lanka: A Case Study in Kaduwela Wetland Ecosystem

Achieving sustainability in farming systems which are in close connection with natural ecosystems is a challenging task for farmers, researchers and policy makers. There is long history for use of floodplains for agriculture, due to their high fertility created by regular flooding events. Kaduwela wetland ecosystem is such floodplain which is situated in Colombo district. Paddy is the most prominent cultivation in this area and intensive farming practices hence has led to continuous reduction of sustainability and natural biodiversity of this wetland ecosystem. The objective of the study is therefore to calculate a total sustainability index (TSI) for the paddy farmers with social, economic and environmental components. A household survey using a pre-tested questionnaire was conducted among randomly selected 100 paddy farmers from Dedigamuwa Grama Niladhari Division of Kaduwela Divisional Secretariat Division. Key informant interviews were also conducted to collect information. Thirteen different indicators were developed to analyse economic, social and environmental sustainability. These data were used to derive an Economic Efficiency Index (EEI), Social Security Index (SSI) and an Environmental Security Index (ESI). Total Sustainability Index (TSI) was calculated finally combining all indices. According to the results only 3% (TSI>0.5) of paddy farmers were totally sustainable within the system. Overall results emphasized that only 13%, 8% and 4% of paddy farmers respectively were economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. Further, as a result of continuous reduction of paddy productivity and higher labour cost, 87% of paddy farmers were economically vulnerable while overuse of fertilizers and agrochemicals has lead to reduction of environmental sustainability of the system. Lack of proper extension services and poor women involvement in agriculture has lead 92% of paddy farmers towards the social vulnerability. The study concludes that lack of adequate knowledge on sustainable farming systems and unfamiliarity with resource conserving practices negatively related to less adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Finally the study suggest that government support and intervention in agricultural advisory services can serve as an engine to promote sustainability in paddy production while conserving the natural characteristics of this wetland ecosystem. Keywords: Paddy farming, Sustainability index, Wetland ecosystem

Integrated Effects of Poultry Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on Yield, Nutrient Balance and Economics of Wetland Rice Culture

Field trials were conducted for two years to evaluate the integrated effect of poultry manure (PM) and chemical fertilizers on yield, nutrient balance and economics of rice at BRRI, Gazipur (AEZ-28 and land type- High Land) during Boro 2009 to T. Aman 2010. Eight treatment combinations, where PM @ 1, 2, 3 t ha-1 with IPNS (Integrated plant nutrient system) based dose and PM @ 1, 2, 3 t ha-1 with 50% STB (soil test based) dose along with a control and 100% STB chemical fertilizer were tested. Immediate effects of manure and fertilizer were evaluated in Boro season and residual effects were observed in the following T. Aman season. Application of PM @ 2 t ha-1 with IPNS based chemical fertilizer or PM @ 3 t ha-1 with 50% STB dose gave higher grain yield in Boro season. Some residual effects in the succeeding T. Aman rice were observed where PM was used @ 3 t ha-1. The highest net return was obtained with 3 t PM ha-1 with 50% STB dose. A positive nutrient balance of phosphorus and sulfur were observed in PM and chemical fertilizer treated plots.&#x0D; Bangladesh Rice j. 2018, 22(2): 71-77

Efisiensi Produksi Usahatani Padi Sawah Kelompok Subak dan Non Subak di Kabupaten Kolaka

Pemanfaatan kearifan lokal dalam pengelolaan usahatani merupakan salah satu solusi dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan efisiensi usahatani. Salah satu bentuk kearifan lokal dalam pengelolaan usahatani padi sawah adalah subak, yang sampai saat ini masih dipertahankan oleh sebagian masyarakat yang berasal dari Pulau Bali di daerah perantauan. Masyarakat yang menerapkan sistem subak tersebut meyakini bahwa pengelolaan usahataninya lebih efisien dengan menerapkan sistem subak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pendapatan kelompok subak dan non subak dan keterkaitan antara sosio-kultural subak dengan pendapatan usahatani padi sawah. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode observasi, wawancara, dan studi literatur terhadap sampel/responden penelitian. Responden penelitian berjumlah 60, ditentukan secara purposive dan random. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan petani kelompok subak lebih besar dibandingkan petani non subak dengan rata-rata pendapatan sebesar Rp 12.672.686,67 untuk kelompok subak dan Rp 10.198.529,41 untuk kelompok non subak. Tidak ada hubungan yang terpola antara sosio-kultural dengan jumlah pendapatan oleh masing-masing petani responden baik subak maupun non subak, akan tetapi ada kecenderungan jika nilai skor sosio-kultural tinggi maka pendapatan yang diperoleh petani juga tinggi.

Analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of transplanting and broadcast seeding wetland rice cultivation

The analysis of energy and greenhouse gas emissions in this study was made in respect to both planting methods, transplanting and broadcast seeding methods to investigate the energy pattern of rice production in Malaysia. The field under transplanting method in the main season showed 8.72% lesser mean total energy input, 6.25% higher mean machinery energy, 55.06% lesser mean seed energy and 23.01% higher mean output energy than the field under broadcasting method. Fertilizer the highest contributor of energy inputs it contributed by 62% in both transplanting and broadcasting methods and fuel was the second-highest contributor. The share of direct and indirect energy in the fields under the transplanting method were 19% and 81% and in the fields under the broadcasting method were 17% and 83% respectively. While the share of renewable and non-renewable energy in the fields under the transplanting method were 7% and 93% and in the fields under the broadcasting method were 14% and 86% respectively. The harvesting operation has the highest mechanization index level (0.99) in both methods. While fertilizing and planting operation have the lowest mechanization index level. The mean energy ratio was 35.68% higher in transplanting than broadcasting (8.1 and 5.97). Fertilizer represents the highest contributor to the total GHG emissions in the two cultivation methods, transplanting and broadcasting and it represents 44% and 42% respectively. Among different types of chemical fertilizers, Nitrogen represents the higher contributor.

Evolutionary flexibility in flooding response circuitry in angiosperms.

Flooding due to extreme weather threatens crops and ecosystems. To understand variation in gene regulatory networks activated by submergence, we conducted a high-resolution analysis of chromatin accessibility and gene expression at three scales of transcript control in four angiosperms, ranging from a dryland-adapted wild species to a wetland crop. The data define a cohort of conserved submergence-activated genes with signatures of overlapping cis regulation by four transcription factor families. Syntenic genes are more highly expressed than nonsyntenic genes, yet both can have the cis motifs and chromatin accessibility associated with submergence up-regulation. Whereas the flexible circuitry spans the eudicot-monocot divide, the frequency of specific cis motifs, extent of chromatin accessibility, and degree of submergence activation are more prevalent in the wetland crop and may have adaptive importance.

Flood-resistance from gene regulation

Plant Science Some plants tolerate flooding better than others. Reynoso et al. compared gene regulatory networks activated by flooding in rice, which is adapted to flooding, with those in species less adapted to flooding. Flood-related gene regulation was characterized according to chromatin accessibility as well as transcription. Although flood response circuitry is evident in dryland species as well, its activation is greater in wetland rice. Science , this issue p. [1291][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aax8862

The Effect of Fish Type and Variety on Growth and Results Through the Application of Minapadi-SRI

National food security must be maintained because the food need of the Indonesian population in the next few years will still continue to increase. Since there is no food diversification for their staple food, rice role will still dominate. More over, the conversion of irrigated rice fields functions is also increasing. This reality must be addressed with policies and the application of efficient lowland rice production technology so that it is still able to meet national food needs while the income of wetland rice farmers increase. This study, combined an experimental production technology and descriptive methods on the farmer income aspect institutional strengthening. The aim of the research is to increase the added value of irrigated rice fields, which area is believed to be increasingly shrinking, while on the other side still produce rice as the main national food and also produce the addition of animal food in the form of fish coulde. Data obtained in the previous study showed that combination of water dept of a 10 cm with 50 cm width is the best treatment for the development of rice and fish togethere. This treatment is used as well as basis for testing the MINAPADI-SRI pattern with more varieties and types of fish, which is expected to obtaine more practical and profitable combinations. The research was conducted in the Split plot design where fish species (Tawes, Mas, and Nila) as the main plot and the rice varieties (PB42, Batang Piaman, and Beras Merah) as sub plot. The results showed that the PB42 gave higher yield compared to two the other varieties where tilapia and goldfish were which maintained in the technically irrigated rice fields.

Manipulation of Chemical Properties in Soil under Wetland Rice through Industrial Effluents

A laboratory experiment was conducted in Soil Science Division of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) during 2010-11 aimed to determine the effects of different industrial effluents on some soil chemical properties under long-term industrial wastewater irrigated rice field. Effluents irrigation created some differences in soil pH, electrical conductivity and organic carbon. The pH in all soil depth was higher with wastewater irrigated rice field. Irrigation with wastewater increased in all the effluents irrigated rice fields; the electrical conductivity (EC) was remarkable higher with all soil depth than the control field. In all the rice fields soil (Control + effluents irrigated fields), the organic carbon content (%) started to decrease sharply with the increase in soil depth. Organic carbon content was slightly higher with wastewater irrigated rice soils. Exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na), trace elements (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni) were increased through irrigation with wastewater in rice–rice cropping pattern.

Quantification of polyphenol content, antioxidant properties and LC-MS/MS analysis in Malaysian indigenous rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.)

The study was carried out to evaluate the differences in the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activities via 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays and quantification of targeted polyphenol compounds in Malaysian upland and wetland rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) varieties. Of note, the Bario cultivar of upland rice-seed grain extracts had the highest TPC (47.84 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), TFC (7.14 mg rutin equivalents/g) and antioxidant activities 25% higher than for the other cultivars. Ferulic acid, salicylic acid and p-coumaric acid, (the most abundant polyphenol compounds and known as a group of flavonoids responsible for high antioxidant properties) were detected in all extracts tested; upland rice of the Bario cultivar had a higher portion of ferulic acid (10.31 mg/100g), salicylic acid (3.25 mg/100g) and p-coumaric acid (1.10 mg/100g). This finding of antioxidant compounds was further confirmed using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry analysis in which ferulic acid produced the most substantial peak at[M-H]- m/z 193 to form the daughter ion of 134 at a retention time of 5.79 min, while p-coumaric acid was detected at m/z 163 to form the daughter ion of m/z 119 at a retention time of 4.95 min. The results indicated that the increased antioxidant quantity in upland rice could support the available upland rice grain database for the development of enriched health-promoting foods.

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Padi Sawah akibat Aplikasi Blue Green Algae dan Pupuk N

The growth and yield of rice plants is very dependent on nitrogen (N) fertilizer. N fertilizer applied to wetland rice mostly unutilized due to the lost through the process of denitrification and leaching. The presence of blue-green algae (BGA), procaryotic algae N2-fixing in the paddy field is advantageous to help to uptake the N for plants by direct fixation of N2 from air and then converted into cell proteins. Excess N fixation results were released into the BGA growth environment. BGA biomass at the latter stage will be mineralized to ammonium. Mineralized ammonium from BGA cells as a source of N that can be used directly by paddy plants. This experiment used a randomized block design with factorial pattern; BGA inoculant dose treatment consisted of: 0; 5 kg; 10 kg ha-1 and urea dose 30; 60; 90; 120 kg N ha-1. The results of this experiment showed that the use of BGA can increase the rate of growth of rice plants and reduced urea requirements by 25%. The combination of 90 kg ha-1 N fertilizer with 10 kg ha-1 Blue-green algae inoculant can increase grain yield by 31.47% per hectare (2.71 tons ha-1).

ANALISIS EFISIENSI USAHATANI PADI SAWAH LAHAN RAWA DI KABUPATEN CIAMIS (Suatu Kasus di Kecamatan Lakbok Kabupaten Ciamis)

Rice is still an important commodity in agricultural policy in Indonesia because it is related to food security and rice self-sufficiency. The use of inefficient production factors will affect the level of farm productivity. The ability of farmers to manage and allocate production factors used will affect production and productivity, and will provide an overview of the level of efficiency achieved by farmers. The identification of the problem of this research are: 1) How is the performance of wetland rice farming in Lakbok Subdistrict? 2) Is there influence on the use of production factors together (simultaneously) and individually (partially) on the production of rice paddies in Lakbok Sub-district? 3) Is the average use of production factors on rice farming efficient or not? Test analysis using multiple regression analysis with a sample of 98 respondent farmers in Lakbok District, Ciamis Regency. Sampling is done by cluster sampling. The collected data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive approach and Production Factor Economic Efficiency Analysis. The results showed that: 1) The average yield of rice produced in Lakbok Subdistrict was 3,600 Kg / Ha MPD. While the total income for farmers in Lakbok District is Rp. 7,197,137.37 per hectare per planting season with RC ratio of 1.80 per planting season. 2) The amount of determination (R2) is 0.913. This can be interpreted that the independent variables (land area, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, insecticides and labor) can explain the dependent variable (rice production) of 91.1 percent, while the remainder is explained by other factors outside the derived model. While the value of the coefficient of determination obtained value of 0.958 means that the closeness of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable is 95.8 percent. 3) The area of land, fungicides, insecticides and labor is greater than one, meaning that the combination of the use of production factors in the form of land area, fungicide, insecticide and labor in lowland rice farming has not been economic efficiency. While the value of economic efficiency for factors of seed and pesticide production shows a negative number, meaning that the use of production factors in rice farming is too much and will reduce the level of income earned.

Sikap Petani Terhadap Keberadaan Irigasi dalam Peningkatan Produktivitas Padi Sawah di Desa Tualene Kecamatan Biboki Utara Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sikap petani terhadap keberadaan irigasi dalam peningkatkan produktivitas padi sawah di Desa Tualene Kecamatan Biboki Utara Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Metode pengumpulan data pengambilan sampel dilakukan dari keseluruan obyek yang diteliti dan dianggap mewakili seluruh populasi metode pengumpulan data menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis data dalam penelitian meliputi: analisis kualitatif, skala likert. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa 1.) Sikap petani terhadap keberadaan irigasi di desa Tualene dengan jumlah responden 35 orang dengan persentase sebesar 70 persen menyatakan sangat setuju dengan keberadaan irigasi dikarenakan irigasi dapat membantu memperlancar, mempercepat proses pengairan. Keberadaan irigasi sangat membantu meningkatkan produktifitas 2.) Dalam melakukan usahatani padi sawah para petani mendapatkan kendala pada proses pembagian air pada irigasi sehingga diupayakan kepada petani agar bekerja sama dalam penggunaan air sehingga bisa meningkatkan produktivitas usahatani padi sawah.

PERAN KELOMPOK TANI ORA ET LABORA DALAM PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI KELURAHAN TARATARA SATU

This study aims to determine how the role of Ora et Labora Farmers Group in increasing the productivity of wetland rice farming in Taratara Satu Village, Tomohon Barat District, Tomohon City. The Ora et Labora Farmer Group was choose purposevly and all the board members and members of the Farmer Group as respondents. This study used primary data and secondary data. Primary data was carried out by direct interviews with 10 farmers who were members and board members of the Ora et Labora Farmer Group. Secondary data was obtained from the Taratara Satu Village Office in Tomohon Barat Subdistrict, local bookstores, the internet through google scholar to get electronic books, journal articles and theses that related to the research topic on the role of Farmer Groups in increasing productivity of lowland rice farming. The data analysis method used in this study is descriptive analysis and then interpreted to draw conclusions. The results showed that there was an increase in farm productivity compared to before joining the Ora et Labora farmer group. Ora et Labora farmer group has played a role in increasing the productivity of rice farming in farmer groups in Taratara Satu Village, Tomohon Barat Subdistrict, Tomohon City, therefore was classified to the good category.-*eprm*

Analisis Keberlanjutan Dimensi Sosial Budaya Usahatani Padi Sawah di Kabupaten Siak Provinsi Riau

The study was conducted from January to July 2018 in four sub-districts (Bunga Raya, Sabak Auh, Sungai Apit and Sungai Mandau) in Siak Regency. The sample of farmers in this study were 203 people who were selected by purposive sampling. Data collection was done by interviewing techniques using questionnaires and field observations. The analysis of the sustainability of lowland rice farming was carried out based on the assessment of index and sustainability status using the Rap-Rice method in Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). The purpose of this study was to analyze the index and the status of sustainability of the socio-cultural dimensions of wetland farming and analyze the role of each of the socio-cultural attributes that have sensitivity to the management of rice farming in the future. The results of Rap-Rice analysis of the seven socio-cultural attributes analyzed, two attributes provide sensitivity to the District (Bunga Raya, Sabak Auh and Sungai Mandau). Four attributes give sensitivity to Sungai Apit District. The attribute that gives sensitivity to all sub-districts is the attribute of attending training / counseling. Based on socio-cultural conditions, the analysis of wetland rice farming in Siak District showed a fairly sustainable category for Bunga Raya District (56.7%), Sabak Auh (50.80%) and Sungai Mandau (51.10%) while for Sungai Apit Subdistrict the value was obtained (47.70%) or less sustainable .

LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE UPPER WATERSHED OF PALU (Case Study of Miu Sub Watershed in Sigi Regency)

Population growth and regional expansion has increased land needs for settlement, agriculture, and trade in the Palu watershed causing much pressure on the upper part of the watershed where Miu watershed is situated The general aim of the research was to generate strategy for sustainable land resources management in the Miu watershed as a buffer zone of the Lore-Lindu National Park. The objective of the research were 1) to predict soil erosion and sedimentation, 2) to analyze the feasibility of dominant farming systems, 3) to analyze rural development, and 4) to analyze community preference on land use priority. The erosion and sedimentation, and feasibility research was conducted through soil survey and socio-economic approach. The rural development index was determined using secondary data taken from related institution such as demography, regional structure and infra structure, and industrial-trade condition. The preferential analysis of land use priority for 10 years ahead was done using focus group discussion with farmer community leaders. The soil erosion rate was light - heavy whilst the soil erosion index was low - very high estimated by the USLE. The relationship between the river debit and suspended load at the upper and lower part of the watershed was found to follow the equation of Y= 0.001X1.366 (R2= 0.65), and Y = 0.001 X1.409 (R2 = 0.66), respectively. Three villages included Pakuli, Pandere, and Bolapapu had high index of rural development whereas low index was found in Lonca, Bangga and Tangkulowi. The high-low order of land use priority was agro forestry, cacao monoculture, fresh water fishery, wetland rice, ruminant grazing, mixed culture of rice, soy bean, cassava and maize, and poultry farming.