Rice Substrate Research Articles

Colorimetry as Quality Control Tool for Individual Inkjet-Printed Pediatric Formulations.

Printing technologies were recently introduced to the pharmaceutical field for manufacturing of drug delivery systems. Printing allows ondemand manufacturing of flexible pharmaceutical doses in a personalized manner, which is critical for a successful and safe treatment of patient populations with specific needs, such as children and the elderly, and patients facing multimorbidity. Printing of pharmaceuticals as technique generates new demands on the quality control procedures. For example, rapid quality control is needed as the printing can be done on demand and at the point of care. This study evaluated the potential use of a handheld colorimetry device for quality control of printed doses of vitamin Bs on edible rice and sugar substrates. The structural features of the substrates with and without ink were also compared. A multicomponent ink formulation with vitamin B1, B2, B3, and B6 was developed. Doses (4cm2) were prepared by applying 1-10 layers of yellow ink onto the white substrates using thermal inkjet technology. The colorimetric method was seen to be viable in detecting doses up to the 5th and 6th printed layers until color saturation of the yellow color parameter (b*) was observed on the substrates. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used as a reference method for the colorimetry measurements plotted against the number of printed layers. It was concluded that colorimetry could be used as a quality control tool for detection of different doses. However, optimization of the color addition needs to be done to avoid color saturation within the planned dose interval.

Characterization of Nivalenol-Producing Fusarium culmorum Isolates Obtained from the Air at a Rice Paddy Field in Korea.

Together with the Fusarium graminearum species complex, F. culmorum is a major member of the causal agents of Fusarium head blight on cereals such as wheat, barley and corn. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in the contamination of grain with mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and animals. In Korea, F. culmorum is listed as a quarantine fungal species since it has yet to be found in the country. In this paper, we report that two isolates (J1 and J2) of F. culmorum were collected from the air at a rice paddy field in Korea. Species identification was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using multi-locus sequence data derived from five genes encoding translation elongation factor, histone H3, phosphate permease, a reductase, and an ammonia ligase and by morphological comparison with reference strains. Both diagnostic PCR and chemical analysis confirmed that these F. culmorum isolates had the capacity to produce nivalenol, the trichothecene mycotoxin, in rice substrate. In addition, both isolates were pathogenic on wheat heads and corn stalks. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. culmorum in Korea.

Comparison of Monascus purpureus growth, pigment production and composition on different cereal substrates with solid state fermentation

The growth and pigment production of Monascus purpureus during 14 days solid state fermentation on different cereal substrates i.e. rice, corn, whole sorghum grain (WSG), dehulled sorghum grain (DSG) and sorghum bran (SB); and pigment composition of the fermented-products have been evaluated. Fungal biomass was used as a basis of its growth. Pigment content was measured by using spectrophotometer and thin-layer chromatography, and its composition was analyzed by using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. M. purpureus grew faster on rice substrate than did on other substrates. Production of pigments was observed at the end of logarithmic phase on all substrates tested. Similar pigment compounds were found on all substrates and the highest production of pigments was on rice, followed by DSG>WSG>Corn>SB. Twelve pigments, six of which were well-known, were detected on the Monascus-fermented products at different levels. Among those, Monapilol B, found in Monascus-fermented dioscorea, was found. On all cases, the red pigment Rubropunctamine was the major one (57–87%), except on SB substrate which produced Yellow II as the major one. Interestingly, fermented-DSG contained a large amount of Rubropunctatin compared to other fermented products. Among the non-rice substrates, DSG is the most potential substrate, on which the fungus exhibited the highest growth and pigment production. These data suggest that the fermented products are good candidates for development of natural food colorant, food supplement, functional food and or medicine with antiinflammation, anticancer and antimicrobial activities.

Experimental Investigation of Sophorolipid Biosurfactants Produced by Candida and Pleurotus Species Using Waste Oils and Rice Bran and Their Oilfield Benefits

Conventional chemical surfactants applications usually linked with environmental unfriendliness and toxicity are associated with high production costs resulting from fluctuations in oil prices and thermal energy requirements. Sophorolipid biosurfactants can potentially be implemented with a remarkably low operating cost. Besides economic interest, sophorolipids and their derivatives have shown promise as emulsifiers, antimicrobials, surfactants and a source of specialty chemicals reduction capacities, thus, facilitating microbial hydrocarbon and heavy metal emulsification and uptake. In this study, sophorolipids produced by Candida and Pleurotus species respectively isolated and harvested from oil contaminated soils from Ukwa West LGA of Abia State were investigated. Mineral salt media supplemented with different hydrophilic (rice bran, spent mushroom substrate and cassava peels) and hydrophobic (food industry waste oil) renewable wastes as sources of carbon were tested on nine (9) of the potential isolates to select the best medium and organism that maximized sophorolipids production. This was supported by the emulsification index after 24 hours (E24), FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. All isolates were subjected to biosurfactants production screening, to find the best sophorolipid producer among the available strains. Results showed that isolate CP1SP6c, a hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (HUF) exhibiting β- haemolysis and 92.4% microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon (MATH), gave the maximum E24 of 69.2%, within 6 days of incubation on media fortified with rice bran and food industry waste oil in a rotary shaker. Further studies on CP1SP6c were carried out to assess the interaction of the produced sophorolipids with porous media in core flooding experiments as a tertiary recovery technique. The results showed high promises of using this bio-product in hydrocarbon recovery, where 12.3% of crude oil was recovered after injecting the culture supernatant. An additional recovery of 15.7% of residual oil was observed after concentrating the sophorolipid solution.

Effects of Illumination Pattern during Cultivation of Fruiting Body and Bioactive Compound Production by the Caterpillar Medicinal Mushroom, Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes).

We investigated the effects of light intensity in the 3 cultivation stages separately-the mycelium colonization stage, the primordial initiation stage, and the fruiting stage (in order)-on fruiting body and bioactive compound production by Cordyceps militaris. In the mycelium colonization stage, rice substrates were incubated in a spawn running room at 23°C. During the primordial initiation stage, C. militaris was grown at 18°C and illuminated 12 hours/day. In the fruiting stage the temperature was 23°C, with illumination provided 12 hours/day. The highest fruiting body yield and biological efficiency were 4.06 g dry weight/bottle and 86.83%, respectively, under 1750 ± 250 lux during the second and third stages. The cordycepin content was highest during the second and third stages under 1250 ± 250 lux. The mannitol and polysaccharide contents were highest under 1250 ± 250 and 1750 ± 250 lux during the primordial initiation stage and the fruiting stage, respectively. Thus, with controlled lighting, C. militaris can be cultivated in rice-water medium to increase fruiting body yield and bioactive compound production.

Structural characterization and antioxidant and immunomodulation activities of polysaccharides from the spent rice substrate of Cordyceps militaris

P20, P40, P60, and P80 polysaccharide fractions were isolated from the spent rice substrate of Cordyceps militaris and structure and antioxidant and immunomodulation activities were studied. P20 contained mainly starch from rice. Purified P40 was an α-1, 4-glucan with some α-1, 4, 6 link ed branches. P60 containing t-Galp and 1, 2-Manp had the highest FRAP value of 78.4 µmol Fe2+/g. P80 containing t-Galp, 1,6-Galp, and 1, 2-Manp had the highest TEAC and ORACFL values and the lowest IC50 value of 0.32 mg/mL against DPPH radicals. All polysaccharides showed good biosafety in an MTT assay. P40, P60, and P80 stimulated NO production in a dose-dependent manner. Polysaccharides from the spent substrate of C. militaris can be used as safe antioxidants and immunomodulators and can be used for new applications in the food industry.

Multi‐Cereal Beverage Fermented by Lactobacillus Helveticus and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

A novel multi-cereal-based fermented beverage with suitable aroma, flavor, and pH fermented by lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was developed. Twenty-seven lactobacilli strains were screened for acid production (pH and titratable acidity) in a mixture of malt, rice, and maize substrates. It was found that Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS1.9204 had the greatest acid production among 27 lactobacilli tested. The fermentation performance of L. helveticus KLDS1.9204 was also assayed and the fermentation parameters were optimized using Plackett-Burman design and steepest ascent method. L. helveticus KLDS1.9204 showed good proteolytic capability, however, the strain could not utilize starch. The optimum substrate consisted of 50% malt (25g/100mL), 25% rice (20g/100mL), and 25% maize (30g/100mL). The inoculum was 5% with a ratio of S. cerevisiae to L. helveticus KLDS1.9204 of 2.5:1. The optimum temperature was 37°C and the time was 22h. Lastly, the quality of the multi-cereal-based fermented beverage was evaluated. This beverage was light yellow, transparent, and it tasted well with a pleasant acid and a unique flavor of cereals. The beverage was rich in free amino acids and organic acids. The pH and titratable acidity of the beverage were 3.5 and 29.86°T, respectively. The soluble solids content of the beverage was 6.5°Brix, and the alcohol content was 0.67%.

Production of novel vinegar having antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities from Salicornia herbacea L.

Salicornia herbacea L. is a halophyte that grows in salt marshes and contains significant amounts of salts and minerals. Because it is known as a folk medication to treat diseases, various processed products such as powder, globular type of powder, laver and extract have been developed. However, it is difficult to process as a drink because of its high salinity. In the present study, glasswort vinegar (GV) containing high amounts of organic acids and minerals was developed via two-step fermentation with unpolished rice substrates and investigated its antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities. GV showed various free radical scavenging effects, reducing power, oxidized-LDL inhibition and superoxide dismutase-like activities. Compared with the control group (orally administered 7 g kg(-1) distilled water), the GV supplementation group showed increased running endurance and had higher glycogen accumulation in liver and muscles of rats exhausted by exercise. Furthermore, the GV-administered group demonstrated significantly elevated lactate and ATP metabolism, promoting enzyme activities such as muscle creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, whereas serum fatigue biomarkers such as ammonia, lactate and inorganic acid were markedly decreased. These results indicate that GV can be used as a functional food for the development of a dietary beverage to alleviate fatigue.

Effect of mixing ratio of food waste and rice husk co-digestion and substrate to inoculum ratio on biogas production

Aim of this study was to find out suitable mixing ratio of food waste and rice husk for their co-digestion in order to overcome VFA accumulation in digestion of food waste alone. Four mixing ratios of food waste and rice husk with C/N ratios of 20, 25, 30 and 35 were subjected to a lab scale anaerobic batch experiment under mesophilic conditions. Highest specific biogas yield of 584L/kgVS was obtained from feedstock with C/N ratio of 20. Biogas yield decreased with decrease in food waste proportion. Further, fresh cow dung was used as inoculum to investigate optimum S/I ratio with the selected feedstock. In experiment 2, feedstock with C/N ratio 20 was subjected to anaerobic digestion at five S/I ratios of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. Specific biogas yield of 557L/kgVS was obtained at S/I ratio of 0.25. However, VFA accumulation occurred at higher S/I ratios due to higher organic loadings.

A novel chromene with anti-tumor activities from fungus Phomopsis sp.

A new chromene (1) and six known compounds identified as 6-hydroxymellein (2), 6-hydroxy-5-methylmellein (3) nectriapyrone (4), chermesinone A(5), chermesinone B(6), and pomopxanthone A(7), were isolated in our investigation of the cytotoxic constituents from the fermented rice substrate of endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. HCCB03519. The structures of these com pounds were elucidated through spectroscopic data analysis. All compounds exhibited inhibitory activities against cancer cell lines. Compound 7 showed stronger inhibition against cancer cells than the positive control 5-Fu.

Pengaruh Teknik Skarifikasi Fisik dan Media Perkecambahan terhadap Daya Berkecambah Benih Pala (Myristica fragrans)

The objective of this experiment is studying the effect of physical scarification of nutmeg seed coat and germination media to accelerating germination rate and enhancing nutmeg seed viability. This experiment was conducted in December 2013 until May 2014 at Leuwikopo Experimental Field’s green house and Seed Laboratory of Agronomy and Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. This experiment was using factorial randomize complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor was physical scarification on the seed coat with three levels: without scarification, one hole scarification on seed’s base, and two holes scarifications on seed’s base. The Second factor was the seed germination substrate that consist of sand, charcoal of husk rice, and mixture of sand and compost 1:1 (v/v). The results showed that two holes physical scarification could enhance germination process according to the earlier appearance of roots and shoot. Sand as the germinating substrate was observed as a better substrate according to the parameters of germinating potency and shoot height. Two holes physical scarification treatment which was sowed in sand substrate showed the increase of lateral root number into 6 lateral roots. Nutmeg seedling growth from sand substrate seedling showed a better growth than the charcoal of husk rice substrate seedling by evaluating these parameters on stem diameter, seedling’s height, amount of leaves, canopy’s width, and leaves colour.

Pengaruh Teknik Skarifikasi Fisik dan Media Perkecambahan terhadap Daya Berkecambah Benih Pala (Myristica fragrans)

<em>The objective of this experiment is studying the effect of physical scarification of nutmeg seed coat and germination media to accelerating germination rate and enhancing nutmeg seed viability. This experiment was conducted in December 2013 until May 2014 at Leuwikopo Experimental Field’s green house and Seed Laboratory of Agronomy and Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. This experiment was using factorial randomize complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor was physical scarification on the seed coat with three levels: without scarification, one hole scarification on seed’s base, and two holes scarifications on seed’s base. The Second factor was the seed germination substrate that consist of sand, charcoal of husk rice, and mixture of sand and compost 1:1 (v/v). The results showed that two holes physical scarification could enhance germination process according to the earlier appearance of roots and shoot. Sand as the germinating substrate was observed as a better substrate according to the parameters of germinating potency and shoot height. Two holes physical scarification treatment which was sowed in sand substrate showed the increase of lateral root number into 6 lateral roots. Nutmeg seedling growth from sand substrate seedling showed a better growth than the charcoal of husk rice substrate seedling by evaluating these parameters on stem diameter, seedling’s height, amount of leaves, canopy’s width, and leaves colour.</em>

Comparative Study of Five Pleurotus Species Cultivated in Warm Temperature on Non-sterilized Rice Straw

Five different Pleurotus species are cultivated on nonsterilized rice straw at (30+2)˚C. Smaller length of the substrate (1cm) showed better biological efficiency (BE) than the longer substrate (5cm). 20% spawn showed better efficiency than 10% spawn though spawn percentage has no effect on time of fruiting initiation. Length of the rice substrate much influenced the BE of P. pulmonarius whereas spawn percentage has more effect in P. florida than other species. The BE of P. pulmonarius and P. florida are comparable in first flush of production where 20% spawn and low substrate length are used. Early fruiting was observed in P. ostreatus followed by P. pulmonarius whereas P. floridanus showed more time requirement for initiation of fruiting. Morphometric data of fruiting body and basidium were generated. The protein, carbohydrate and polyphenol conc. were maximum in P. ostreatus and lowest in P. florida. Amount of moisture, crude fibre, ash, sodium, potassium contents are also determined in all the five species of oyster mushroom.

Bio-Hydrogen Production from Food Waste through Anaerobic Fermentation

In order to protect our planet and ourselves from the adverse effects of excessive CO2 emissions and to prevent an imminent non-renewable fossil fuel shortage and energy crisis, there is a need to transform our current ‘fossil fuel dependent’ energy systems to new, clean, renewable energy sources. The world has recognized hydrogen as an energy carrier that complies with all the environmental quality and energy security, demands. This research aimed at producing hydrogen through anaerobic fermentation, using food waste as the substrate. Four food waste substrates were used: Rice, fish, vegetable and their mixture. Bio-hydrogen production was performed in lab scale reactors, using 250 mL serum bottles. The food waste was first mixed with the anaerobic sewage sludge and incubated at 37°C for 31 days (acclimatization). The anaerobic sewage sludge was then heat treated at 80°C for 15 min. The experiment was conducted at an initial pH of 5.5 and temperatures of 27, 35 and 55°C. The maximum cumulative hydrogen produced by rice, fish, vegetable and mixed food waste substrates were highest at 37°C (Rice =26.97±0.76 mL, fish = 89.70±1.25 mL, vegetable = 42.00±1.76 mL, mixed = 108.90±1.42 mL). A comparative study of acclimatized (the different food waste substrates were mixed with anaerobic sewage sludge and incubated at 37°C for 31days) and non-acclimatized food waste substrate (food waste that was not incubated with anaerobic sewage sludge) showed that acclimatized food waste substrate enhanced bio-hydrogen production by 90 - 100%.

Conidia production by Isaria fumosorosea on solid substrates and its pathogenicity towards Bemisia tabaci

Large amounts of conidia must be recovered to use Isaria fumosorosea as a biological control agent. Aerial conidia are mass-produced in solid substrate culture. Conidia obtained from growth on different substrates must be similar in quantity and quality (viability, purity and virulence). In the present work, several solid substrates were evaluated: rice, sorghum, sugarcane, corncob, plantain and wheat (derived from the production of Trichogramma sp.) to find alternatives that are economical and available in different regions. The highest conidia production was obtained on rice, plantain and corncob substrates, which yielded 5.33 × 109 conidia/g, 5.24 × 109 conidia/g and 4.8 × 109 conidia/g substrate, respectively. At concentrations of 1 × 107 conidia/mL, the mortality rates obtained with conidia developed on rice, plantain and corncob substrates were 98%, 97% and 88%, respectively. The lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values of conidia obtained from rice and plantain were 7.2 × 104 conidia/mL and 5.1 × 104 conidia/mL, respectively.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Rice Straw to Fermentable Sugar: Kinetic Study

As the gradual up-growing trend of industrialization and urbanization leading steady increment of demand of energy; eco-friendly, bio degradable, cost competitive and promising source of energy with high sustainability is toughly needed for the new era of modern world. Hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulase enzymes is a vital candidate for this option. It is a solid-liquid heterogeneous reaction; strongly affected by the non-reaction resistances caused most notably by the crystalline structure; reaction environment parameters as temperature, pH, characteristics of enzyme, cell & substrate loading and hence must have to be defined for specific enzyme-substrate amalgamation. In this present investigation, glucose was produced from rice straw using cellulytic enzyme pseudomonas sp., isolated from municipal solid waste. Glucose yield was found to increase as the rice straw particle size decreased from 0.5 mm to 45 ?m, while the optimal temperature and pH were found within the range of 30°C and 7.0 respectively. The concentration and rate of glucose production was observed to depend on pretreatment of rice straw, substrate concentration and enzyme loading. A kinetic model rate expression has been developed for such a process based on the Michaelis – Mentens and Line weaver–Burk approach. Comparison between the experimental data and those predicted from the rate model indicate good agreement with a mean absolute deviation of about 0.304916. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i2.17778 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 2, December 2012: 20-24

Yield and germination of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana when grown on different rice preparations

Experiments on two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (IMI 389521 and IMI 386243) investigated whether modifying the solid-substrate phase of mass-production, namely the par-boiling, water and washing regimes of the rice substrate, affected conidial yield and germination. Germination was assessed on progressively drier media (0.987, 0.978 and 0.968 aw); the effects were also studied before and after a period of short-term cool storage. There was little difference in conidial yield between treatments and/or isolates. The only significant difference was IMI 389521 on unwashed then par-boiled rice with 600 ml water/kg rice, which yielded more conidia than IMI 386243 on unwashed and not par-boiled rice. There were significant treatment effects on the germination of both isolates. In particular, the germination of conidia produced on rice that had been washed under running tap-water for 5 min and not par-boiled, was lower than all other treatments, for both isolates. Highest conidial germination for IMI 389521 was from the unwashed then par-boiled rice with 600 ml water/kg, at 96%; highest germination for IMI 386243 was from the unwashed and not par-boiled rice, at 72%. As the growth media was made progressively drier there was no change in the germination levels of IMI 389521, for any of the rice treatments. In contrast, germination of two treatments of IMI 386243, namely washed under running tap-water for 5 min and not par-boiled, and unwashed then par-boiled with 300 ml water/kg, fell significantly (by 29 and 35%, respectively). After 8-weeks storage at 5 °C, germination had fallen significantly for three of the four treatments of IMI 386243 and for one treatment of IMI 389521; the effect was greatest for IMI 386243 produced on unwashed and not par-boiled rice, with a 62% loss in germination. Inherent differences between isolates and limitations of the methodology are discussed.

우리나라 벼와 옥수수로부터 분리한 Gibberella fujikuroi 종복합체와 Fusarium commune 소속 균주의 푸모니신 생성능

Gibberellea fujikuroi (Gf) 종복합체는 최소 15개의 종으로 구성되어 있으며, 대부분 식물에 병을 일으킬 뿐 아니라 푸모니신과 같은 곰팡이독소를 생성한다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 벼와 옥수수로부터 분리한 Gf 종복합체 소속 야생형 균주의 푸모니신 생성능을 검정하였다. 이들 분석대상 균주는 모두 푸모니신 생합성에 필수적인 polyketide synthase 유전자 FUM1을 가지고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 총 88주의 Gf 종복합체 소속 균주(55 F. fujikuroi, 10 F. verticillioides, 20 F. proliferatum, 2 F. subglutinans, 1 F. concentricum)와 Gf 종복합체의 근연종인 4주의 F. commune를 쌀 배지에 배양한 후 각 균주의 푸모니신 생성 농도를 HPLC 방법으로 측정하였다. 대부분의 F. verticillioides과 F. proliferatum 균주는 기주 식물에 관계없이 푸모니신 <TEX>$B_1$</TEX>(<TEX>$0.5-2,686.4{\mu}g/g$</TEX>)과 <TEX>$B_2$</TEX>(<TEX>$0.7-1,497.6{\mu}g/g$</TEX>)를 다양한 범위 내에서 생성하였다. 반면 모든 F. fujikuroi을 비롯한 다른 Fusarium spp.의 균주로부터는 푸모니신이 검출되지 않았거나 <TEX>$10{\mu}g/g$</TEX> 이하 수준의 미량만 검출되었다. 흥미롭게도 F. proliferatum과 F. fujikuroi의 경우, 옥수수 유래 균주 집단에서 벼 유래 균주 집단에 비해 상대적으로 고농도 푸모니신 생성 균주의 비율이 높았다. 한편, FUM1 유전자를 함유하고 있는 F. commune의 푸모니신 생성능은 본 연구를 통해 처음 보고된다. Gibberellea fujikuroi species (Gf) complex comprises at least 15 species, most of which not only causes serious plant diseases, but also produces mycotoxins including fumonisins. Here, we focused on the abilities of the field isolates belonging to the Gf complex associated with rice and corn, respectively in Korea to produce fumonisin, all of which were confirmed to carry FUM1, the polyketide synthase gene essential for fumonisin biosynthesis. A total of 88 Gf complex isolates (55 F. fujikuroi, 10 F. verticillioides, 20 F. proliferatum, 2 F. subglutinans, and 1 F. concentricum), and 4 isolates of F. commune, which is a non-member of Gf complex, were grown on rice substrate and determined for their production levels of fumonisins by a HPLC method. Most isolates of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, regardless of host origins, produced fumonisin <TEX>$B_1$</TEX> and <TEX>$B_2$</TEX> at diverse ranges of levels (<TEX>$0.5-2,686.4{\mu}g/g$</TEX>, and <TEX>$0.7-1,497.6{\mu}g/g$</TEX>, respectively). In contrast, all the isolates of F. fujikuroi and other Fusarium species examined produced no fumonisins or only trace amounts (<TEX>$</TEX><TEX><</TEX><TEX>10{\mu}g/g$</TEX>) of fumonisins. Interestingly, the frequencies of relatively high fumonisin-producers among the F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi isolates derived from corn were higher than those among the fungal isolates from rice. In addition, it is a first report demonstrating the ability of the FUM1-carrying F. commune isolates from rice to produce fumonisins.

Study of antioxidant activity and anti-cholesterol content on red yeast rice with substrates variation (rice, corn and dried cassava)

Wiyoto H, Andriani MAM, Parnanto NHR. 2011. Study of antioxidant activity and anti-cholesterol content on red yeast rice with substrates variation (rice, corn and dried cassava). Biofarmasi 9: 38-44. Red yeast rice is one of fermented rice product by Monascus purpureus. Traditionally, the substrate used to produce red yeast rice is rice. Usually, the rice with high amylose content is proper to produce red yeast rice than low amylose. The other substrates that be used to produce red yeast rice are corn and dried cassava. The purposes of this research were to determine the effect of substrates variation (rice, corn and dried cassava) on antioxidant activity and anti-cholesterol content in red yeast rice, and to determine the substrate(s) that produce the highest antioxidant activity and anticholesterol content. The design of this research was a Completely Randomized Design with one factor, i.e. the kind of substrates: rice, corn and dried cassava, with three replications. Then, the data were analyzed with ANOVA at a level of significance α=0.05, and continued with DMRT at the same level. This results showed that the effect of substrates kind to antioxidant activity and anti-cholesterol content on red yeast rice. The rice substrate had higher antioxidant activity and anti-cholesterol content than corn and dried cassava substrates. The antioxidant activity and the anti-cholesterol content on red yeast rice from rice substrate were 45.6100% and 0.026600%, respectively. The antioxidant activity and the anti-cholesterol content on red yeast rice from corn substrate were 44.0500% and 0.022833%, respectively, while the antioxidant activity and the anti-cholesterol content on red yeast rice from dried cassava substrate were 42.8333% and 0.013200%, respectively.

EFFECT OF DIAFILTRATION ON PREPARATION OF FERMENTED MUNG BEANS CONCENTRATE AS PROBIOTIC SAVORY FLAVOR THROUGH ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE

Diafiltration by means of the ultrafiltration system of probiotic fermented Mung beans (Phaseolus radiatus L.) concentrate has been performed to reduce or eliminate salts and smaller impurities than the nominal cut-off of the membrane of 20,000 nominal weight cut-off (NWCO). These processes have been conducted as an attempt in order to get a probiotic product with organoleptic acceptability, composition, and the optimal total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts because the presence of salts will affect on the viability of LAB and the cell lysis of LAB and limit its utility in food products. Concentrate of probiotic mung beans was prepared through fermentation of LAB using inoculum of LAB consisting of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophylus (1 : 1) on fermented mung beans extract inoculated by inoculum of Rhizopus–C1 in rice substrates at salt condition. Ultrafiltration and diafiltration modes have been carried out at flow rate of 8.77 Liter/minute, room temperature and the pressure of 5 bar (0 to 79.7 minutes) and 7 bar (0-154.5 minutes) with the ratio of the volume of pure water to the volume of initial feed (number of diavolume, Nd) of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25, respectively. The experiment results based on total LAB counts as a probiotic product show that a high Nd can reduce the salt content but increase the total LAB counts. Nd of 1.0 results reduce the salt content which is equal to retentate, permeate, and the optimal total LAB counts. Ultrafiltration and diafiltration modes at the pressure of 7 bar and Nd of 1.0 give a retentate with total solid of 6.1355%, salt of 1.3515% and remove 86.15% of the salt from probiotic fermented mung beans concentrate and total LAB counts of 10.73 log cycles. Meanwhile, the permeate obtained at this condition results in flux value of 10.83 Liter/m 2 .hour with contents of total solid of 6.8199%, salt of 1.325% and total LAB counts of 5.49 log cycles.